Abstract
Nearly 15% of the couples worldwide face the problem of infertility. A number of cytogenetic aberrations in the form of somatic chromosome aneuploidies, sperm aneuploidies, chromosomal translocations and inversions, etc. are known to contribute to male infertility. Couples with normal hormonal profile should be evaluated for possible cytogenetic abnormalities before proceeding to treatment. The identification of cytogenetic abnormality cannot only explain infertility but also guide treatment in the affected cases. This chapter summarizes the cytogenetic factors that increase the risk of male infertility. Towards the end, we have provided a glimpse of the contemporary techniques that have revolutionized the classical field of cytogenetics.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdel-Razic MM, Abdel-Hamid IA, ElSobky ES (2012) Nonmosaic 47, XYY syndrome presenting with male infertility: case series. Andrologia 44(3):200–204
Aksglæde L, Wikström AM, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Dunkel L, Skakkebæk NE, Juul A (2006) Natural history of seminiferous tubule degeneration in Klinefelter syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 12(1):39–48
Anawalt BD (2013) Approach to male infertility and induction of spermatogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 98(9):3532–3542
Anton E, Blanco J, Egozcue J, Vidal F (2004) Sperm FISH studies in seven male carriers of Robertsonian translocation t (13; 14)(q10; q10). Hum Reprod 19(6):1345–1351
Aran B, Blanco J, Vidal F, Vendrell JM, Egozcue S, Barri PN, Egozcue J, Veiga A (1999) Screening for abnormalities of chromosomes X, Y, and 18 and for diploidy in spermatozoa from infertile men participating in an in vitro fertilization-intracytoplasmic sperm injection program. Fertil Steril 72(4):696–701
Aran B, Veiga A, Vidal F, Parriego M, Vendrell JM, Santal J, Egozcue J, Barri PN (2004) Preimplantation genetic diagnosis in patients with male meiotic abnormalities. Reprod Biomed Online 8(4):470–476
Averhoff WW, Richardson RH (1974) Pheromonal control of mating patterns in Drosophila melanogaster. Behav Genet 4(3):207–225
Benet J, Martin RH (1988) Sperm chromosome complements in a 47, XYY man. Hum Genet 78(4):313–315
Berger R (1975) The incidence of constitutional chromosome aberrations. J Hum Genet 23:42–49
Bernardini L, Borini A, Preti S, Conte N, Flamigni C, Capitanio GL, Venturini PL (1998) Study of aneuploidy in normal and abnormal germ cells from semen of fertile and infertile men. Hum Reprod 13(12):3406–3413
Blanco J, Rubio C, Simon C, Egozcue J, Vidal F (1997) Increased incidence of disomic sperm nuclei in a 47, XYY male assessed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Hum Genet 99(3):413–416
Bojesen A, Juul S, Gravholt CH (2003) Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: a national registry study. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 88(2):622–626
Bonduelle M, Van Assche E, Joris H, Keymolen K, Devroey P, Van Steirteghem A, Liebaers I (2002) Prenatal testing in ICSI pregnancies: incidence of chromosomal anomalies in 1586 karyotypes and relation to sperm parameters. Hum Reprod 17(10):2600–2614
Brown GM, Leversha M, Hulten M, Ferguson-Smith MA, Affara NA, Furlong RA (1998) Genetic analysis of meiotic recombination in humans by use of sperm typing: reduced recombination within a heterozygous paracentric inversion of chromosome 9q32-q34. 3. Am J Hum Genet 62(6):1484–1492
Calogero AE, De Palma A, Grazioso C, Barone N, Burrello N, Palermo I, Gulisano A, Pafumi C, D’Agata R (2001a) High sperm aneuploidy rate in unselected infertile patients and its relationship with intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome. Hum Reprod 16(7):1433–1439
Calogero AE, De Palma A, Grazioso C, Barone N, Romeo R, Rappazzo G, D’Agata R (2001b) Aneuploidy rate in spermatozoa of selected men with abnormal semen parameters. Hum Reprod 16(6):1172–1179
Carrell DT (2008) Contributions of spermatozoa to embryogenesis: assays to evaluate their genetic and epigenetic fitness. Reprod Biomed Online 16(4):474–484
Chevret E, Rousseaux S, Monteil M, Usson Y, Cozzi J, Pelletier R, Sele B (1997) Meiotic behaviour of sex chromosomes investigated by three-colour FISH on 35 142 sperm nuclei from two 47, XYY males. Hum Genet 99(3):407–412
Colombero LT, Hariprashad JJ, Tsai MC, Rosenwaks Z, Palermo GD (1999) Incidence of sperm aneuploidy in relation to semen characteristics and assisted reproductive outcome. Fertil Steril 72(1):90–96
De Sanctis V, Ciccone S (2010) Fertility preservation in adolescents with Klinefelter’s syndrome. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 8:178–181
de Vozzi MSJ, Santos SA, Pereira CS, Cuzzi JF, Laureano LA, Franco JG Jr, Martelli L (2009) Meiotic segregation and interchromosomal effect in the sperm of a double translocation carrier: a case report. Mol Cytogenet 2(1):1
Dohle GR, Halley DJJ, Van Hemel JO, Van Den Ouwel AMW, Pieters MHEC, Weber RFA, Govaerts LCP (2002) Genetic risk factors in infertile men with severe oligozoospermia and azoospermia. Hum Reprod 17(1):13–16
Egozcue S, Blanco J, Vendrell JM, Garcia F, Veiga A, Aran B, Barri PN, Vidal F, Egozcue J (2000) Human male infertility: chromosome anomalies, meiotic disorders, abnormal spermatozoa and recurrent abortion. Hum Reprod Update 6(1):93–105
Emery BR, Carrell DT (2006) The effect of epigenetic sperm abnormalities on early embryo-genesis. Asian J Androl 8(2):131–142
Estop AM, Cieply KM, Wakim A, Feingold E (1999) Meiotic products of two reciprocal translocations studied by multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization. Cytogenet Genome Res 83(3–4):193–198
Evans J, Hamerton J, Robinson A (1991) Children and young adults with sex chromosome aneuploidy: follow-up, clinical, and molecular studies, vol 26, no 4. Wiley-Liss
Ferlin A, Garolla A, Foresta C (2005) Chromosome abnormalities in sperm of individuals with constitutional sex chromosomal abnormalities. Cytogenet Genome Res 111(3–4):310–316
Ferlin A, Raicu F, Gatta V, Zuccarello D, Palka G, Foresta C (2007) Male infertility: role of genetic background. Reprod Biomed Online 14(6):734–745
Foresta C, Ferlin A, Gianaroli L, Dallapiccola B (2002) Guidelines for the appropriate use of genetic tests in infertile couples. Eur J Hum Genet 10(5):303–312
Foresta C, Caretta N, Palego P, Ferlin A, Zuccarello D, Lenzi A, Selice R (2012) Reduced artery diameters in Klinefelter syndrome. Int J Androl 35(5):720–725
Friedler S, Raziel A, Strassburger D, Schachter M, Bern O, Ron-El R (2001) Outcome of ICSI using fresh and cryopreserved–thawed testicular spermatozoa in patients with non-mosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome. Hum Reprod 16(12):2616–2620
Fu L, Xiong DK, Ding XP, Li C, Zhang LY, Ding M, Nie SS, Quan Q (2012) Genetic screening for chromosomal abnormalities and Y chromosome microdeletions in Chinese infertile men. J Assist Reprod Genet 29(6):521–527
Gekas J, Thepot F, Turleau C, Siffroi JP, Dadoune JP, Briault S, Rio M, Bourouillou G, Carre-Pigeon F, Wasels R, Benzacken B (2001) Chromosomal factors of infertility in candidate couples for ICSI: an equal risk of constitutional aberrations in women and men. Hum Reprod 16(1):82–90
Gianaroli L, Magli MC, Ferraretti AP, Munne S, Balicchia B, Escudero T, Crippa A (2002) Possible interchromosomal effect in embryos generated by gametes from translocation carriers. Hum Reprod 17(12):3201–3207
Gonzalez-Merino E, Hans C, Abramowicz M, Englert Y, Emiliani S (2007) Aneuploidy study in sperm and preimplantation embryos from nonmosaic 47, XYY men. Fertil Steril 88(3):600–606
Guichaoua MR, Quack B, Speed RM, Noel B, Chandley AC, Luciani JM (1990) Infertility in human males with autosomal translocations: meiotic study of a 14; 22 Robertsonian translocation. Hum Genet 86(2):162–166
Harton GL, Tempest HG (2012) Chromosomal disorders and male infertility. Asian J Androl 14(1):32–39
Hook EB, Hamerton JL (1977) The frequency of chromosome abnormalities detected in consecutive newborn studies—differences between studies—results by sex and by severity of phenotypic involvement. Population cytogenetics, pp 63–79
Iitsuka Y, Bock A, Nguyen DD, Samango-Sprouse CA, Simpson JL, Bischoff FZ (2001) Evidence of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in 47, XXY and 48, XXYY Klinefelter patients. Am J Med Genet 98(1):25–31
Kent J, Wheatley SC, Andrews JE, Sinclair AH, Koopman P (1996) A male-specific role for SOX9 in vertebrate sex determination. Development 122(9):2813–2822
Kim JW, Lee WS, Yoon TK, Seok HH, Cho JH, Kim YS, Lyu SW, Shim SH (2010) Chromosomal abnormalities in spontaneous abortion after assisted reproductive treatment. BMC Med Genet 11(1):1
Klinefelter HF Jr, Reifenstein EC Jr, Albright F Jr (1942) Syndrome characterized by gynecomastia, aspermatogenesis without A-Leydigism, and increased excretion of follicle-stimulating hormone 1. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 2(11):615–627
Koga M, Tsujimura A, Takeyama M, Kiuchi H, Takao T, Miyagawa Y, Takada S, Matsumiya K, Fujioka H, Okamoto Y, Nonomura N (2007) Clinical comparison of successful and failed microdissection testicular sperm extraction in patients with nonmosaic Klinefelter syndrome. Urology 70(2):341–345
Kruglyak L, Nickerson DA (2001) Variation is the spice of life. Nature genetics 27(3):234–235
Kruse R, Guttenbach M, Schartmann B, Schubert R, van der Ven H, Schmid M, Propping P (1998) Genetic counseling in a patient with XXY/XXXY/XY mosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome: estimate of sex chromosome aberrations in sperm before intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 69(3):482–485
Kusz K, Kotecki M, Wojda A, Szarras-Czapnik M, Latos-Bielenska A, Warenik-Szymankiewicz A, Ruszczynska-Wolska A, Jaruzelska J (1999) Incomplete masculinisation of XX subjects carrying the SRY gene on an inactive X chromosome. J Med Genet 36(6):452–456
Lanfranco F, Kamischke A, Zitzmann M, Nieschlag E (2004) Klinefelter’s syndrome. Lancet 364(9430):273–283
Lejeune J (1963) Autosomal disorders. Pediatrics 32(3):326–337
Lim AST, Fong Y, Yu SL (1999a) Analysis of the sex chromosome constitution of sperm in men with a 47, XYY mosaic karyotype by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fertil Steril 72(1):121–123
Lim AST, Fong Y, Yu SL (1999b) Estimates of sperm sex chromosome disomy and diploidy rates in a 47, XXY/46, XY mosaic Klinefelter patient. Hum Genet 104(5):405–409
Lissitsina J, Mikelsaar R, Punab M (2006) Cytogenetic analyses in infertile men. Arch Androl 52(2):91–95
Maciel-Guerra AT, de Mello MP, Coeli FB, Ribeiro ML, Miranda ML, Marques-de-Faria AP, Baptista MTM, Moraes SG, Guerra-Junior G (2008) XX maleness and XX true hermaphroditism in SRY-negative monozygotic twins: additional evidence for a common origin. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 93(2):339–343
Maiburg M, Repping S, Giltay J (2012) The genetic origin of Klinefelter syndrome and its effect on spermatogenesis. Fertil Steril 98(2):253–260
Martin RH (1986) Sperm chromosome analysis in a man heterozygous for a paracentric inversion of chromosome 7 (q11q22). Hum Genet 73(2):97–100
Martin RH (2008a) Cytogenetic determinants of male fertility. Hum Reprod Update 14(4):379–390
Martin RH (2008b) Meiotic errors in human oogenesis and spermatogenesis. Reprod Biomed Online 16(4):523–531
Martin RH, McInnes B, Rademaker AW (1999) Analysis of aneuploidy for chromosomes 13, 21, X and Y by multicolour fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) in a 47, XYY male. Zygote 7(2):131–134
Martin RH, Greene C, Rademaker AW, Ko E, Chernos J (2003) Analysis of aneuploidy in spermatozoa from testicular biopsies from men with nonobstructive azoospermia. J Androl 24(1):100–103
Mateizel I, Verheyen G, Van Assche E, Tournaye H, Liebaers I, Van Steirteghem A (2002) FISH analysis of chromosome X, Y and 18 abnormalities in testicular sperm from azoospermic patients. Hum Reprod 17(9):2249–2257
McLachlan RI, O’Bryan MK (2010) State of the art for genetic testing of infertile men. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 95(3):1013–1024
Meeks JJ, Weiss J, Jameson JL (2003) Dax1 is required for testis determination. Nat Genet 34(1)
Miharu N, Best RG, Young SR (1994) Numerical chromosome abnormalities in spermatozoa of fertile and infertile men detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hum Genet 93(5):502–506
Moosani N, Pattinson HA, Carter MD, Cox DM, Rademaker AW, Martin RH (1995) Chromosomal analysis of sperm from men with idiopathic infertility using sperm karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Fertil Steril 64(4):811–817
Moosani N, Chernos J, Lowry RB, Martin RH, Rademaker A (1999) A 47, XXY fetus resulting from ICSI in a man with an elevated frequency of 24, XY spermatozoa. Hum Reprod 14(4):1137–1138
Morel F, Roux C, Bresson JL (2001) FISH analysis of the chromosomal status of spermatozoa from three men with 45, XY, der (13; 14)(q10; q10) karyotype. Mol Hum Reprod 7(5):483–488
Moretti E, Anichini C, Sartini B, Collodel G (2007) Sperm ultrastructure and meiotic segregation in an infertile 47, XYY man. Andrologia 39(6):229–234
Nicopoullos JDM, Gilling-Smith C, Almeida PA, Homa S, Nice L, Tempest H, Ramsay JWA (2008) The role of sperm aneuploidy as a predictor of the success of intracytoplasmic sperm injection? Hum Reprod 23(2):240–250
Nishikawa N, Murakami I, Ikuta K, Suzumori K (2000) Sex chromosomal analysis of spermatozoa from infertile men using fluorescence in situ hybridization. J Assist Reprod Genet 17(2):97–102
Palermo GD, Colombero LT, Hariprashad JJ, Schlegel PN, Rosenwaks Z (2002) Chromosome analysis of epididymal and testicular sperm in azoospermic patients undergoing ICSI. Hum Reprod 17(3):570–575
Pandith AA, Akbar S, Faheem S, Malla TM, Zargar MH, Shah ZA, Lateef A, Qasim I, Dar FA, Azad NA, Baba S (2015) Molecular and cytogenetic evaluation of gender in patients born with ambiguous genitalia from different regions of the valley of Kashmir, North India. J Genet Syndr Gene Ther 6
Pang MG, Hoegerman SF, Cuticchia AJ, Moon SY, Doncel GF, Acosta AA, Kearns WG (1999) Detection of aneuploidy for chromosomes 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 17, 18, 21, X and Y by fluorescence in-situ hybridization in spermatozoa from nine patients with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 14(5):1266–1273
Pehlivan TS, Rodrigo L, Simón C, Remohí J, Pellicer A, Rubio C (2003) Chromosomal abnormalities in day 3 embryos from severe oligozoospermic patients. Proceedings in 59th annual meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Texas, USA, October 2003
Pfeffer J, Pang MG, Hoegerman SF, Osgood CJ, Stacey MW, Mayer J, Oehninger S, Kearns WG (1999) Aneuploidy frequencies in semen fractions from ten oligoasthenoteratozoospermic patients donating sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Fertil Steril 72(3):472–478
Rajender S, Rajani V, Gupta NJ, Chakravarty B, Singh L, Thangaraj K (2006) SRY-negative 46, XX male with normal genitals, complete masculinization and infertility. Mol Hum Reprod 12(5):341–346
Rives N, Joly G, Machy A, Simeon N, Leclerc P, Mace B (2000) Assessment of sex chromosome aneuploidy in sperm nuclei from 47, XXY and 46, XY/47, XXY males: comparison with fertile and infertile males with normal karyotype. Mol Hum Reprod 6(2):107–112
Rives N, Milazzo JP, Miraux L, North MO, Sibert L, Mace B (2005) From spermatocytes to spermatozoa in an infertile XYY male. Int J Androl 28(5):304–310
Robinson DO, Jacobs PA (1999) The origin of the extra Y chromosome in males with a 47, XYY karyotype. Hum Mol Genet 8(12):2205–2209
Rodrigo L, Rubio C, Gil-Salom M, Mateu E, Pérez-Cano I, Herrer R, Simon C, Remohí J, Pellicer A (2003) Sperm chromosomal abnormalities: a new indication for preimplantational genetic diagnosis? Proceedings in 19th annual meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, Madrid, Spain, June–July 2003
Rodrigo L, Peinado V, Mateu E, Remohí J, Pellicer A, Simón C, Gil-Salom M, Rubio C (2010) Impact of different patterns of sperm chromosomal abnormalities on the chromosomal constitution of preimplantation embryos. Fertil Steril 94(4):1380–1386
Ron-El R, Strassburger D, Gelman-Kohan S, Friedler S, Raziel A, Appelman Z (2000) A 47, XXY fetus conceived after ICSI of spermatozoa from a patient with non-mosaic Klinefelter’s syndrome: case report. Hum Reprod 15(8):1804–1806
Ross MT, Grafham DV, Coffey AJ, Scherer S, McLay K, Muzny D, Platzer M, Howell GR, Burrows C, Bird CP, Frankish A (2005) The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome. Nature 434(7031):325–337
Roux C, Tripogney C, Morel F, Joanne C, Fellmann F, Clavequin MC, Bresson JL (2005) Segregation of chromosomes in sperm of Robertsonian translocation carriers. Cytogenet Genome Res 111(3–4):291–296
Rubio C, Gil-Salom M, Simon C, Vidal F, Rodrigo L, Minguez Y, Remohi J, Pellicer A (2001) Incidence of sperm chromosomal abnormalities in a risk population: relationship with sperm quality and ICSI outcome. Hum Reprod 16(10):2084–2092
Sarrate Z, Blanco J, Anton E, Egozcue S, Egozcue J, Vidal F (2005) FISH studies of chromosome abnormalities in germ cells and its relevance in reproductive counseling. Asian J Androl 7(3):227–236
Schiff JD, Palermo GD, Veeck LL, Goldstein M, Rosenwaks Z, Schlegel PN (2005) Success of testicular sperm injection and intracytoplasmic sperm injection in men with Klinefelter syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 90(11):6263–6267
Schrock EDMS, Du Manoir S, Veldman T, Schoell B (1996) Multicolor spectral karotyping of human chromosomes. Science 273(5274):494
Schultz J, Redfield H (1951) Interchromosomal effects on crossing over in drosophila. In: Cold Spring Harbor symposia on quantitative biology, vol 16. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, pp 175–197
Shi Q, Martin RH (2000) Aneuploidy in human sperm: a review of the frequency and distribution of aneuploidy, effects of donor age and lifestyle factors. Cytogenet Genome Res 90(3–4):219–226
Silber S, Escudero T, Lenahan K, Abdelhadi I, Kilani Z, Munne S (2003) Chromosomal abnormalities in embryos derived from testicular sperm extraction. Fertil Steril 79(1):30–38
Speed RM, Faed MJW, Batstone PJ, Baxby K, Barnetson W (1991) Persistence of two Y chromosomes through meiotic prophase and metaphase I in an XYY man. Hum Genet 87(4):416–420
Staessen C, Tournaye H, Van Assche E, Michiels A, Van Landuyt L, Devroey P, Liebaers I, Van Steirteghem A (2003) PGD in 47,XXY Klinefelter’s syndrome patients. Hum Reprod Update 9(4):319–330
Stemkens D, Roza T, Verrij L, Swaab H, Van Werkhoven MK, Alizadeh BZ, Sinke RJ, Giltay JC (2006) Is there an influence of X-chromosomal imprinting on the phenotype in Klinefelter syndrome? A clinical and molecular genetic study of 61 cases. Clin Genet 70(1):43–48
Tanke HJ, Wiegant J, Van Gijlswijk RPM, Bezrookove V, Pattenier H, Heetebrij RJ, Talman EG, Raap AK, Vrolijk J (1999) New strategy for multi-colour fluorescence in situ hybridisation: COBRA: COmbined Binary RAtio labelling. Eur J Hum Genet 7(1):2–11
Tempest HG, Simpson JL (2010) Role of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in current infertility practice. Int J Infertil Fetal Med 1:1–10
Therman E, Susman M (2012) Human chromosomes: structure, behavior, and effects. Springer Science & Business Media
Thomas NS, Hassold TJ (2003) Aberrant recombination and the origin of Klinefelter syndrome. Hum Reprod Update 9(4):309–317
Tüttelmann F, Gromoll J (2010) Novel genetic aspects of Klinefelter’s syndrome. Mol Hum Reprod 16(6):386–395
Ushijima C, Kumasako Y, Kihaile PE, Hirotsuru K, Utsunomiya T (2000) Analysis of chromosomal abnormalities in human spermatozoa using multi-colour fluorescence in-situ hybridization. Hum Reprod 15(5):1107–1111
Van Steirteghem AC, Nagy Z, Joris H, Liu J, Staessen C, Smitz J, Wisanto A, Devroey P (1993) High fertilization and implantation rates after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Hum Reprod 8(7):1061–1066
Van Steirteghem A, Bonduelle M, Devroey P, Liebaers I (2002) Follow-up of children born after ICSI. Hum Reprod Update 8(2):111–116
Vegetti W, Van Assche E, Frias A, Verheyen G, Bianchi MM, Bonduelle M, Liebaers I, Van Steirteghem A (2000) Correlation between semen parameters and sperm aneuploidy rates investigated by fluorescence in-situ hybridization in infertile men. Hum Reprod 15(2):351–365
Vera M, Peinado V, Al-Asmar N, Gruhn J, Rodrigo L, Hassold T, Rubio C (2012) Human male meiosis and sperm aneuploidies. Aneuploidy in health and disease, p 141.
Vogt PH (2004) Genomic heterogeneity and instability of the AZF locus on the human Y chromosome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 224(1):1–9
Wiegant J, Bezrookove V, Rosenberg C, Tanke HJ, Raap AK, Zhang H, Bittner M, Trent JM, Meltzer P (2000) Differentially painting human chromosome arms with combined binary ratio-labeling fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genome Res 10(6):861–865
Wong EC, Ferguson KA, Chow V, Ma S (2008) Sperm aneuploidy and meiotic sex chromosome configurations in an infertile XYY male. Hum Reprod 23(2):374–378
Yarali H, Polat M, Bozdag G, Gunel M, Alpas I, Esinler I, Dogan U, Tiras B (2009) TESE–ICSI in patients with non-mosaic Klinefelter syndrome: a comparative study. Reprod Biomed Online 18(6):756–760
Yoshida A, Miura K, Shirai M (1997) Cytogenetic survey of 1,007 infertile males. Urol Int 58(3):166–176
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Singh, V., Singh, K. (2017). Cytogenetic Factors in Male Infertility. In: SINGH, R., Singh, K. (eds) Male Infertility: Understanding, Causes and Treatment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4017-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4017-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-4016-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-4017-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)