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Neuroprotective Potential of Small Molecule Phytochemicals in Stroke Therapy

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Advancement in the Pathophysiology of Cerebral Stroke

Abstract

Stroke being the second largest reason for worldwide mortality requires specific neuroprotective approaches to combat the pathophysiological outcomes. Use of synthetic neuroprotectants has not proved fruitful in clinical trials. In such scenario, scientific research has been focused on various phytochemicals which turn out to be attractive neuroprotectants. Recent studies have demonstrated that different phytochemicals target receptors and marker proteins related to pathophysiological processes involved with stroke. The use of phytochemicals has ameliorated conditions associated with ischemic stroke such as cell death (both necrotic and apoptotic), inflammation, and oxidative stress. Administration of phytochemicals has also proved successful in controlled trials indicating the safety and efficacy of these natural products. Thus, the neuroprotective potential of phytochemicals can be further exploited to design future therapeutic strategies against stroke. In the present chapter, we corroborated the use of phytochemicals and their effects on signaling mechanisms involved in stroke pathology and subsequent cell death.

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Abbreviations

AChE:

Acetylcholinesterase

AIF:

Apoptosis-inducing factor

AKT:

Protein kinase B (PKB)

ARE:

Antioxidant response elements

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factors

CAT:

Catalase

ChAT:

Choline acetyltransferase

CNS:

Central nervous system

CREB:

cAMP-response element binding protein

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinases

FADD:

Fas-associated protein with death domain

GCLC:

Glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit

IL:

Interleukin

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MDA:

Malondialdehyde-modified human albumin

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

NMDAr:

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Sumedha Mukherjee, Amit Kumar Tripathi, Gaurav Kumar & Ranjana Patnaik

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

    Nirav Dhanesha

  3. Cell Death Research Laboratory, Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India

    Divya Mishra

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  1. Sumedha Mukherjee
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Correspondence to Sumedha Mukherjee .

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  1. School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ranjana Patnaik

  2. School of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Amit Kumar Tripathi

  3. Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ashish Dwivedi

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Mukherjee, S., Tripathi, A.K., Kumar, G., Patnaik, R., Dhanesha, N., Mishra, D. (2019). Neuroprotective Potential of Small Molecule Phytochemicals in Stroke Therapy. In: Patnaik, R., Tripathi, A., Dwivedi, A. (eds) Advancement in the Pathophysiology of Cerebral Stroke. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1453-7_12

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