Abstract
Queensland Senator Pauline Hanson is acknowledged globally as the quintessential populist leader, not for her commitment to populist ideology, but because of her dictatorial control and personality-based leadership of the party. But what are people voting for? Is it populism —the movement intractably associated with right-wing nationalism, hatred, and bigotry? Is it populist campaigning , a framing tactic of posing the candidate as being at one with the ordinary people, in opposition to a (stylized) undemocratic and self-serving elite, irrespective of ideology or partisan leaning? Or is it the rise of the personality or celebrity candidate, who appeals personally to voters more than, and differently from, any message from a political party or ideology? Election results are not always clear, as a candidate may attract voters for all these, or indeed other, reasons, so trying to interpret meaning from vote data is ambiguous at best. To know what voters are voting for, we must determine vote causality. This chapter looks at the difference between populism , populist campaigns, and personality candidates , examines whether there is evidence of support for any of them (with specific reference to Pauline Hanson’s One Nation) by comparing 2013 and 2016 federal election Senate results, and discusses the likely performance of Pauline Hanson’s One Nation in the upcoming federal election.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Fred Nile still uses the title Reverend but he resigned from the Uniting Church that ordained him in 2003 because they decided to ordain gay and lesbian ministers. Nile and the Church had a long history of being at odds on many issues before and after his resignation.
- 2.
Section 44 of the Constitution sets out restrictions on who can be a candidate for federal parliament. In full it reads:
44. Any person who
(i) Is under any acknowledgement of allegiance, obedience, or adherence to a foreign power, or is a subject or a citizen or entitled to the rights or privileges of a subject or citizen of a foreign power: or
(ii) Is attainted of treason, or has been convicted and is under sentence, or subject to be sentenced, for any offence punishable under the law of the Commonwealth or of a State by imprisonment for one year or longer: or
(iii) Is an undischarged bankrupt or insolvent: or
(iv) Holds any office of profit under the Crown, or any pension payable during the pleasure of the Crown out of any of the revenues of the Commonwealth: or
(v) Has any direct or indirect pecuniary interest in any agreement with the Public Service of the Commonwealth otherwise than as a member and in common with the other members of an incorporated company consisting of more than twenty-five persons:
shall be incapable of being chosen or of sitting as a senator or a member of the House of Representatives.
But sub-section iv. does not apply to the office of any of the Queen’s Ministers of State for the Commonwealth, or of any of the Queen’s Ministers for a State, or to the receipt of pay, half pay, or a pension, by any person as an officer or member of the Queen s navy or army, or to the receipt of pay as an officer or member of the naval or military forces of the Commonwealth by any person whose services are not wholly employed by the Commonwealth.
- 3.
Scott Ludlum (Greens Deputy Leader, Senator for Western Australia) and Barnaby Joyce (Deputy Prime Minister, Nationals Leader, Member for New England, New South Wales) held New Zealand citizenship; Larissa Waters (Green Deputy Leader, Senator for Queensland ) held Canadian citizenship; Fiona Nash (Nationals Deputy Leader, Senator for New South Wales), Malcolm Roberts (One Nation, Senator for Queensland ), Stephen Parry (Liberal, Senator for Tasmania, President of the Senate), Jacqui Lambie (Jacqui Lambie Network , Senator for Tasmania) John Alexander (Liberal, Member for Bennelong, New South Wales—resigned), Skye Kakoschke-Moore (NXT, Senator for SA), Katy Gallagher (Labor, Senator for ACT), David Feeney (Labor, Member for Batman, Victoria), Susan Lamb (Labor, Member for Longman), Justine Keay (Labor, Member for Braddon), Josh Wilson (Labor, Member for Fremantle) and Rebekha Sharkie (NXT, Member for Mayo) were UK citizens (Doran 2018). Barnaby Joyce and John Alexander won their respective by-elections in late 2017; Susan Lamb, Justine Keay , Josh Wilson, and Rebekha Sharkie all recontested and retained their seats in by-elections held on July 28, 2018 (Koziol 2018).
- 4.
The visual frame coding set used for mass appeal is: celebrities; large audiences; approving audiences; interaction with crowds.
- 5.
The visual frame coding set used for ordinariness is: informal attire; casual dress; athletic clothing; ordinary people; physical activity.
- 6.
The visual frame coding set for statesmanship is: elected officials and other influentials; patriotic symbols; symbols of progress; identifiable entourage; campaign paraphernalia; political hoopla; formal attire.
- 7.
The compassion framing set includes four visual and three behavioral measures: children; family associations; admiring women; religious symbols; and affinity gestures; interaction with individuals; physical embraces.
- 8.
Steven Bradbury was an Australian ice skater who won an ‘accidental’ gold medal in the 1000 m short-track speed skating final at the Salt Lake City 2002 Winter Games after his four rivals all collided and sprawled around the ice, leaving him to skate alone past the finish line (Gordon 2003). The term “doing a Bradbury” has since entered the Australian lexicon to mean ‘become the unlikely winner’ (Gwynn 2014).
- 9.
The sure loser coding set is: small crowds; disapproving audiences; displays of weakness; defiant gestures; inappropriate nonverbal displays.
- 10.
The maverick coding set I developed was unconventional dress; standing alone; aggressiveness; defiance; blunt speech; disengagement from broader agenda; behaving like a celebrity.
- 11.
The Voter Choice Project is this author’s Ph.D. research. The Columbia model is the multi-wave panel devised by Paul Lazarsfeld and colleagues at the Columbia Office of Radio Research (later Bureau of Applied Social Research) deployed on the Erie County study in the 1940 presidential election (see Lazarsfeld et al. 1968 [1944]) and the Elmira study in the 1948 presidential election (see Berelson et al. 1954).
- 12.
The Australian Election Study data set is too small for a meaningful comparison of voters for most of these micro parties. We do not have panel data addressing the specific question, and not all parties contest House seats, thus Senate results are the best available data set. As noted by Antony Green (2017) in his review of the election, using the figures from the 2014 Senate re-run in Western Australia is not really useful for this purpose, so I am using the 2013 election figures; thus these swing figures will not correlate with the AEC tally room site but should correlate with Antony Green’s figures.
- 13.
For comparison: Labor Leader Bill Shorten and his 100 Policy bus, nearly always in a blue suit (except when taking in his daily run), was framed an ideal candidate ; wearing leather jacket, wandering through the markets or at the beach Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull and skivvy-wearing Greens Leader Richard Di Natale were populist campaigners.
- 14.
The Australian Electoral Commission is investigating PHON’s failure to declare the donation of the plane used by Pauline Hanson during the campaign by property developer Bill McNee (McGhee 2017). Senator Hanson has defended herself by insisting the plane belongs to staffer James Ashby (Bickers 2017).
References
Abts, K., & Rummens, S. (2007). Populism versus democracy. Political Studies, 55(2), 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00657.x.
AEC [Australian Electoral Commission]. (2013). 2013 Federal election senate first preferences by group by vote type. 2013 Virtual Tally Room. http://results.aec.gov.au/17496/Website/Downloads/SenateFirstPrefsByGroupByVoteTypeDownload-17496.csv. Accessed January 14, 2017.
AEC [Australian Electoral Commission]. (2014). 2013 federal election Senate first preferences by group by vote type by state. http://results.aec.gov.au/17496/Website/Downloads/SenateFirstPrefsByStateByGroupByVoteTypeDownload-17496.csv. Accessed January 14, 2017.
AEC [Australian Electoral Commission]. (2015). Uniting Australia party. http://www.aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Deregistered_parties/uniting-australia.htm. Accessed August 28, 2017.
AEC [Australian Electoral Commission]. (2016). Vote type breakdown by state: 2016 federal election tally room (as at the return of the writs). http://results.aec.gov.au/20499/Website/HouseVoteTypeBreakdownByState-20499.htm. Accessed June 27, 2017.
AEC [Australian Electoral Commission]. (2017a). 2016 federal election Senate first preferences by group by vote type by state (as at the return of the writs). http://results.aec.gov.au/20499-pre-cdr/Website/Downloads/SenateFirstPrefsByStateByGroupByVoteTypeDownload-20499.csv. Accessed June 27, 2017.
AEC [Australian Electoral Commission]. (2017b). Palmer United Party: Notice under s 135(1) of the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918. http://www.aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Deregistered_parties/palmer.htm. Accessed August 28, 2017.
Aitkin, D. (1982). Stability and change in Australian politics (2nd ed.). Canberra: Australian National University Press.
Andreß, H.-J. (2017). The need for and use of panel data. IZA World of Labor, April. https://doi.org/10.15185/izawol.352. Accessed July 13, 2018.
Albertazzi, D., & McDonnell, D. (2008). Introduction: The sceptre and the spectre. In D. Albertazzi & D. McDonnell (Eds.), Twenty-first century populism (pp. 1–11). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Altman, D. (2017). Discontents: Identity, politics, institutions. Griffith REVIEW, 57, 80–92.
anoukeblackheart. (2017, November 19). Barnaby Joyce: Peeling back the rumours. Reddit thread. https://www.reddit.com/r/australia/comments/7dws0k/barnaby_joyce_peeling_back_the_rumours/. Accessed February 23, 2018.
Aslanidis, P. (2015). Is populism an ideology? a refutation and a new perspective. Political Studies, 64(1_suppl), 88–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12224.
Atfield, C. (2016, May 27). Federal election 2016: Glenn Lazarus keen to run his own show. Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/federal-election-2016/federal-election-2016-glenn-lazarus-keen-to-run-his-own-show-20160527-gp5ucr.html. Accessed August 18, 2017.
Australia First Party, Victorian Branch. (2017). Our vision. http://australiafirstparty.net/our-policies/policies-explored/our-vision/. Accessed August 15, 2017.
Australian Associated Press. (2018, June 4). Former One Nation senator Fraser Anning joins Katter party. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jun/04/former-one-nation-senator-fraser-anning-joins-katter-party. Accessed June 9, 2018.
Australian Country Party. (2016). John Madigan joins the Country Party. http://countryparty.org.au/john-madigan-joins-country-party/. Accessed August 28, 2017.
Australian Liberty Alliance. (2017). Values and core policies. https://www.australianlibertyalliance.org.au/values-and-policies/values-and-core-policies.html. Accessed August 15, 2017.
Australian Protectionist Party. (2017). About. http://www.protectionist.net/about/. Accessed July 15, 2017.
Azari, J. R. (2016). How the news media helped to nominate Trump. Political Communication, 33(4), 677–680. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1224417.
Bakker, B. N., Rooduijn, M., & Schumacher, G. (2016). The psychological roots of populist voting: Evidence from the United States, the Netherlands and Germany. European Journal of Political Research, 55(2), 302–320. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12121.
Barbieri, P. (2017, April 25). The death and life of social democracy. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2017-04-25/death-and-life-social-democracy. Accessed May 14, 2017.
Barbour, L. (2018, June 1). Pauline Hanson asks Brian Burston to leave One Nation. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-06-01/pauline-hanson-asks-brian-burston-to-leave-one-nation/9825896. Accessed June 9, 2018.
Barr, R. R. (2009). Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics. Party Politics, 15(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808097890.
Bean, C. (1990). The personal vote in Australian federal elections. Political Studies, 38(2), 253–268. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1990.tb01491.x.
Bean, C. (1994). The 1993 election and Australian electoral studies in the 1990s. Australian Journal of Political Science, 29(sup1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/10361146.1994.11733423.
Bean, C., & Kelley, J. (1995). The electoral impact of new politics issues: The environment in the 1990 Australian federal election. Comparative Politics, 27(3), 339. https://doi.org/10.2307/422062.
Belot, H. (2018, February 2). Lucy Gichuhi, independent senator, joins Liberal Party. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-02-02/lucy-gichuhi-independent-senator-joins-liberal-party/9392018. Accessed February 2, 2018.
Berelson, B. R., Lazarsfeld, P. F., & McPhee, W. N. (1954). Voting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bernardi, C. (2017). Cory Bernardi launches Australian conservatives. https://www.conservatives.org.au/update_9_australian_conservatives_launched. Accessed August 17, 2017.
Bernardi, C., & Hanson, P. (2017). Refugee convention. Motion to the Senate, Australian Parliament House. https://parlwork.aph.gov.au/motions/026879bc-f254-e711-9ed4-005056a40008. Accessed November 18, 2017.
Bickers, C. (2017, May 2). Pauline Hanson says the plane at the centre of a donation probe belongs to her staffer, not her. news.com.au. http://www.news.com.au/national/politics/pauline-hanson-says-the-plane-at-the-centre-of-a-donation-probe-belongs-to-her-staffer-not-her/news-story/f21725d96acf947dfcb7f3fb07022633. Accessed August 17, 2017.
Bickers, C., & Killoran, M. (2017, November 13). Citizenship saga: Fraser Anning quits One Nation as new senators, Senate President sworn in. news.com.au. http://www.news.com.au/national/citizenship-saga-new-senators-senate-president-sworn-in/news-story/f5ee15a0ae27937625636ee1dc37d245. Accessed November 13, 2017.
Birks, J. (2011). The politics of protest in newspaper campaigns: Dissent, populism and the rhetoric of authenticity. British Politics, 6(June), 128–154. https://doi.org/10.1057/bp.2011.5.
Block, E., & Negrine, R. (2017). The populist communication style: Toward a critical framework. International Journal of Communication, 11, 20.
Butler, J. (2017, June 20). Senate squashes Pauline Hanson and Cory Bernardi motion trashing the refugee convention. Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/06/20/senate-squashes-pauline-hanson-and-cory-bernardi-motion-trashing_a_22491097/. Accessed November 19, 2017.
Butler, J. (2018, June 8). A quarter of the Senate has resigned or changed parties since 2016 election. Ten Daily. https://tendaily.com.au/news/politics/a180605rwm/a-quarter-of-the-senate-has-resigned-or-changed-parties-since-2016-election-20180608. Accessed June 9, 2018.
Byrne, E., & Doran, M. (2017, February 3). Rod Culleton’s election invalid: High Court orders special recount of WA senate vote. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-03/rod-culleton-election-invalid-high-court-finds/8238104. Accessed February 3, 2017.
Canovan, M. (1982). Two strategies for the study of populism. Political Studies, 30(4), 544–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1982.tb00559.x.
Canovan, M. (1999). Trust the people! Populism and the two faces of democracy. Political Studies, 47(1), 2–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00184.
Castello, R., & Shepherd, T. (2017, April 26). Former Family First senator and Homestead Homes owner Bob Day is officially bankrupt. The Advertiser. http://www.news.com.au/national/south-australia/former-family-first-senator-and-homestead-homes-owner-bob-day-is-officially-bankrupt/news-story/9273884a519238ee6f03572d9bea30bb. Accessed November 19, 2017.
Chang, C. (2017, December 10). One Nation threat fails to materialise in Queensland election. news.com.au. Accessed July 13, 2018.
Chaples, E. (1997). The Australian voters. In R. K. Smith (Ed.), Politics in Australia (3rd ed., pp. 354–371). Allen & Unwin: St. Leonards.
Citizens Electoral Council. (2012). The future of Australia: Develop, or die. http://cecaust.com.au/resolution/. Accessed September 4, 2017.
Citizens Electoral Council. (2016). Election 2016. Campaign material. http://www.cecaust.com.au/election2016/. Accessed September 4, 2017.
Clark, N. (2018, March 4). Lambie lashes pokies after disappointing performance. The Mercury. https://www.themercury.com.au/news/politics/jacqui-lambie-lashes-pokies-lobby-after-her-party-flopped-in-its-first-state-election/news-story/2e4820f63d8ef48345e565f39626f4d6. Accessed June 9, 2018.
Colebatch, T. (2013, October 5). How mistaken identity and luck won on the day. Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/national/how-mistaken-identity-and-luck-won-on-the-day-20131004-2uzse.html. Accessed September 18, 2017.
Coorey, P. (2018, June 6). Brian Burston to defy Pauline Hanson and vote for income tax cuts. Financial Review. https://www.afr.com/news/brian-burston-to-defy-pauline-hanson-and-vote-for-income-tax-cuts-20180605-h110mx. Accessed June 9, 2018.
Crosby, R. K. (2017, December 3). Results of the New England by-election exit poll. Medium (blog). https://medium.com/@ktxby/results-of-the-new-england-by-election-exit-poll-a2ec09d98f1. Accessed July 13, 2018.
Curtice, J. (2015). General election 2015: Business as usual or new departure? Political Insight, 6(2), 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-9066.12092.
Curtice, J. (2016). Brexit: Behind the referendum. Political Insight, 7(2), 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041905816666122.
De La Torre, C. (2016). Left-wing populism: Inclusion and authoritarianism in Venezuela, Bolivia, and Ecuador. Brown Journal of World Affairs, 23(1), 61–76.
Denemark, D., & Bowler, S. (2002). Minor parties and protest votes in Australia and New Zealand: Locating populist politics. Electoral Studies, 21(1), 47–67.
Dolan, K. (2013). Gender stereotypes, candidate evaluations, and voting for women candidates. Political Research Quarterly, 67(1), 96–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912913487949.
Doran, M. (2018, May 9). What is it about Section 44 that keeps tripping up our politicians? ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-17/constitution-section-44-what-it-says-about-disqualification/9161180. Accessed July 13, 2018.
Doran, M., Belot, H., & Crothers, J. (2017, August 16). Family First senator Lucy Gichuhi survives ALP challenge over citizenship concerns. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-19/labor-party-to-challenge-eligiblity-of-sa-senator-elect/8452514. Accessed September 15, 2017.
Enten, H. (2017, May 8). Macron won, but the French polls were way off. FiveThirtyEight, Vol. 2017. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/macron-won-but-the-french-polls-were-way-off/. Accessed August 28, 2017.
Eveland, W. P., Jr., & Morey, A. C. (2011). Challenges and opportunities of panel designs. In E. P. Bucy & L. R. Holbert (Eds.), Sourcebook for political communication research: Methods, measures, and analytical techniques (pp. 19–33). New York: Routledge.
Flux. (2017). The Flux voting system explained. https://voteflux.org/about/how/. Accessed August 24, 2017.
Gartrell, A. (2017, October 3). One Nation’s Fraser Anning avoids bankruptcy, cleared to replace Malcolm Roberts. The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/one-nations-fraser-anning-avoids-bankruptcy-cleared-to-replace-malcolm-roberts-20171002-gyt35r.html. Accessed November 19, 2017.
Garton, M. B. (2011). Abbott’s budgie-smuggler blues. Eureka Street, Vol. 21, p. 30.
Glover, S. (2016). Their body politics: Malcolm, John and the junk in Tony’s trunks. Griffith REVIEW, 53, 28–38.
Gordon, H. (2003). Steven Bradbury. http://corporate.olympics.com.au/athlete/steven-bradbury. Accessed August 28, 2017.
Grabe, M. E., & Bucy, E. P. (2009). Image bite politics: News and the visual framing of elections. New York: Oxford University Press.
Grabe, M. E., & Bucy, E. P. (2011). Image bite analysis of political visuals: Understanding the visual framing process in election news. In E. P. Bucy & R. L. Holbert (Eds.), Sourcebook for political communication research: Methods, Measures, and analytical techniques (pp. 209–237). New York: Routledge.
Grant, B., Dollery, B. E., & Kortt, M. (2015). Is there a case for mandating directly elected “semi-executive” mayors in Australian local government? Lessons from the 2012 Queensland local government elections. Australian Journal of Public Administration, 74(4), 484–494.
Green, A. (2014, February 3). Should ‘Liberal’ and ‘Labor’ be quarantined as political party names? Antony Green’s Election Blog. https://web.archive.org/web/20150908003822, http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2014/02/should-liberal-and-labor-be-quarantined-as-political-party-names.html. Accessed May 3, 2017. Archived copy accessed from Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
Green, A. (2017, April 3). (A bit late but a) post-2016 federal election pendulum plus results summary. Antony Green’s Election Blog. https://web.archive.org/web/20170611094430, http://blogs.abc.net.au/antonygreen/2017/04/a-bit-late-but-a-post-2016-federal-election-pendulum-plus-results-summary.html. Accessed May 4, 2017. Archived copy accessed from Wayback Machine.
Gwynn, M. (2014). Doing a Bradbury—an Aussie term born in the Winter Olympics. http://ozwords.org/?p=5912. Accessed August 28, 2017.
Hamer, A. (2016, July 8). Senator John Madigan’s greatest hits. The Courier. http://www.thecourier.com.au/story/4019664/senator-john-madigans-greatest-hits/. Accessed September 12, 2017.
Hanson, P. (2015). A vote for me at the next election will be your insurance … https://www.facebook.com/PaulineHansonAu/posts/405136729690645:0. Accessed September 12, 2017.
Hanson, P. (2017). Pauline Hanson’s please explain. https://www.facebook.com/pg/PaulineHansonAu. Accessed August 10, 2017.
Harris, B. (2017, April 5). Explainer: Why the High Court ruled Bob Day’s election to the Senate invalid. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/explainer-why-the-high-court-ruled-bob-days-election-to-the-senate-invalid-75556. Accessed November 19, 2017.
Harrison, J. (2016, April 29). Three reasons Senator Glenn Lazarus will be back for another term. Brisbane Times. https://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/national/queensland/three-reasons-senator-glenn-lazarus-will-be-back-for-another-term-20160429-goi5sm.html. Accessed August 18, 2017.
Health Australia Party. (2015). Constitution. https://www.healthaustraliaparty.com.au/index.php/constitution/. Accessed July 15, 2017.
Health Australia Party. (2017). Preamble. https://www.healthaustraliaparty.com.au/index.php/preamble/. Accessed July 15, 2017.
Hobolt, S. B. (2016). The Brexit vote: A divided nation, a divided continent. Journal of European Public Policy, 23(9), 1259–1277. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2016.1225785.
Holderhead, S. (2018, January 23). Banished NXT candidate Tim Storer makes grab at Skye Kakosche-Moore’s seat. The Advertiser. https://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/banished-nxt-candidate-tim-storer-makes-grab-at-skye-kakoschemoores-seat/news-story/ef554216acadc2dcf60e2795415d6535. Accessed June 9, 2018.
Holmes, B, Fernandes, S., & Department of Parliamentary Services. (2012). 2010 federal election: A brief history (Vol. 2011–12). Canberra: Parliament House.
Hübner, K. (2016). Understanding Brexit. European Policy Analysis, 2(2), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.18278/epa.2.2.1.
Hughes, C. A., & Western, J. S. (1966). The Prime Minister’s policy speech: A case study in televised politics. Canberra: Australian National University Press.
Hurcombe, E. (2016). The making of a captain: The production and projection of a political image on the Tony Abbott Facebook page. Communication, Politics & Culture, 49, 19–38.
Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash. HKS Working Paper No. RWP16-026. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2818659.
Jagers, J. A. N., & Walgrave, S. (2007). Populism as political communication style: An empirical study of political parties’ discourse in Belgium. European Journal of Political Research, 46(3), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00690.x.
John Madigan’s Manufacturing and Farming Party. (2016). What we stand for. Party document. http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/151832/20160704-0833/www.manufacturingandfarmingparty.org/welcome/index.html. Accessed July 15, 2017. Accessed via Pandora web archive.
Jones, R. (2017, November 19). Exclusive! Barnaby Joyce: Peeling back the rumours. Independent Australia (blog). https://independentaustralia.net/politics/politics-display/exclusive-barnaby-joyce-peeling-back-the-rumours,10942. Accessed July 13, 2018.
Katter’s Australian Party. (2016a). Don’t ‘kid’ yourself Australia—The LNP will sell Kidman to the Chinese. https://www.ausparty.org.au/news/media-releases/view/3. Accessed September 5, 2017.
Katter’s Australian Party. (2016b). Protecting Australian jobs and Australian business. https://www.ausparty.org.au/page/attachment/45/protecting-australian-jobs-and-australian-business. Accessed July 15, 2017.
Kempton, H. (2018, May 29). Steve Martin becomes state’s First Nationals senator. The Mercury. https://www.themercury.com.au/news/politics/steve-martin-becomes-states-first-nationals-senator/news-story/d9a19acc8f3158c3151a5fdd0aa52076. Accessed July 12, 2018.
Koziol, M. (2018, May 9). Four dual citizen MPs Resign in wake of High court ruling, sparking by-elections. The Sydney Morning Herald. https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/four-dual-citizen-mps-resign-in-wake-of-high-court-ruling-sparking-byelections-20180509-p4ze89.html. Accessed June 9, 2018.
Krane, V., & Kaus, R. J. (2014). Gendered social dynamics in sport. In M. R. Beauchamp & M. A. Eys (Eds.), Group dynamics in exercise and sport psychology (2nd ed., pp. 335–349). Florence: Taylor and Francis.
Laclau, E. (1977). Politics and ideology in Marxist theory: Capitalism, fascism, populism. London: NLB.
Laclau, E. (2005). On populist reason. London: Verso.
Lander, L., & Cooper, N. (2017). Promoting public deliberation in low trust environments: Australian use cases. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the Workshop on Linked Democracy: Artificial Intelligence for Democratic Innovation co-located with the 26th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 2017), Melbourne, August 19, 2017.
Langenberg, A. (2018, March 18). Deflated Xenophon rules out return to Canberra. Adelaide Now. http://www.adelaidenow.com.au/news/sa-election-2018/election-2018-after-his-personal-defeat-sa-best-leader-nick-xenophon/news-story/1c07e88ddb746e68068430c47884bd79. Accessed June 9, 2018.
Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1941). Repeated interviews as a tool for studying changes in opinion and their causes. American Statistical Association Bulletin 2, 3–7. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42731708.
Lazarsfeld, P. F. (1948). The use of panels in social research. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 92, 405–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3143053.
Lazarsfeld, P. F., Bernard B., & Gaudet H. (1968). The people’s choice: How the voter makes up his mind in a presidential campaign (3rd ed.). Columbia University Press.
Loukissas, Y., & Pollock, A. (2017). After big data failed: The Enduring allure of numbers in the wake of the 2016 US election. Engaging Science, Technology, and Society, 3, 16. https://doi.org/10.17351/ests2017.150.
Lusinchi, D. (2017). “Clinton defeats Trump” 2016 polls and the shadow of 1948. Significance, 14(4), 8–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-9713.2017.01049.x.
Mackerras, M. (1974). The role of the candidate in the electoral process in Australia (Thesis (Ph.D.)). Canberra: Australian National University.
Mackerras, M. (1976). Incumbency as an electoral advantage: The influence of the sitting member on constituency voting patterns in Australian Federal and State elections, 1953–76 (Thesis (Ph.D.)). Canberra: Australian National University.
MacLennan, L. (2018, April 10). Nick Xenophon’s federal party drops his name. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-04-10/nick-xenophons-party-drops-his-name/9636598. Accessed June 9, 2018.
Madigan, J. (2016). Tired of big party politics? http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/159328/20160705-0037/www.johnmadigan.com.au/campaign2016/2016/3/31/a-message-from-the-campaign-to-re-elect-john-madigan.html. Accessed September 5, 2017. Accessed via Pandora web archive.
Manne, A. (2015, November). Joker in the pack: On the road with the irrepressible Nick Xenophon. The Monthly. https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2015/november/1446296400/anne-manne/joker-pack. Accessed August 24, 2017.
Marr, D. (2017). The white queen: One nation and the politics of race. Quarterly Essay, 65, 1–102.
Markson, S., & Devine. M. (2017, October 21). The dirty war on Barnaby. The Daily Telegraph.
Mason, R. (2010). ‘Pitbulls’ and Populist Politicians: Sarah Palin, Pauline Hanson and the use of gendered nostalgia in electoral campaigns. Comparative American Studies: An International Journal, 8(3), 185–199.
McArthur, J. (2018, May 22). The party’s over: CountryMinded deregistered by electoral commission. The Land. https://www.theland.com.au/story/5420580/the-partys-over-countryminded-deregistered-by-electoral-commission/. Accessed July 12, 2018.
McLeay, B. (2018, March 20). 12 months later and Rod Culleton still refuses to accept he’s not a senator. Pedestrian TV. https://www.pedestrian.tv/news/rod-culleton-senator-high-court-crikey/. Accessed March 20, 2018.
McDougall, D. (2016). Australia and Brexit: Déjà vu all over again? The Round Table, 105(5), 557–572. https://doi.org/10.1080/00358533.2016.1233759.
McGhee, A. (2017, May 26). Pauline Hanson’s One Nation to be investigated by Electoral Commission over plane ownership. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-26/electoral-commission-investigates-one-nation-plane/8560062. Accessed August 28, 2017.
Miragliotta, N. (2017, December 10). Pauline Hanson: What the Queensland election tells us about One Nation. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-11-30/pauline-hanson-one-nation-queensland-election-conservative/9209944. Accessed July 13, 2018.
Moffitt, B., & Tormey, S. (2013). Rethinking populism: Politics, mediatisation and political style. Political Studies, 62(2), 381–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12032.
Mols, F., & Jetten, J. (2016). Explaining the appeal of populist right-wing parties in times of economic prosperity. Political Psychology, 37(2), 275–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12258.
Mols, F., & Jetten, J. (2017). One Nation’s support: Why ‘income’ is a poor predictor. Australasian Parliamentary Review, 32(1), 92–100.
Moore, A. J., & Dewberry, D. (2012). The masculine image of presidents as sporting figures. SAGE Open, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244012457078.
Mudde, C., & Kaltwasser, C. R. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Murphy, J. (2017, December 6). How did the other New England by-election candidates go? The Northern Daily Leader.
Murphy, K., & Remeikis, A. (2017, October 6). Nick Xenophon resigns from Senate to run for state parliament. The Guardian Australia. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2017/oct/06/nick-xenophon-resigns-from-senate-to-run-for-state-parliament. Accessed October 6, 2017.
Napolitan, J. (2003). Napolitan’s rules: 112 lessons learned from a career in politics. In R. A. Faucheux (Ed.), Winning elections. Political campaign management, strategy and tactics (pp. 26–58). New York: M. Evans and Company.
Navot, D., Rubin, A., & Ghanem, A. (2017). The 2015 Israeli general election: The triumph of Jewish skepticism, the emergence of Arab faith. The Middle East Journal, 71(2), 248–268. https://doi.org/10.3751/71.2.14.
Neate, N. (2017, October 23). Who is waging the ‘dirty war’ on Barnaby? Independent Australia (blog). https://independentaustralia.net/politics/politics-display/who-is-waging-the-dirty-war-on-barnaby,10851. Accessed February 23, 2018.
Nick Xenophon Team. (2017). Our focus. https://nxt.org.au/whats-nxt/our-focus/. Accessed September 5, 2017.
O’Malley, N. (2016, July 1). Election 2016: Nick Xenophon ready for the SuperShock of polling day. Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/federal-election-2016/election-2016-nick-xenophon-ready-for-the-supershock-of-polling-day-20160701-gpwkv9.html Accessed August 28, 2017.
O’Malley, N. (2017, April 8). Anti-halal leader Kirralie Smith joins Cory Bernardi’s Australian Conservatives. The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/antihalal-leader-kirralie-smith-joins-cory-bernardis-australian-conservatives-20170407-gvgb8f.html. Accessed November 19, 2017.
Online Direct Democracy. (2017). How the party works and FAQs. https://www.onlinedirectdemocracy.org/how-the-party-works/. Accessed August 21, 2017.
Owen, M. (2017, April 25). Bernardi and Family First join forces. The Weekend Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/bernardi-and-family-first-join-forces-for-conservative-vote/news-story/c2604388c3b1c7b1b320d7e9678f8b3d. Accessed November 19, 2017.
Palmer, C. (2015). Vision for Australia. Maroochydore: Palmer United Party.
Parvu, C. A. (2016). Populism, cosmopolitanism and the reconfiguration of contemporary politics. Annals of the University of Bucharest, Political Science Series, 18(1), 103–119.
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. (2016). Bringing back Australian values: Federal policy guide. Albion: Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. http://www.onenation.com.au/LiteratureRetrieve.aspx?ID=155063 Accessed August 10, 2017.
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. (2017a). About Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. http://www.onenation.com.au/about. Accessed August 10, 2017.
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. (2017b). Economics and tax policy: Additional information. http://www.onenation.com.au/policies/economics/economics-2. Accessed September 6, 2017.
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. (2017c). One Nation Policies: Islam. http://www.onenation.com.au/policies/islam. Accessed August 20, 2017.
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. (2017d). One Nation policies: Manufacturing. http://www.onenation.com.au/policies/manufacturing. Accessed September 6, 2017.
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. (2017e). One Nation Policies: Primary industries. http://www.onenation.com.au/policies/primary-industries. Accessed September 6, 2017.
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. (2017f). Our history. http://www.onenation.com.au/history. Accessed August 10, 2017.
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. (2017g). Pauline Hanson. http://www.onenation.com.au/paulinehanson. Accessed August 10, 2017.
Pauline Hanson’s One Nation. (2017h). Principles and objectives. http://www.onenation.com.au/principles. Accessed September 6, 2017.
Pauline Hanson’s Facebook post on Muslims gains support. (2015, October 8). news.com.au. http://www.news.com.au/national/politics/pauline-hansons-facebook-post-on-muslims-gains-support/news-story/9b13b3c6dbb5ada004ea4ba55c54a39a. Accessed September 12, 2017.
Peters, J., & Pinfold, R. (2015). Consolidating right-wing hegemony: The Israeli election 2015. Mediterranean Politics, 20(3), 405–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2015.1084146.
Preiss, B. (2017, August 22). Australian Sex Party to become the Reason Party. The Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/australian-sex-party-to-become-the-reason-party-20170821-gy185f.html. Accessed September 15, 2017.
Rahat, G., Hazan, R. Y., & Ben-Nun Bloom, P. (2016). Stable blocs and multiple identities: The 2015 elections in Israel. Representation, 52(1), 99–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2016.1190592.
Remeikis, A. (2018, June 4). Brian Burston says he’s still a member of One Nation. The Guardian. http://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/jun/04/brian-burston-says-hes-still-a-member-of-one-nation. Accessed June 9, 2018.
Ridder, R. (2016). Looking for votes in all the wrong places. New York: Radius Book Group.
Rise Up Australia. (2017a). Foreign ownership policy. http://riseupaustraliaparty.com/our-policies/foreign-ownership-policy/. Accessed August 10, 2017.
Rise Up Australia. (2017b). Multi cultures. Policy document. http://riseupaustraliaparty.com/our-policies/multi-cultures/. Accessed August 10, 2017.
Ruspini, E. (2002). An introduction to longitudinal research. Abingdon, Oxon, US: Taylor and Francis.
Schmidt, V. A. (2017). Britain-out and Trump-in: A discursive institutionalist analysis of the British referendum on the EU and the US presidential election. Review of International Political Economy, 24(2), 248–269. https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2017.1304974.
Schoor, C. (2017). In the theater of political style: Touches of populism, pluralism and elitism in speeches of politicians. Discourse & Society. 0957926517721082. https://doi.org/10.1177/0957926517721082.
Selmes, J. (2016). AHP #115 Liberal Democrats Senator David Leyonhjelm. In J. Selmes (Ed.), Australian hunting podcast: Hunting, shooting and fishing radio. http://australianhuntingpodcast.com.au/ahp-115-liberal-democrats-senator-david-leyonhjelm/. Accessed September 20, 2017.
Silva, K. (2017, April 19). Clive Palmer disbands Palmer United Party, with federal registration to be cancelled. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-19/clive-palmer-disbands-palmer-united-party/8452760. Accessed August 28, 2017.
Silver, N. (2015, July 7). The polls were bad in Greece. The conventional wisdom was worse. FiveThirtyEight: Polling. https://fivethirtyeight.com/datalab/the-polls-were-bad-in-greece-the-conventional-wisdom-was-worse/. Accessed April 20, 2017.
Smith, M. (2016, April 20). Senator Jacqui Lambie bid to crowdsource campaign funding falls flat. The Hobart Mercury. http://www.themercury.com.au/news/politics/senator-jacqui-lambie-bid-to-crowdsource-campaign-funding-falls-flat/news-story/6338e00e1380110c4da3ad8614ef9ec5. Accessed August 28, 2017.
Socialist Alliance. (2017). About. https://socialist-alliance.org/about. Accessed September 4, 2017.
Stanley, B. (2008). The thin ideology of populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310701822289.
Strom, M. (2017, August 18). The Constitution is broken and out of date—we should abolish it and start again. ABC News, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-18/abolish-the-constitution-and-start-again/8816488. Accessed December 9, 2017.
Sturgis, P., Baker, N., Callegaro, M., Fisher, S., Green, J., Jennings, W., et al. (2016). Report of the inquiry into the 2015 British general election opinion polls (p. 115). London: Market Research Society and British Polling Council.
Tsatsanis, E., & Teperoglou, E. (2016). Realignment under stress: The July 2015 referendum and the September parliamentary election in Greece. South European Society and Politics, 21(4), 427–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2016.1208906.
Tucker, P. E. (2011). The consequences and impacts of maverick politicians on contemporary Australian politics (Ph.D. Thesis). Hobart: University of Tasmania.
Uniting Australia Party. (2013). About. https://web.archive.org/web/20130825131818, http://www.unitingaustraliaparty.com.au:80/. Accessed July 12, 2017. Accessed from the Internet Archive Wayback Machine.
van Kessel, S. (2014). The populist cat-dog: Applying the concept of populism to contemporary European party systems. Journal of Political Ideologies, 19(1), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2013.869457.
Vraga, E. K. (2017). Which candidates can be mavericks? The effects of issue disagreement and gender on candidate evaluations. Politics & Policy, 45(1), 4–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12192.
Weyland, K. (2001). Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of Latin American politics. Comparative Politics, 34(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.2307/422412.
Wilson, J. (2017, October 24). Politicians, sex and the press gallery. No Place for Sheep (blog). https://noplaceforsheep.com/2017/10/24/politicians-sex-and-the-press-gallery/ Accessed Feberuary 23, 2018.
Wood, M., Corbett, J., & Flinders, M. (2016). Just like us: Everyday celebrity politicians and the pursuit of popularity in an age of anti-politics. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 18(3), 581–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148116632182.
Wright, J. (2014, March, 7). Derryn Hinch released from prison after failing to pay contempt of court fine. Sydney Morning Herald. http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/derryn-hinch-released-from-prison-after-failing-to-pay-contempt-of-court-fine-20140306-34au1. Accessed September 12, 2017.
Wring, D., & Ward, S. (2015). Exit velocity: The media election. Parliamentary Affairs, 68(suppl_1), 224–240. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsv037.
Xenophon, N. (2014). Party launch. https://nxt.org.au/party-launch/. Accessed August 10, 2017.
Yaxley, L. (2017, April 26). Cory Bernardi’s Australian Conservatives to amalgamate with Family First. ABC News. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-25/cory-bernardi-australian-conservatives-family-first-to-merge/8471244. Accessed September 19, 2017.
Zakaria, F. (2016, November–December). Populism on the march: why the West is in trouble. Foreign Affairs. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2016-10-17/populism-march. Accessed September 8, 2017.
Zwarun, L., & Torrey, A. (2011). Somebody versus nobody: An exploration of the role of celebrity status in an election. The Social Science Journal, 48(4), 672–680. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2011.06.005.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Crosby, R.K. (2019). Pauline Hanson, Personality, and Electoral Fortunes. In: Grant, B., Moore, T., Lynch, T. (eds) The Rise of Right-Populism. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2670-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2669-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2670-7
eBook Packages: Political Science and International StudiesPolitical Science and International Studies (R0)