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Forest Canopy Hydraulics

  • Chapter
Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to Applications

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 42))

Summary

Water and carbon cycles are strongly coordinated and water availability is a primary limiting factor in many terrestrial ecosystems. Photosynthesis requires sufficient water supply to leaves and constraints on delivery at any point in the hydraulic continuum can lead to stomatal closure and reduced photosynthesis. Thus, maximizing water transport enhances assimilation and can provide plants with a competitive advantage. Unregulated water transport, however, can lead to excessive gradients in xylem tension that result in the development of air or vapor bubbles (i.e. embolisms) that block xylem water transport, potentially leading to permanent loss of function of the xylem. As such there can be a tradeoff between maximizing water transport and minimizing the risk of xylem embolism. This tradeoff has led to the development of a variety of hydraulic mechanisms to maximize efficiency and reduce vulnerability. Although several of these were first described centuries ago (such as stomatal control of transpiration), research in this field continues to uncover previously unrecognized processes employed by plants for maintaining hydraulic safety and/or efficiency. The hydraulic traits described in this chapter include xylem structural characteristics that enhance resistance to embolism such as pit and cell wall architecture; a continuum of strategies for constraining xylem tension to avoid embolism including isohydric and anisohydric control of leaf water potential; and safety and recovery mechanisms such as the capacitive discharge of stored water, hydraulic “circuit breakers” and the ability to repair xylem embolisms. Each of these will be discussed in terms of the variation in their use by contrasting tree types, their variability across organs and species, and their plasticity across environmental gradients. Beyond providing information about the means by which trees currently compete and survive, understanding the hydraulic mechanisms described in this chapter may provide insight into ways that trees are affected by, and the degree to which they may acclimate to rapidly changing climatic conditions.

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Abbreviations

Al:As :

Leaf area to sapwood area ratio

d a :

Pit aperture depth

D a :

Pit aperture diameter

D l :

Conduit lumen diameter

g s :

Stomatal conductance

HR:

Hydraulic redistribution

k :

Hydraulic conductivity

k l :

Leaf specific hydraulic conductivity

k s :

Sapwood specific hydraulic conductivity

K h :

Hydraulic conductance

K leaf :

Leaf hydraulic conductance

K plant :

Whole plant hydraulic conductance

L :

Conduit length

l a :

Pit aperture length

n pi :

Total number of pit s per conduit

P 50 :

50 % loss of hydraulic conductivity/conductance

P e :

Threshold pressure for conduit air entry

R b :

Radius of a bubble

R h :

Hydraulic resistance

R lum :

Conduit lumen resistance

R pit :

Conduit end wall pit resistance

R pit-total :

Total conduit pit resistance

R tot :

Total conduit resistance

T :

Surface tension of water

ρ:

Density of water

υ:

Viscosity of water

Ψ:

Water potential

Ψleaf :

Leaf water potential

Ψsoil :

Soil water potential

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by NSF grant IBN 09-19871.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. USDA Forest Service, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA

    David R. Woodruff & Frederick C. Meinzer

  2. Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA

    Katherine A. McCulloh

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  1. David R. Woodruff
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Correspondence to David R. Woodruff .

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  1. Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Kouki Hikosaka

  2. Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences Institute of Agricultural and, Tartu, Estonia

    Ülo Niinemets

  3. Crop and Weed Ecology, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands

    Niels P.R. Anten

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Woodruff, D.R., Meinzer, F.C., McCulloh, K.A. (2016). Forest Canopy Hydraulics. In: Hikosaka, K., Niinemets, Ü., Anten, N. (eds) Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to Applications. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7291-4_7

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