Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Recent Advances in Genetic Engineering Tools for Metabolic Engineering

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Engineering of Microbial Biosynthetic Pathways

  • 783 Accesses

Abstract

Metabolic engineering has evolved exponentially due to rapid progress in the development of omics (proteomics, lipidomics and glycomics) technology and synthetic biology toolsets. Particularly, omics technologies, synthetic biology and metabolic engineering are interdependent in terms of principles of technology and their biological applications. In this article, we showcase synthetic biology toolsets currently used for the metabolic engineering of microbes and focus on some of the recent advances in the field. Specifically we have elaborated on recent progress in metabolic engineering, the associated synthetic biology toolsets, microbiome metabolic engineering (MME) and the potential industrial metabolic engineering applications. As a case study for the industrial application of metabolic engineering, we have reviewed the use of synthetic biology toolsets to bioengineer microbes and re-engineer their metabolic pathways for customised industrial applications. Some of the examples included in this article are as follows: (a) metabolic engineering of cyanobacteria, (b) metabolic engineering of Bacillus subtilis and (c) metabolic engineering in synthetic yeast for industrial applications. As a future perspective, this chapter presents a case for the broader use of synthetic biology toolsets across metabolic engineering applications.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ando H, Lemire S, Pires DP, Lu TK (2015) Engineering modular viral scaffolds for targeted bacterial population editing. Cell Syst 1(3):187–196

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Andrianantoandro E, Basu S, Karig DK, Weiss R (2006) Synthetic biology: new engineering rules for an emerging discipline. Mol Syst Biol 2(1):2006–0028

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold FH (1998) Design by directed evolution. Acc Chem Res 31(3):125–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arnold CD, Gerlach D, Stelzer C, Boryń ŁM, Rath M, Stark A (2013) Genome-wide quantitative enhancer activity maps identified by STARR-seq. Science 339(6123):1074–1077

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Atalla, Schumann W (2003) Thepst operon of Bacillus subtilis is specifically induced by alkali stress. J Bacteriol 185:5019–5022

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey JE (1991) Toward a science of metabolic engineering. Science 252:1668–1675

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barr JJ, Auro R, Furlan M, Whiteson KL, Erb ML, Pogliano J, Stotland A, Wolkowicz R, Cutting AS, Doran KS, Salamon P (2013) Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non–host-derived immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(26):10771–10776

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Beaudry AA, Joyce GF (1992) Directed evolution of an RNA enzyme. Science 257(5070):635–641

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattarai Y, Williams BB, Battaglioli EJ, Whitaker WR, Till L, Grover M, Linden DR, Akiba Y, Kandimalla KK, Zachos NC, Kaunitz JD (2018) Gut microbiota-produced tryptamine activates an epithelial G-protein-coupled receptor to increase colonic secretion. Cell Host Microbe 23(6):775–785

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boedicker JQ, Chellamuthu P, Tran F, Silva P, El Naggar M (2018) Engineering bacteria for biogenic synthesis of chalcogenide nanomaterials. bioRxiv:266502

    Google Scholar 

  • Cani PD (2018) Human gut microbiome: hopes, threats and promises. Gut 67(9):1716–1725

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao M, Gao M, Lopez-Garcia CL, Wu Y, Seetharam AS, Severin AJ, Shao Z (2017) Centromeric DNA facilitates nonconventional yeast genetic engineering. ACS Synth Biol 6:1545–1553

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Capecchi MR (1989) Altering the genome by homologous recombination. Science 244(4910):1288–1292

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chandrasegaran S, Carroll D (2016) Origins of programmable nucleases for genome engineering. J Mol Biol 428(5):963–989

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chankhamjon P, Javdan B, Lopez J Hull R, Chatterjee S, Donia MS (2019) Systematic mapping of drug metabolism by the human gut microbiome. bioRxiv, p 538215

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Guo L, Zhang Y, Walzem RL, Pendergast JS, Printz RL, Morris LC, Matafonova E, Stien X, Kang L, Coulon D (2014) Incorporation of therapeutically modified bacteria into gut microbiota inhibits obesity. J Clin Invest 124(8):3391–3406

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Christian M, Cermak T, Doyle EL, Schmidt C, Zhang F, Hummel A, Bogdanove AJ, Voytas DF (2010) Targeting DNA double-strand breaks with TAL effector nucleases. Genetics 186(2):757–761

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen SN, Chang AC, Boyer HW, Helling RB (1973) Construction of biologically functional bacterial plasmids in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci 70(11):3240–3244

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper CJ, Khan Mirzaei M, Nilsson AS (2016) Adapting drug approval pathways for bacteriophage-based therapeutics. Front Microbiol 7:1209

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Copp JN, Hanson-Manful P, Ackerley DF, Patrick WM (2014) Error-prone PCR and effective generation of gene variant libraries for directed evolution. In: Directed evolution library creation. Springer, New York, NY, pp 3–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Danino T, Prindle A, Kwong GA, Skalak M, Li H, Allen K, Hasty J, Bhatia SN (2015) Programmable probiotics for detection of cancer in urine. Sci Transl Med 7(289):289ra84

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dedrick RM, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Garlena RA, Russell DA, Ford K, Harris K, Gilmour KC, Soothill J, Jacobs-Sera D, Schooley RT, Hatfull GF (2019) Engineered bacteriophages for treatment of a patient with a disseminated drug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus. Nat Med 25(5):730

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dethlefsen L, Relman DA (2011) Incomplete recovery and individualized responses of the human distal gut microbiota to repeated antibiotic perturbation. Proc Nat Acad Sci 108(Suppl 1):4554–4561

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Din MO, Danino T, Prindle A, Skalak M, Selimkhanov J, Allen K, Julio E, Atolia E, Tsimring LS, Bhatia SN, Hasty J (2016) Synchronized cycles of bacterial lysis for in vivo delivery. Nature 536(7614):81

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Durrer KE, Allen MS, Von Herbing IH (2017) Genetically engineered probiotic for the treatment of phenylketonuria (PKU); assessment of a novel treatment in vitro and in the PAHenu2 mouse model of PKU. PLoS One 12(5):e0176286

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Endy D (2005) Foundations for engineering biology. Nature 438(7067):449

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esvelt KM, Carlson JC, Liu DR (2011) A system for the continuous directed evolution of biomolecules. Nature 472(7344):499

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert LA, Horlbeck MA, Adamson B, Villalta JE, Chen Y, Whitehead EH, Guimaraes C, Panning B, Ploegh HL, Bassik MC, Qi LS, Kampmann M, Weissman JS (2014) Genome-scale CRISPR-mediated control of gene repression and activation. Cell 159:647–661

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Grice EA, Segre JA (2012) The human microbiome: our second genome. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 13:151–170

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hafez M, Hausner G (2012) Homing endonucleases: DNA scissors on a mission. Genome 55(8):553–569

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan JO, Curtiss R (1994) Development and evaluation of an experimental vaccination program using a live avirulent Salmonella typhimurium strain to protect immunized chickens against challenge with homologous and heterologous Salmonella serotypes. Infect Immun 62(12):5519–5527

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Heijnen JJ, Verheijen PJ (2013) Parameter identification of in vivo kinetic models: limitations and challenges. Biotechnol J 8:768–775

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hess GT, Frésard L, Han K, Lee CH, Li A, Cimprich KA, Montgomery SB, Bassik MC (2016) Directed evolution using dCas9-targeted somatic hypermutation in mammalian cells. Nat Methods 13(12):1036

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ho CL, Tan HQ, Chua KJ, Kang A, Lim KH, Ling KL, Yew WS, Lee YS, Thiery JP, Chang MW (2018) Engineered commensal microbes for diet-mediated colorectal-cancer chemoprevention. Nat Biomed Eng 2(1):27

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu BB, Gibson TE, Yeliseyev V, Liu Q, Bry L, Silver PA, Gerber GK (2018) Bacteriophages dynamically modulate the gut microbiota and metabolome. BioRxiv, p 454579

    Google Scholar 

  • Hwang IY, Koh E, Wong A, March JC, Bentley WE, Lee YS, Chang MW (2017) Engineered probiotic Escherichia coli can eliminate and prevent Pseudomonas aeruginosa gut infection in animal models. Nat Commun 8:15028

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Integrative, H.M.P (2019) The Integrative human microbiome project. Nature 569(7758):641

    Google Scholar 

  • Iravani S, Varma RS (2019) Biofactories: engineered nanoparticles via genetically engineered organisms. Green Chem 21:4583–4603

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson DA, Symons RH, Berg P (1972) Biochemical method for inserting new genetic information into DNA of simian virus 40: circular SV40 DNA molecules containing lambda phage genes and the galactose operon of Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci 69(10):2904–2909

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jakociunas T, Bonde I, Herrgard M, Harrison SJ, Kristensen M, Pedersen LE, Jensen MK, Keasling JD (2015) Multiplex metabolic pathway engineering using CRISPR/Cas9 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng 28:213–222

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffrey C, Shenoy V, Verma A, Aquino V, Kumar A, Liang Z, Li Q, Katovich M, Raizada M (2016) Genetically modified probiotics for oral delivery of angiotensin-(1-7) confers protection against pulmonary hypertension. Hypertension 68(Suppl 1):A009

    Google Scholar 

  • Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E (2012) A programmable dual-RNA–guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 337(6096):816–821

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kang DW, Adams JB, Coleman DM, Pollard EL, Maldonado J, McDonough-Means S, Caporaso JG, Krajmalnik-Brown R (2019) Long-term benefit of microbiota transfer therapy on autism symptoms and gut microbiota. Sci Rep 9(1):5821

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y-G, Cha J, Chandrasegaran S (1996) Hybrid restriction enzymes: zinc finger fusions to Fok I cleavage domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93(3):1156–1160

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klein-Marcuschamer D, Ajikumar PK, Stephanopoulos G (2007) Engineering microbial cell factories for biosynthesis of isoprenoid molecules: beyond lycopene. Trends Biotechnol 25:417–424

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konermann S, Brigham MD, Trevino AE, Joung J, Abudayyeh OO, Barcena C, Hsu PD, Habib N, Gootenberg JS, Nishimasu H, Nureki O, Zhang F (2015) Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex. Nature 517:583–588

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar RR, Prasad S (2011) Metabolic engineering of bacteria. Indian J Microbiol 51:403–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-011-0172-8

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtz CB, Millet YA, Puurunen MK, Perreault M, Charbonneau MR, Isabella VM, Kotula JW, Antipov E, Dagon Y, Denney WS, Wagner DA (2019) An engineered E. coli Nissle improves hyperammonaemia and survival in mice and shows dose-dependent exposure in healthy humans. Sci Transl Med 11(475):eaau7975

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lederberg J, McCray AT (2001) Ome sweet omics—a genealogical treasury of words. Scientist 15(7):8–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Lennen RM, Pfleger BF (2013) Microbial production of fatty acid-derived fuels and chemicals. Curr Opin Biotechnol 24:1044–1053

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu Q, Gao R, Li J, Lin L, Zhao J, Sun W, Tian C (2017) Development of a genome-editing CRISPR/Cas9 system in thermophilic fungal Myceliophthora species and its application to hyper-cellulase production strain engineering. Biotechnol Biofuels 10(1):1

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lynch SV, Pedersen O (2016) The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. N Engl J Med 375(24):2369–2379

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour SL, Thomas KR, Capecchi MR (1988) Disruption of the proto-oncogene int-2 in mouse embryo-derived stem cells: a general strategy for targeting mutations to non-selectable genes. Nature 336(6197):348

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maurice CF, Haiser HJ, Turnbaugh PJ (2013) Xenobiotics shape the physiology and gene expression of the active human gut microbiome. Cell 152(1–2):39–50

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mimee M, Citorik RJ, Lu TK (2016) Microbiome therapeutics—advances and challenges. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 105:44–54

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamadzadeh M, Pfeiler EA, Brown JB, Zadeh M, Gramarossa M, Managlia E, Bere P, Sarraj B, Khan MW, Pakanati KC, Ansari MJ (2011) Regulation of induced colonic inflammation by Lactobacillus acidophilus deficient in lipoteichoic acid. Proc Nat Acad Sci 108(Suppl 1):4623–4630

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mutalik VK, Guimaraes JC, Cambray G, Mai QA, Christoffersen MJ, Martin L, Yu A, Lam C, Rodriguez C, Bennett G, Keasling JD (2013) Quantitative estimation of activity and quality for collections of functional genetic elements. Nat Methods 10(4):347

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nxumalo Z, Thimiri Govinda Raj DB (2020) Application and challenges of synthetic biology. In: Singh V (ed) Advances in synthetic biology. Springer, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Ooijevaar RE, Terveer EM, Verspaget HW, Kuijper EJ, Keller JJ (2019) Clinical application and potential of faecal microbiota transplantation. Annu Rev Med 70:335–351

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pires DP, Cleto S, Sillankorva S, Azeredo J, Lu TK (2016) Genetically engineered phages: a review of advances over the last decade. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 80(3):523–543

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf KS, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, Mende DR (2010) A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature 464(7285):59

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz CM, Hussain MS, Blenner M, Wheeldon I (2016) Synthetic RNA polymerase III promoters facilitate high-efficiency CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing in Yarrowialipolytica. ACS Synth Biol 5:356–359

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sender R, Fuchs S, Milo R (2016) Are we really vastly outnumbered? Revisiting the ratio of bacterial to host cells in humans. Cell 164(3):337–340

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheth RU, Cabral V, Chen SP, Wang HH (2016) Manipulating bacterial communities by in situ microbiome engineering. Trends Genet 32(4):189–200

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Smanski MJ, Zhou H, Claesen J, Shen B, Fischbach MA, Voigt CA (2016) Synthetic biology to access and expand nature's chemical diversity. Nat Rev Microbiol 14(3):135

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Steidler L, Hans W, Schotte L, Neirynck S, Obermeier F, Falk W, Fiers W, Remaut E (2000) Treatment of murine colitis by Lactococcuslactis secreting interleukin-10. Science 289(5483):1352–1355

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephanopoulos G (2012) Synthetic biology and metabolic engineering. ACS Synth Biol 1(11):514–525

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stephanopoulos G, Vallino J (1991) Network rigidity and metabolic engineering in metabolite overproduction. Science 252:1675–1681

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thimiri Govinda Raj DB, Khan NA (2018) Surface functionalization dependent subcellular localization of superparamagnetic nanoparticle in plasma membrane and endosome. Nano Convergence 5(1):4

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Thimiri Govinda Raj DB, Khan NA (2019) Protocol for eukaryotic plasma membrane isolation using superparamagnetic nanoparticles. J Magn Magn Mater 476:628–631

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thimiri Govinda Raj DB, Khan NA, Venkatachalam S, Arumugam S (2019) BacMam system for rapid recombinant protein expression in mammalian cells. In: Turksen K (ed) Stem cell nanotechnology. Methods in molecular biology, vol 2125. Humana, New York, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Thimiri Govinda Raj DB, Khan NA, Venkatachalam S, Arumugam S (2020) Efficient nanobiotechnology method for magnetic lysosome enrichment using DMSA-SPMNP 2.0. BioNanoScience 10(2):529–533

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner NJ (2009) Directed evolution drives the next generation of biocatalysts. Nat Chem Biol 5(8):567

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Turner AMW, De La Cruz J, Morris KV (2009) Mobilization-competent lentiviral vector–mediated sustained transcriptional modulation of HIV-1 expression. Mol Ther 17(2):360–368

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vázquez-Baeza Y, Callewaert C, Debelius J, Hyde E, Marotz C, Morton JT, Swafford A, Vrbanac A, Dorrestein PC, Knight R (2018) Impacts of the human gut microbiome on therapeutics. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 58:253–270

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Xu M, Wang W, Cao X, Piao M, Khan S, Yan F, Cao H, Wang B (2016) Systematic review: adverse events of faecal microbiota transplantation. PLoS One 11(8):e0161174

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wassef L, Wirawan R, Chikindas M, Breslin PA, Hoffman DJ, Quadro L (2014) β-carotene–producing bacteria residing in the intestine provide vitamin A to mouse tissues in vivo. J Nutr 144(5):608–613

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westbrook AW, Moo-Young M, Chou CP (2016) Development of a CRISPR-Cas9 tool kit for comprehensive engineering of Bacillus subtilis Appl. Environ Microbiol 82:4876–4895

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang MM, Wong FT, Wang Y, Luo S, Lim YH, Heng E, Yeo WL, Cobb RE, Enghiad B, Ang EL (2017) CRISPR–Cas9 strategy for activation of silent Streptomyces biosynthetic gene clusters. Nat Chem Biol 13(6):607

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zmora N, Zeevi D, Korem T, Segal E, Elinav E (2016) Taking it personally: personalized utilization of the human microbiome in health and disease. Cell Host Microbe 19(1):12–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by Synthetic Biology Centre, Next Generation Health Cluster CSIR Pretoria South Africa. Authors thank all team members in CSIR Synthetic Biology Centre.

Competing Interests: There is no competing interest.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Jerolen Naidoo, Ezio Fok authors contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Synthetic Biology Center, Next Generation Health, CSIR Pretoria South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

    Jerolen Naidoo, Ezio Fok, Lichelle Grobler, Reitumetse Molaoa, Zandile Nxumalo & Deepak B. Thimiri Govinda Raj

  2. University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Lichelle Grobler & Reitumetse Molaoa

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Centre for Excellence in Nanobio Translational Research, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India

    P. Selvamani & S. Latha

  4. University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Deepak B. Thimiri Govinda Raj

Authors
  1. Jerolen Naidoo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ezio Fok
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lichelle Grobler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Reitumetse Molaoa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Zandile Nxumalo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. P. Selvamani
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. S. Latha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Deepak B. Thimiri Govinda Raj
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Deepak B. Thimiri Govinda Raj .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Mehsana, Gujarat, India

    Vijai Singh

  2. Department of Food Process Engineering, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ajay Kumar Singh

  3. Gujarat Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Science and Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Poonam Bhargava

  4. Gujarat Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Science and Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Madhvi Joshi

  5. Gujarat Biotechnology Research Center, Department of Science and Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Chaitanya G. Joshi

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Naidoo, J. et al. (2020). Recent Advances in Genetic Engineering Tools for Metabolic Engineering. In: Singh, V., Singh, A., Bhargava, P., Joshi, M., Joshi, C. (eds) Engineering of Microbial Biosynthetic Pathways. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2604-6_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation