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Design Considerations for Implantable Neural Circuits and Systems

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Handbook of Neuroengineering

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Abstract

Microelectronic technologies have been exploited to make possible interfacing with a large number of neurons electronically and simultaneously. This advance not only accelerates brain research but also opens the era of “bioelectronic medicine,” in which a variety of neural disorders could be treated by implantable microsystems. To interact with neurons bidirectionally and chronically, the microsystem needs to incorporate not only neural recording and stimulation circuits but also wireless power and data transmission circuits. The latter is particularly important for medical devices to avoid the need for battery replacement. Therefore, this chapter introduces the design considerations for the key component circuits in an implantable microsystem. Moreover, microsystems integrating optical interfaces to achieve better flexibility and specificity in neuromodulation will also be reviewed.

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Abbreviations

AAC:

Automatic Amplitude Control

ADC:

Analog-to-Digital Converter

AP:

Action Potential

ASK:

Amplitude-Shift Keying

CCS:

Constant-Current Stimulation

COOK:

Cyclic On-Off Keying

ECoG:

Electrocorticography

EEG:

Electroencephalography

FSK:

Frequency-Shift Keying

HFSC:

High-Frequency, Switched Capacitor

LFP:

Local Field Potential

LNA:

Low-Noise Amplifier

L-RSK:

Load-Induced Resonance-Shift Keying

LSK:

Load-Shift Keying

NEF:

Noise Efficiency Factor

PP:

Parallel-Parallel

PS:

Parallel-Series

SCS:

Switched-Capacitor Stimulation

SoC:

System on a Chip

SP:

Series-Parallel

SS:

Series-Series

VCO:

Voltage-Controlled Oscillator

VMS:

Voltage-Mode Stimulation

WPT:

Wireless Power Transfer

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. IMEC, Leuven, Belgium

    Wen-Yang Hsu

  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan

    Ping-Hsuan Hsieh & Hsin Chen

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  1. Wen-Yang Hsu
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  2. Ping-Hsuan Hsieh
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  3. Hsin Chen
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Correspondence to Hsin Chen .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Nitish V. Thakor

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  1. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA

    Adam Khalifa

  2. Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA

    Janaka Senarathna

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Hsu, WY., Hsieh, PH., Chen, H. (2021). Design Considerations for Implantable Neural Circuits and Systems. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_19-1

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