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Functional Monitoring and Imaging in Deep Brain Structures

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Neuroengineering

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Abstract

Optical techniques are capable of cell-specific targeting, concurrent multimodal measurements, and multiscale measurements with high temporal and spatial resolution. However, the biggest limiting factor of optical techniques for functional brain monitoring is depth penetration, due to the highly scattering nature of the brain tissue. Without physical access into the brain, optical methods are limited to measuring from the surface, in general, down to about a millimeter in depth. This poses a great limitation for brain monitoring in commonly used animal models, considering a mouse brain is over 6 mm deep. By implanting small-diameter optical fiber probes, or gradient refractive index (GRIN) lenses to deliver and collect light from the brain regions of interest, optical methods can measure from the deep brain structures without hindering the animal from moving and behaving freely. In this chapter, we review hardware enabling optical functional monitoring of deep brain regions. We outline system design considerations, including optical contrast options, spatial resolution, hardware choices, considerations for applications in freely moving animals, and safety considerations. We review some recent work as examples of different system schemes for monitoring calcium signals, voltage signals, and hemodynamics from deep brain structures.

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Abbreviations

BOLD:

blood-oxygen-level-dependent

CCD:

charge coupled device

CMOS:

complementary metal oxide semiconductor

CW:

continuous wave

DBS:

deep brain stimulation

DMD:

digital micromirror device

DRS:

diffuse reflection spectroscopy

FAD:

flavin adenine dinucleotide

FD:

frequency domain

fMRI:

functional magnetic resonance imaging

GECI:

genetically encoded calcium indicator

GEVI:

genetically encoded voltage indicator

GFP:

green fluorescent protein

GPi:

globus pallidus pars interna

GRIN:

gradient refractive index

Hb:

deoxyhemoglobin

HbO:

oxyhemoglobin

LC-SLM:

liquid crystal spatial light modulator

LED:

light-emitting diode

NA:

numerical aperture

NAD:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form)

NADH:

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced form)

NIR:

near-infrared

NIRS:

near-infrared spectroscopy

PDMS:

polydimethylsiloxane

PET:

positron emitting tomography

PMT:

photomultiplier tube

pO2 :

partial pressure of oxygen

PSF:

point spread function

sCMOS:

scientific complementary metal oxide semiconductor

SFRS:

single fiber reflectance spectroscopy

SiPM:

silicon photomultiplier

sO2 :

oxygen saturation

STN:

sub-thalamic nucleus

SV-PSF:

spatially variant point spread function

TD:

time domain

TEMPO:

trans-membrane electrical measurements performed optically

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada

    Linhui Yu & Kartikeya Murari

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  1. Linhui Yu
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  2. Kartikeya Murari
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Correspondence to Kartikeya Murari .

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  1. Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Nitish V. Thakor

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  1. Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA

    Janaka Senarathna

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Yu, L., Murari, K. (2021). Functional Monitoring and Imaging in Deep Brain Structures. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_135-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_135-1

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