Abstract
With the advancement in radioactive ion beam facilities, the interest of nuclear physics community is shifted toward investigating the role of isopin dependence of equation of state in reaction dynamics of heavy-ion collisions. Here, we probe isospin effects via nuclear multifragmentation. Using the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics (IQMD) model, we present the study of reactions of isotopic and isobaric pairs. Here, we studied the \(E_{c.m.}^{max}\) (the energy corresponding to maximal production of fragments) for various fragments produced in multifragmentation. It has been observed that the peak energy is governed by symmetry potential in comparison to isospin dependence of NN cross section. We further continued the study by dividing the final fragmentation pattern into free particles (A = 1) and fragments (A > 1) by labeling them as gas and liquid, respectively. We studied the energy dependence of gas/liquid content for different reactions. Our investigation revealed an existence of cross-over energy (the energy corresponding to equal contribution of gas and liquid contents) which is greatly influenced by symmetry energy rather than isospin dependence of nn cross section. Further, our study revealed that cross-over energy is sensitive to density dependence of nuclear symmetry energy as well, thus can be used as a good probe for the same at supra-saturation densities.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
J. Pochodzalla et al., Probing the nuclear liquid-gas phase transition. Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 1040–1044 (1995)
M.B. Tsang et al., Onset of nuclear vaporization in \(^{197}\)Au+ \(^{197}\)Au collisions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1502–1505 (1993)
K.S. Vinayak, S. Kumar, Multifragmentation around the transition energy in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C 83, 034614 (2011)
Y.K. Vermani, R.K. Puri, Mass dependence of the onset of multifragmentation in low energy heavy-ion collisions. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 36, 105103 (2009)
D. Sisan et al., Intermediate mass fragment emission in heavy-ion collisions: energy and system mass dependence. Phys. Rev. C 63, 027602 (2001)
S. Kaur, A.D. Sood, Model ingredients and peak mass production in heavy-ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C 82, 054611 (2010)
J.K. Dhawan, R.K. Puri, Multifragmentation at the energy of vanishing flow in central heavy-ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C 74, 054610 (2006)
S. Goyal, Multifragmentation at the balance energy of mass-asymmetric colliding nuclei. Phys. Rev. C 84, 044614 (2011)
V. Kaur, S. Kumar, Systematic study of multifragmentation in asymmetric colliding nuclei. Phys. Rev. C 81, 064610 (2010)
S. Kaur, R.K. Puri, Isospin effects on the energy of peak mass production. Phys. Rev. C 87, 014620 (2013)
R.T. de Souza et al., Multifragment emission in the reaction \(^{36}\)Ar + \(^{197}\)Au at E/A = 35, 50, 80, and 110 MeV. Phys. Lett. B 268, 6–11 (1991)
C.A. Ogilvie et al., Rise and Fall of Multifragment Emission. Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 1214–1217 (1991)
N.T.B. Stone et al., Evidence for the decay of nuclear matter toroidal geometries in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 2084–2087 (1997)
Y.G. Ma, W.Q. Shen, Onset of multifragmentation in intermediate energy light asymmetrical collisions. Phys. Rev. C 51, 710–715 (1995)
G.F. Peaslee et al., Energy dependence of multifragmentation in \(^{84}\)Kr + \(^{197}\)Au collisions. Phys. Rev. C 49, R2271–R2275 (1994)
C. Williams et al., Fragment distributions for highly charged systems. Phys. Rev. C 55, R2132–R2136 (1997)
R. Sun et al., Isotropic emission components in splintering central collisions: (17–115)A MeV \(^{40}\)Ar + Cu, Ag. Au. Phys. Rev. C 61, 061601(R) (2000)
S.R. Souza et al., A dynamical model for multifragmentation of nuclei. Nucl. Phys. A 571, 159–184 (1994)
J.Y. Liu et al., Isospin effect on the process of multifragmentation and dissipation at intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C 63, 054612 (2001)
P. Bansal, S. Gautam, R.K. Puri, On the peak mass production of different fragments in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions. Eur. Phys. J. A 51, 139 (2015)
Y. Yano, The RIKEN RI beam factory project: a status report. Nucl. Inst. Methods Phys. Res. B 261, 1009–1013 (2007)
G.J. Kunde et al., Multifragment production in reactions of \(^{112}\)Sn + \(^{112}\)Sn and \(^{124}\)Sn + \(^{124}\)Sn at E/A = 40 MeV. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 2897–2900 (1996)
J.F. Dempsey et al., Isospin dependence of intermediate mass fragment production in heavy-ion collisions at E/A = 55 MeV. Phys. Rev. C 54, 1710–1719 (1996)
M.L. Miller et al., Disappearance of the isospin dependence of multifragment production. Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 1399–1401 (1999)
Z. Chen et al., Isocaling and the symmetry energy in the multifragmentation regime of heavy-ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C 81, 064613 (2010)
C.A. Dorso et al., Isoscaling and the nuclear EoS. J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys. 38, 115101 (2011)
Ch. Hartnack, R.K. Puri, J. Aichelin, J. Konopka, S.A. Bass, H. Stöcker, W. Greiner, Modelling the many-body dynamics of heavy ion collisions: present status and future perspective. Eur. Phys. J. A 1, 151–169 (1998)
J. Aichelin, Quantum molecular dynamics a dynamical microscopic n-body approach to investigate fragment formation and the nuclear equation of state in heavy ion collisions. Phys. Rep. 202, 233–360 (1991)
C. Hartnack, L. Zhuxia, L. Neise, G. Peilert, A. Rosenhauer, H. Sorge, J. Aichelin, H. Stöcker, W. Greiner, Relativistic heavy-ion colllslons. Nucl. Phys. A 495, 303c–319c (1989)
C. Hartnack, J. Aichelin, H. Stöcker, W. Greiner, Out of plane squeeze of clusters in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Phys. Lett. B 336, 131–135 (1994)
A. Sharma, A. Bharti, S. Gautam, R.K. Puri, Multifragmentation of nearly symmetric and asymmetric reactions within a dynamical model. Nucl. Phys. A 945, 95–111 (2016)
G. Peilert et al., Multifragmentation, fragment flow, and the nuclear equation of state. Phys. Rev. C 39, 1402–1419 (1989)
J. Singh, S. Kumar, R.K. Puri, Model ingredients and multifragmentation in symmetric and asymmetric heavy ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C 62, 044617 (2000); J. Singh, R.K. Puri, Mass dependence in the production of light fragments in heavy-ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C 65, 024602
R.K. Puri, S. Kumar, Binary breakup: Onset of multifragmentation and vaporization in Ca-Ca collisions. Phys. Rev. C 57, 2744–2747 (1998)
S. Kumar, S. Kumar, R.K. Puri, Medium mass fragment production due to momentum dependent interactions. Phys. Rev. C 78, 064602 (2008)
Y. Zhang, Z. Li, S. Zhou, M.B. Tsang, Effect of isospin-dependent cluster recognition on the observables in heavy ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C 85, 051602(R) (2012)
E. Martin, R. Laforest, E. Ramakrishnan, D.J. Rowland, A. Ruangma, E.M. Winchester, S.J. Yennello, Transition in isospin behavior between light and heavy fragments emitted from excited nuclear systems. Phys. Rev. C 62, 027601 (2000)
D.V. Shetty, S.J. Yennello, E. Martin, A. Keksis, G.A. Souliotis, Energy dependence of the isotopic composition in nuclear multifragmentation. Phys. Rev. C 68, 021602(R) (2003)
J.Y. Liu et al., Isospin effect of Coulomb interaction on the dissipation and fragmentation in intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. Phys. Rev. C 70, 034610 (2004)
J.Y. Liu et al., Isospin fractionation in the nucleon emissions and fragment emissions in the intermediate energy heavy ion collisions. Nucl. Phys. A 726, 123–133 (2003)
B.A. Li, Neutron-proton differential flow as a probe of isospin-dependence of the nuclear equation of state. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4221–4224 (2000)
W.M. Guo et al., Normal or abnormal isospin-fractionation as a qualitative probe of nuclear symmetry energy at supradensities. Phys. Lett. B 738, 397–400 (2014)
P. Bansal, S. Gautam, R.K. Puri, Isospin effects in nuclear fragmentation of isotopic, isobaric, and isotonic reactions. Phys. Rev. C 98, 024604 (2018)
Acknowledgements
The author (PB) is thankful to Prof. Rajeev K. Puri for giving access to various computer codes developed by him for the present work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Bansal, P., Gautam, S., Puri, R.K. (2021). Isospin Effects: Nuclear Fragmentation as a Probe. In: Puri, R.K., Aichelin, J., Gautam, S., Kumar, R. (eds) Advances in Nuclear Physics. Springer Proceedings in Physics, vol 257. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9062-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9062-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-9061-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-9062-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)