Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease in which there are considerable genetic contributions. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) provide an unbiased method to identify the genetic factors of human diseases and phenotypes comprehensively. Although it is well known that loss-of-function mutations in FLG are the most significant genetic risk factor for AD, recent GWASs, immunochip analyses, and meta-analyses of GWASs have identified a number of loci associated with AD. Candidate genes identified by GWASs of AD are involved in skin barrier functions and innate and adaptive immune responses. Those findings imply a substantial overlap of genetic components with other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Genetic variants may influence molecular phenotypes, including RNA expression and stability, transcription factor binding, DNA methylation, histone modifications, and protein levels. Understanding the functional links between susceptibility variants and phenotypic traits is crucial to improve our knowledge of AD. Further interdisciplinary research is necessary for translation of the genetics of AD into clinical practice.
References
Weidinger S, Novak N. Atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 2016;387:1109–22. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00149-X.
Manolio TA. Genomewide association studies and assessment of the risk of disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:166–76. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0905980.
Marchini J, Howie B. Genotype imputation for genome-wide association studies. Nat Rev Genet. 2010;11:499–511. doi:10.1038/nrg2796.
Irvine AD, McLean WH, Leung DY. Filaggrin mutations associated with skin and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1315–27. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1011040.
Esparza-Gordillo J, Weidinger S, Fölster-Holst R, Bauerfeind A, Ruschendorf F, Patone G, et al. A common variant on chromosome 11q13 is associated with atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2009;41:596–601. doi:10.1038/ng.347.
Sun LD, Xiao FL, Li Y, Zhou WM, Tang HY, Tang XF, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies two new susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis in the Chinese Han population. Nat Genet. 2011;43:690–4. doi:10.1038/ng.851.
Paternoster L, Standl M, Chen CM, Ramasamy A, Bønnelykke K, Duijts L, et al. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies three new risk loci for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2011;44:187–92. doi:10.1038/ng.1017.
Hirota T, Takahashi A, Kubo M, Tsunoda T, Tomita K, Sakashita M, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies eight new susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis in the Japanese population. Nat Genet. 2012;44:1222–6. doi:10.1038/ng.2438.
Ellinghaus D, Baurecht H, Esparza-Gordillo J, RodrÃguez E, Matanovic A, Marenholz I, et al. High-density genotyping study identifies four new susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2013;45:808–12. doi:10.1038/ng.2642.
Esparza-Gordillo J, Schaarschmidt H, Liang L, Cookson W, Bauerfeind A, Lee-Kirsch MA, et al. A functional IL-6 receptor (IL6R) variant is a risk factor for persistent atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132:371–7. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2013.01.057.
Kim KW, Myers RA, Lee JH, Igartua C, Lee KE, Kim YH, et al. Genome-wide association study of recalcitrant atopic dermatitis in Korean children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:678–684.e4. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.030.
Schaarschmidt H, Ellinghaus D, RodrÃguez E, Kretschmer A, Baurecht H, Lipinski S, et al. A genome-wide association study reveals 2 new susceptibility loci for atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136:802–6. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.047.
Paternoster L, Standl M, Waage J, Baurecht H, Hotze M, Strachan DP, et al. Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of 21,000 cases and 95,000 controls identifies new risk loci for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet. 2015;47:1449–56. doi:10.1038/ng.3424.
Doherty TA, Soroosh P, Khorram N, Fukuyama S, Rosenthal P, Cho JY, et al. The tumor necrosis factor family member LIGHT is a target for asthmatic airway remodeling. Nat Med. 2011;17:596–603. doi:10.1038/nm.2356.
Montgomery RI, Warner MS, Lum BJ, Spear PG. Herpes simplex virus-1 entry into cells mediated by a novel member of the TNF/NGF receptor family. Cell. 1996;87:427–36.
Liew FY, Pitman NI, McInnes IB. Disease-associated functions of IL-33: the new kid in the IL-1 family. Nat Rev Immunol. 2010;10:103–10. doi:10.1038/nri2692.
Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel DA, Brown MA. Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet. 2013;14:661–73. doi:10.1038/nrg3502.
Hirota T, Takahashi A, Kubo M, Tsunoda T, Tomita K, Doi S, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies three new susceptibility loci for adult asthma in the Japanese population. Nat Genet. 2011;43:893–6. doi:10.1038/ng.887.
Hong X, Hao K, Ladd-Acosta C, Hansen KD, Tsai HJ, Liu X, et al. Genome-wide association study identifies peanut allergy-specific loci and evidence of epigenetic mediation in US children. Nat Commun. 2015;6:6304. doi:10.1038/ncomms7304.
Damm A, Giebeler N, Zamek J, Zigrino P, Kufer TA. Epidermal NLRP10 contributes to contact hypersensitivity responses in mice. Eur J Immunol. 2016;46:1959–69. doi:10.1002/eji.201646401.
Saeki H, Tamaki K. Thymus and activation regulated chemokine (TARC)/CCL17 and skin diseases. J Dermatol Sci. 2006;43:75–84.
Jung K, Tanaka A, Fujita H, Matsuda A, Oida K, Karasawa K, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ-mediated suppression of dendritic cell function prevents the onset of atopic dermatitis in NC/Tnd mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:420–429.e1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.043.
Lopez RG, Garcia-Silva S, Moore SJ, Bereshchenko O, Martinez-Cruz AB, Ermakova O, et al. C/EBPalpha and beta couple interfollicular keratinocyte proliferation arrest to commitment and terminal differentiation. Nat Cell Biol. 2009;11:1181–90. doi:10.1038/ncb1960.
Molinero LL, Cubre A, Mora-Solano C, Wang Y, Alegre ML. T cell receptor/CARMA1/NF-κB signaling controls T-helper (Th) 17 differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012;109:18529–34. doi:10.1073/pnas.1204557109.
Wang L, Ni X, Covington KR, Yang BY, Shiu J, Zhang X, et al. Genomic profiling of Sézary syndrome identifies alterations of key T cell signaling and differentiation genes. Nat Genet. 2015;47:1426–34. doi:10.1038/ng.3444.
Hou S, Du L, Lei B, Pang CP, Zhang M, Zhuang W, et al. Genome-wide association analysis of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome identifies two new susceptibility loci at 1p31.2 and 10q21.3. Nat Genet. 2014;46:1007–11. doi:10.1038/ng.3061.
Okamura T, Fujio K, Sumitomo S, Yamamoto K. Roles of LAG3 and EGR2 in regulatory T cells. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:i96–100. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-200588.
Safford M, Collins S, Lutz MA, Allen A, Huang CT, Kowalski J, et al. Egr-2 and Egr-3 are negative regulators of T cell activation. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:472–80.
Hart PH, Gorman S, Finlay-Jones JJ. Modulation of the immune system by UV radiation: more than just the effects of vitamin D? Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:584–96. doi:10.1038/nri3045.
Peroni DG, Piacentini GL, Cametti E, Chinellato I, Boner AL. Correlation between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and severity of atopic dermatitis in children. Br J Dermatol. 2011;164:1078–82. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10147.x.
Haeck IM, Knol MJ, Ten Berge O, van Velsen SG, de Bruin-Weller MS, Bruijnzeel-Koomen CA. Enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium versus cyclosporin A as long-term treatment in adult patients with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64:1074–84. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2010.04.027.
Schuster C, Gerold KD, Schober K, Probst L, Boerner K, Kim MJ, et al. The autoimmunity-associated gene CLEC16A modulates thymic epithelial cell autophagy and alters T cell selection. Immunity. 2015;42:942–52. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.04.011.
Hinds DA, McMahon G, Kiefer AK, Do CB, Eriksson N, Evans DM, et al. A genome-wide association meta-analysis of self-reported allergy identifies shared and allergy-specific susceptibility loci. Nat Genet. 2013;45:907–11. doi:10.1038/ng.2686.
ENCODE Project Consortium. An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature. 2012;489:57–74. doi:10.1038/nature11247.
Bernstein BE, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Costello JF, Ren B, Milosavljevic A, Meissner A, et al. The NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Mapping Consortium. Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28:1045–8. doi:10.1038/nbt1010-1045.
Grundberg E, Small KS, Hedman ÅK, Nica AC, Buil A, Keildson S, et al. Mapping cis- and trans-regulatory effects across multiple tissues in twins. Nat Genet. 2012;44:1084–9. doi:10.1038/ng.2394.
de Jong MA, Geijtenbeek TB. Langerhans cells in innate defense against pathogens. Trends Immunol. 2010;31:452–9. doi:10.1016/j.it.2010.08.002.
Lundström W, Highfill S, Walsh ST, Beq S, Morse E, Kockum I, et al. Soluble IL7Rα potentiates IL-7 bioactivity and promotes autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:E1761–70. doi:10.1073/pnas.1222303110.
Uehira M, Matsuda H, Nakamura A, Nishimoto H. Immunologic abnormalities exhibited in IL-7 transgenic mice with dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 1998;110:740–5.
Minegishi Y, Saito M, Tsuchiya S, Tsuge I, Takada H, Hara T, et al. Dominant-negative mutations in the DNA-binding domain of STAT3 cause hyper-IgE syndrome. Nature. 2007;448:1058–62.
Stritesky GL, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA. Selection of self-reactive T cells in the thymus. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:95–114. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-020711-075035.
Zook EC, Ramirez K, Guo X, van der Voort G, Sigvardsson M, Svensson EC, et al. The ETS1 transcription factor is required for the development and cytokine-induced expansion of ILC2. J Exp Med. 2016;213:687–96. doi:10.1084/jem.20150851.
Baurecht H, Hotze M, Brand S, Büning C, Cormican P, Corvin A, et al. Genome-wide comparative analysis of atopic dermatitis and psoriasis gives insight into opposing genetic mechanisms. Am J Hum Genet. 2015;96:104–20. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.004.
Marenholz I, Esparza-Gordillo J, Rüschendorf F, Bauerfeind A, Strachan DP, Spycher BD, et al. Meta-analysis identifies seven susceptibility loci involved in the atopic march. Nat Commun. 2015;6:8804. doi:10.1038/ncomms9804.
Schübeler D. Function and information content of DNA methylation. Nature. 2015;517:321–6. doi:10.1038/nature14192.
Liang L, Willis-Owen SA, Laprise C, Wong KC, Davies GA, Hudson TJ, et al. An epigenome-wide association study of total serum immunoglobulin E concentration. Nature. 2015;520:670–4. doi:10.1038/nature14125.
Auer PL, Lettre G. Rare variant association studies: considerations, challenges and opportunities. Genome Med. 2015;7:16. doi:10.1186/s13073-015-0138-2.
Belkaid Y, Segre JA. Dialogue between skin microbiota and immunity. Science. 2014;346:954–9. doi:10.1126/science.1260144.
GTEx Consortium. The Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project. Nat Genet. 2013;45:580–5. doi:10.1038/ng.2653.
Roadmap Epigenomics Consortium, Kundaje A, Meuleman W, Ernst J, Bilenky M, Yen A, Heravi-Moussavi A, et al. Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes. Nature. 2015;518:317–30. doi:10.1038/nature14248.
Netea MG, Joosten LA, Li Y, Kumar V, Oosting M, Smeekens S, et al. Understanding human immune function using the resources from the Human Functional Genomics Project. Nat Med. 2016;22:831–3. doi:10.1038/nm.4140.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tamari, M., Hirota, T. (2018). Genome-Wide Association Study for Atopic Dermatitis in the Japanese Population. In: Katayama, I., Murota, H., Satoh, T. (eds) Evolution of Atopic Dermatitis in the 21st Century. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5541-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5541-6_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-5540-9
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-5541-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)