Abstract
In the present scenario of the twenty-first century, the world is suffering from several alarming health issues that become life-threatening to millions of people. The evolution of multidrug-resistant microorganisms is such a significant problem. Besides that, the drastic rise in different types of cancer, diabetes, or neurodegenerative diseases has become a social disaster for us. For controlling such conditions, there is a continuous search for novel natural products that will be highly effective, specific, less toxic and have a minimal environmental impact. In this context, endophytes may be a better option for drug discovery and development. Endophytes are a promising source of novel bioactive compounds. To date, major reported endophytes are fungi. They are familiar because of their diversity and creative ability to produce secondary metabolites with various pharmaceutical properties like antimicrobial, anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antitubercular potentials. Another uniqueness of fungi is that they release an array of active secondary metabolites outside their body, which can be easily accessible to the scientists for the downstream process of drug innovation. Therefore, they are seeking considerable attention from many scientists worldwide to fulfill the scarcity of expensive drugs. Antibacterial compounds from endophytic fungi block different enzymes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, causing impairment in nucleic acid metabolism, DNA repair, and protein synthesis. Anticancer compounds from endophytic fungi show a novel mode of action mainly by inhibiting microtubule depolymerization and polymerization; some impede topoisomerase I and II activity, cell proliferation by restraining cell cycle processes and inducing DNA damage, etc. Anti-inflammatory compounds block inflammatory processes by hindering COX-1, COX-2 activity, by lowering the level of various anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL6, IL8, TNF-α and by inhibiting pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Thus endophytic fungi have emerged as a potent source of drugs for ameliorating various life-threatening diseases.
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Acknowledgments
We are thankful to Dr. Surendra Kumar Gond for providing some important references and reviewing the MS carefully. SG thanks CSIR for a Research Fellowship (ad-hoc).
Declaration: All authors declare they have no conflicts of interest. This article does not contain any studies with animals or human participants performed by any of the authors.
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Samanta, S., Ghosh, S., Mandal, N.C. (2021). Endophytic Fungi: A Source of Novel Pharmaceutical Compounds. In: Patil, R.H., Maheshwari, V.L. (eds) Endophytes. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9371-0_7
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