Skip to main content

Demands and Responses in Chinese Higher Education

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Higher Education in the BRICS Countries

Part of the book series: Higher Education Dynamics ((HEDY,volume 44))

Abstract

Since China launched its open door and economic reform policy in 1978, there has been high and sustained economic growth over the last 30 years or so. The enhanced economic situation has provided a solid basis for the development of higher education in terms of both government financing and private investment in the sector. Meanwhile, the improvement in higher education has contributed to economic growth through knowledge production, human resource provision, and promoted social mobility. Although higher education and socioeconomic reforms as two dynamic forces affect the development of each other, this study focuses on the responses of Chinese higher education to the demands arising from social and economic transformation in China.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bai, L. (2006). Graduate unemployment: Dilemmas and challenges in China’s move to mass higher education. The China Quarterly, 185(−1), 128–144. doi:10.1017/S0305741006000087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y. (2004). Confronting the global and the local—a case study of Chinese higher education. Tertiary Education and Management, 10(2), 157–169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y. (2007). Academic staff integration in post-merger Chinese higher education institutions. Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y. (2010). Global isomorphism and governance reform in Chinese higher education. Tertiary Education and Management, 16(3), 229–241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y. (2011). Cross-border higher education in China and its implications for Finland. In Y. Cai & J. Kivistö (Eds.), Higher education reforms in Finland and China: Experiences and challenges in post-massification era (pp. 245–260). Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y. (2012). Traditional reform philosophy and challenges of higher education reforms in China. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(6), 60–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y., & Guo, W. (2006). Responses of Chinese higher education to the information society. E-Learning, 3(3), 353–360.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y., & Kivistö, J. (Eds.). (2011). Higher education reforms in Finland and China: Experiences and challenges in post-massification era. Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y., & Liu, C. (2014). The roles of universities in fostering knowledge-intensive clusters in Chinese regional innovation systems. Science and Public Policy. doi: 10.1093/scipol/scu018

    Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y., & Yan, F. (2011). Organisational diversity in Chinese private higher education-an institutional perspective. In P. Teixeira & D. Dill (Eds.), Public vices, private virtues? Assessing the effects of marketization in higher education (pp. 47–65). Rotterdam: Sense Publisher.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cai, Y., Kivistö, J., & Zhang, L. (2011). Introduction. In Y. Cai & J. Kivistö (Eds.), Higher education reforms in Finland and China: Experiences and challenges in post-massification era (pp. 9–17). Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cao, Y. (2007). Private higher education and the labor market in China: Institutional management efforts and initial employment outcomes. New York: State University of New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H. (2004). Zhongguo gaodeng xuexiao fenlei yu dingwei yanjiu (Research on classification of Chinese higher education institutions). Changsha: Hunan University Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • China’s economy to surpass US in 2016: IMF. (24 April 2011). China Daily.

    Google Scholar 

  • China Gini coefficient at 0.474 in 2012. (2013, 18 March). China Daily.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese Ministry of Education. (2011). Statistics communique of national education development in 2010 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese Ministry of Education. (2012). Statistics communique of national education development in 2011 (in Chinese).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chinese Ministry of Personnel. (2005). Zhongguo rencai baogao (Report on Chinese Talents) 2005. Beijing: The Ministry of Personnel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deema, R., Mok, K. H., & Lucas, L. (2008). Transforming higher education in whose image? Exploring the concept of the ‘World-Class’ university in Europe and Asia. Higher Education Policy, 21(1), 83–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Department of Development & Planning of the Chinese Ministry of Education. (1999). Chinese education statistical yearbook 1998 (in Chinese). Beijing: People’s Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Development & Planning of the Chinese Ministry of Education. (2011). Chinese Education Statistical Yearbook 2010 (in Chinese). Beijing: People’s Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Etzkowitz, H. (2008). The triple helix: University-industry-government innovation in action. New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Feng, Y. (2011). Challenges and strategies in the stage of post-massification higher education in China: an analysis of stratification mobility rates in Yunnan and Guangdong provinces. In Y. Cai & J. Kivistö (Eds.), Higher education reforms in Finland and China: Experiences and challenges in post-massification era (pp. 71–89). Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graduates turn from Gaokao to SAT. (2011, 16 June). China Daily.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hao, W., Long, Z., & Zhang, J. (2011). The history of Chinese higher education of the People’s Republic of China (in Chinese) (People’s Republic of China). Beijing: New World.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayhoe, R. (1999). China’s universities 1895–1995: A century of cultural conflict. Hong Kong: Comparative Education Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, F. (2007). Internationalisation of higher education in the Era of globalisation: What have been its Implications in China and Japan? Higher Education Management and Policy, 19(1), 47–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang, Y. (2011). Reflection and exploration of application-oriented talent cultivation in regional universities in post-massification stage of higher education. In Y. Cai, & J. Kivistö (Eds.), Higher education reforms in Finland and China: Experiences and challenges in post-massification era. Higher education finance and management series. (pp  103–119). Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kai, Y., & Ertl, H. (2010). Equity in access to higher education in China. Chinese Education & Society, 43(6), 36–58. doi:10.2753/ced1061-1932430602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, N. (2000). On education decision-making and system renovation–A case study on the rapid higher education enrolment expansion policy of 1999. In Z. Yuan (Ed.), Comments on Chinese higher education policies. Beijing: Education and Science Publishing House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroll, H., & Liefner, I. (2008). Spin-off enterprises as a means of technology commercialisation in a transforming economy—evidence from three universities in China. Technovation, 28(5), 298–313. doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2007.05.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Law, W.-W. (2002). Legislation, education reform and social transformation: The people’s republic of China’s experience. International Journal of educational development, 22(6), 579–602.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W. (2001). Enter into WTO and Chinese education reform (in Chinese). Education Research, 2001(12), 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y. (2010). Quality assurance in Chinese higher education. Research in Comparative & International Education, 5(1), 58–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Z. (2014). Undergraduate Teaching Quality Evaluation of Chinese Higher Education Institutions: Practices and Future Directions. In Y. Cai & V. Kohtamäki (Eds.), Transformation of higher education in innovation systems in China and Finland (pp. 217–225). Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, F., & Morgan, W. J. (2008). Private higher education in China: Access to quality higher education and the acquisition of labour market qualifications by low-income students. Education, Knowledge & Economy, 2(1), 27–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, X., Liu, X., & Wang, Y. (2012). A model of China’s state capitalism.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, J. (2011). The research on Sino-Finland cooperation in running schools in higher education (in Chinese). Guangzhou: Guangdong Higher Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., & Rosa, M. J. (2008). Quality assessment of undergraduate education in China: A policy analysis. Higher Education Management & Policy, 20(3), 79–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, W. (2011). Post mass higher education: the role of public research universities in euqity and access. In Y. Cai & J. Kivistö (Eds.), Higher education reforms in Finland and China: Experiences and challenges in post-massification era (pp. 55–70). Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maslen, G. (2007, November 4). China: Chinese students to dominate world market. University World News. Retrieved from http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20071101150549773

  • Mok, K.H. (2005). Globalisation and governance: educational policy instruments and regulatory arrangements. International Review of Education, 51(4), 289–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mok, K.H. (2005). Riding over socialism and global capitalism: Changing education governance and social policy paradigms in post-Mao China. Comparative Education, 41(2), 217–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2011). China statistics yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Bureau of Statistics of China. (2012). China statistics yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyeu, F-Y. (2006). The implementation of higher education mergers in China. New York: Columbia University.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2007). OECD review of innovation policy: China (Synthesis report). Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD. (2009). Education at a glance 2009: OECD indicators. Paris: OECD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan, K. (2012). The difference in higher education access opportunities among regions in China: Theoretical explanation and policy analysis. Doctoral thesis, Peking University, Beijing

    Google Scholar 

  • Pan, J., Wei, H., Li, Y., Luo, Y., & Yuan, X. (2012). Annual report on urban development of China (No. 5, Vol. Blue books of Cities in China). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic (China).

    Google Scholar 

  • Planning Department of Chinse Ministry of Education. (July 2007). The discussion meeting on the eleventh five years plan for higher education development in several provinces in Qingdao, Shandong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Project team of Peking University. (2001). Ruhe kandai kuoda gaodeng jiaoyu guimo dui duanqi jingji zengzhang de zoyong (The view on the effect of the expansion of higher education enrollment on short-term economic growth). In Z. Yuan (Ed.), Zhongguo jiaoyu zhengce pinglun(Comments on Chinese education policies) (pp. 192–203). Beijing: Jiaoyu kexue chubanshe (Education and Science Publisher).

    Google Scholar 

  • State Council. (2006). National medium- and long-term program for science and technology development (2006–2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • State Council. (2010). Outline of China’s national plan for medium and long-term education reform and development (2010–2020).

    Google Scholar 

  • Song, J. (2011, 24 April). China’s economy to surpass US in 2016: IMF. China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2011-04/26/content_12396645.htm

  • Tang, W. S. (1997). Urbanisation in China: A review of its causal mechanisms and spatial relations. Progress in Planning, 48(1), 1–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tisdell, C. (2009). Economic reform and openness in China: China’s development policies in the last 30 years. Economic Analysis & Policy, 39(2), 271–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wan, Y. (2008). Managing post-merger integration: A case study of a merger in Chinese higher education. Michigan: University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y. (2008). Internationalization in higher education in China: A practitioner’s reflection. Higher Education Policy, 21(4), 505–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, X. (2011). Demands and expectations of transitional enterpises of higher education institutions in the process of technological innovation: The industry perspective. In Y. Cai & J. Kivistö (Eds.), Higher education reforms in Finland and China: Experiences and challenges in post-massification era (pp. 133–145). Tampere: Tampere University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, S. (2012). Review of publish education funding system in public financial framework (In Chinese). Beijing: Economics and Science Publisher.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., & Zhou, Y. (2008). The evolving role of universities in the Chinese national innovation system. UniDev Discussion Paper Series Paper No.11 (pp. 1–27). Lund, Sweden: Research Policy Institute, Lund University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, Y., & Liu, B. (2009). Zhongguo jiaoyu gaige 30 nian: Gaodeng jiaoyu juan (The 30 years of Chinese education reforms: Higher Education Volume). Beijing: Beijing shifan daxue chubanshe (Beijing Normal University Publisher).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, H., & Zhou, Y. (2009). University-owned enterprises as entry point to the knowledge economy in China. Science & Public Policy, 36, 103–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, W. (2007). Cultivating research universities and industrial linkages in China: The case of Shanghai. World Development, 35(6), 1075–1093. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.05.011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, B., & Zheng, Y. (2008). Expansion of higher education in China: Challenges and implications. The University of Norttingham, China Policy Institute, Briefing Series, (36).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J., Fan, G., Liu, H., Lin, Y., Yi, G., Xu, S., et al. (2008). Chinese Economy in 30 years from the eyes of 50 experts: Retrospect and analysis (in Chinese). Beijing: China Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xinhua. (2013, 18 March). China Gini coefficient at 0.474 in 2012. China Daily. Retrieved from http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2013-01/18/content_16140018.htm

  • Yang, R. (2000). Tensions between the global and the local: A comparative illustration of the reorganisation of China’s higher education in the 1950s and 1990s. Higher Education, 39(3), 319–337.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, R. (2002). Third delight: The internationalization of higher education in China (East Asia: history, politics, sociology, culture.). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, R., Vidovich, L., & Currie, J. (2007). “Dancing in a cage”: Changing autonomy in Chinese higher education. Higher Education, 54(4), 575–592.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zha, Q. (2006). The resurgence and growth of private higher education in China. Higher Education Perspectives, 2(1), 54–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zha, Q. (2009). Diversification or homogenization: how governments and markets have combined to (re)shape Chinese higher education in its recent massification process. Higher Education, 58(1), 41–58. doi:10.1007/s10734-008-9180-y.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zha, Q. (2011). China’s move to mass higher education in a comparative perspective. Compare: A Journal of Comparative & International Education, 41(6), 751–768, doi:10.1080/03057925.2011.590316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, L., & Zhu, J. (2010). China’s higher education reform: What has not been changed? East Asian Policy, 2(4), 115–125.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yuzhuo Cai .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Cai, Y., Yan, F. (2015). Demands and Responses in Chinese Higher Education. In: Schwartzman, S., Pinheiro, R., Pillay, P. (eds) Higher Education in the BRICS Countries. Higher Education Dynamics, vol 44. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9570-8_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics