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Effects of Different Metal Stresses on the Antioxidant Defense Systems of Medicinal Plants

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Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Systems in Plants: Role and Regulation under Abiotic Stress

Abstract

Traditional herbal plant-based medicines were characterized by having good amount of antioxidants. But due to the rapid industrialization and urbanization, addition of heavy metal accumulation in soil-plant affected the growth of plants including medicinal plants. Under metal stress, both the antioxidant enzymes and phytochemicals constituting nonenzymatic components coordinately work to encounter abiotic stresses. Antioxidant enzymes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), lipoxygenase (LOX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPO), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) are altered in stressed conditions which leads to the changes in free radical content. In addition, different components of nonenzymatic defense system such as glycine betaine (GB), proline, glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AsA), tocopherols, carotenoids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds also play crucial role at cellular level. Almost every type of stress leads to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). They are vigorously produced in response to most abiotic stresses and used as signaling molecules by cells. As they are highly reactive species, a balance between their production and detoxification must be ensured. By transformation of plants in which activity of single antioxidant enzyme is overexpressed, it is possible to confer a degree of tolerance to stress. The success of plant transformation has allowed the scientists to confer greater stress tolerance in plants by improvements in the antioxidative defense system.

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Abbreviations

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

AsA:

Ascorbic acid

ASO:

Ascorbate oxidase

CA:

Citric acid

CAT:

Catalase

d-ALA-D:

Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

FRAP:

Ferric reducing ability of plasma

GB:

Glycine betaine

GPO:

Guaiacol peroxidase

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

GSSG:

Glutathione disulfide

GST:

Glutathione-S-transferase

LOX:

Lipoxygenase

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MDHAR:

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

NM:

Nonmetalliferous

NPSH:

Nonprotein thiol

PAL:

Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase

PC:

Phosphatidylcholine

PCD:

Programmed cell death

PE:

Phosphatidylethanolamine

PG:

Phophatidylglycerol

PI:

Phosphatidylinositol

PLNH:

Paecilomyces lilacinus NH

PM:

Plasma membrane

POD:

Peroxidase

PPO:

Polyphenol oxidase

PS:

Phosphatidylserine

PSH:

Protein thiol

PSII:

Photosystem II

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Rtn:

Rutin

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TAST:

Total acid-soluble thiol

TBARS:

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TSS:

Total soluble sugars

TWC:

Tissue water content

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  1. Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Dasauli, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India

    Iffat Zareen Ahmad, Asad Ahmad, Abdul Mabood & Heena Tabassum

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  1. Crop and Environmental Sciences Division, International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines

    M. Iqbal R. Khan

  2. Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

    Nafees A. Khan

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Ahmad, I.Z., Ahmad, A., Mabood, A., Tabassum, H. (2017). Effects of Different Metal Stresses on the Antioxidant Defense Systems of Medicinal Plants. In: Khan, M., Khan, N. (eds) Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidant Systems in Plants: Role and Regulation under Abiotic Stress. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5254-5_9

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