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Microarrays and Renal Cell Cancer Biomarkers

  • Reference work entry
Biomarkers in Cancer

  • 1967 Accesses

Abstract

The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has steadily increased during the last decades. Although technological advances for early recognition of RCC exist, many tumors are accidentally detected, and clinical decision-making is still mainly based on morphological evaluation. Being a relatively chemotherapeutic-resistant and very heterogenic disease, the biological behavior of this tumor type is difficult to predict. Histologic subtyping, tumor staging, and grading are still the pathologic parameters with most valid prognostic and diagnostic significance. Novel high-throughput methodologies have been developed to depict the molecular constitution of individual tumors at the DNA, RNA, and protein levels in order to find relevant biomarkers for optimizing cancer patient care. In this chapter we recapitulate previous published efforts with different microarray platforms which were used to identify biomarkers in RCC. As a result, a large number of such markers, including pathways and gene signatures, have been described as promising biomarkers with significant prognostic and predictive value. However, at present and in contrast to other tumor types such as breast cancer, lung cancer, or melanoma, there is no RCC biomarker that can unrestrictedly be recommended for the use in routine diagnostics. In light of the increasing demand of targeted cancer therapies, vigorous biomedical studies will be needed to translate the molecular findings into clinical applications.

Both the authors contributed equally with all other contributors.

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Abbreviations

ccRCC:

Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

chRCC:

Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma

CGH:

Comparative Genomic Hybridization

CNV:

Copy Number Variant

CNA:

Copy Number Aberration

FFPE:

Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded

(F)ISH:

(Fluorescence) In Situ Hybridization

IHC:

Immunohistochemistry

miRNA:

microRNA

pRCC:

Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma

RCC:

Renal Cell Carcinoma

SNP:

Single Nuclear Polymorphism

ADFP:

Adipose Differentiation-Related Protein

AKT:

Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase Akt (pAKT)

AMACR:

Alpha-methylacyl-CoA Racemase

ANPEP:

Alanyl (Membrane) Aminopeptidase

AP1M2:

Adaptor-Related Protein Complex 1, mu 2 Subunit

ASCL2:

Achaete-scute Complex Homolog 2

ATP5G2:

ATP Synthase, H+ Transporting, Mitochondrial Fo Complex, Subunit C2 (Subunit 9)

B7H1:

CD274 Molecule

BC029135:

TMEM72 Transmembrane Protein 72

BCL2L2:

BCL2-like 2

BIRC5:

Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 5

BNC1:

Basonuclin 1

BRAF:

v-Raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B1

CA2:

Carbonic Anhydrase II

CA9:

Carbonic Anhydrase IX

CA12:

Carbonic Anhydrase XII

CCDC8:

Coiled-Coil Domain Containing 8

CD10:

Membrane Metallo-Endopeptidase

CD95:

Fas Cell Surface Death Receptor

CD151:

CD151 Molecule (Raph Blood Group)

CDH1:

Cadherin 1

CDKN1C:

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1C (p57, Kip2)

CDKN2A:

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A

CK7:

Keratin 7

CKS:

CDC28 Protein Kinase

CLDN:

Claudin 7

CMET:

Met Proto-Oncogene (Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor)

COL14A1:

Collagen, Type XIV, Alpha 1

COL15A1:

Collagen, Type XV, Alpha 1

CORO6:

Coronin 6

CSF1R:

Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 Receptor

CST6:

Cystatin E/M

DNMT DNA:

(Cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 1

DNMT3B DNA:

(Cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 Beta

DOC2:

Dorsocross 2

EDNRB:

Endothelin Receptor Type B

EGFR:

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

ENST00000456816:

Ensembl Gene Chr3:194014254–194030493

EPCAM:

Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule

ERK:

Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1

EZH2:

Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2

FAM150A:

Family with Sequence Similarity 150, Member A

FAM78A:

Family with Sequence Similarity 78, Member A

FBN2:

Fibrillin 2

FGF14:

Fibroblast Growth Factor 14

FH:

Fumarate Hydratase

FLCN:

Folliculin

FLJ20171:

Epithelial Splicing Regulatory Protein 1

FOXP1:

Forkhead Box P1

FRA2:

FOS-like Antigen 2

GNG4:

Guanine Nucleotide Binding Protein (G Protein), Gamma 4

GPR56:

G Protein-Coupled Receptor 56

GREM1:

Gremlin 1

GRM6:

Glutamate Receptor, Metabotropic 6

GSN:

Gelsolin

GSTA:

Glutathione S-Transferase Cluster

GSTA1:

Glutathione S-Transferase Alpha 1

HER2:

v-erb-b2 Erythroblastic Leukemia Viral Oncogene Homolog 2

HIF1:

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1

HIF2:

Endothelial PAS Domain Protein 1

HIG2:

Hypoxia-Inducible Lipid Droplet-Associated

IKBA:

Nuclear Factor Of Kappa Light Polypeptide Gene Enhancer in B-Cells Inhibitor, Alpha

KCNQ1:

Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel, KQT-like Subfamily, Member 1

KHDRBS2:

KH Domain Containing, RNA Binding, Signal Transduction-Associated 2

KI67:

Antigen KI-67

KLHL35:

Kelch-like Family Member 35

MAGEA9:

Melanoma Antigen Family A, 9

MAL2:

Mal, T-Cell Differentiation Protein 2 (Gene/Pseudogene)

MET:

Met Proto-Oncogene (Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor)

MLC2:

Myosin, Light Chain 2, Regulatory, Cardiac, Slow

MMP16:

Matrix Metallopeptidase 16 (Membrane-Inserted)

MTOR:

Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (Serine/Threonine Kinase)

MYC:

v-myc Myelocytomatosis Viral Oncogene Homolog (Avian)

NKX6-2:

NK6 homeobox 2

NNMT:

Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase

NR_024418:

Uncharacterized LOC389332 Homo sapiens

NRG1:

Neuregulin 1

P27:

Proteasome (Prosome, Macropain) 26S Subunit, Non-ATPase, 9

P53:

Tumor Protein p53

PACRG:

PARK2 Co-regulated

PARK2:

Parkinson protein 2, E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase (Parkin)

PAX2:

Paired Box 2

PAX8:

Paired Box 8

PBRM1:

Polybromo 1

PCDH8:

Protocadherin 8

PCDHAC1:

Protocadherin Alpha Subfamily C, 1

PDGFR:

Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor

PDLIM4:

PDZ and LIM Domain 4

PI3K:

Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-Kinase, Catalytic Subunit Alpha

POSTN:

Periostin, Osteoblast Specific Factor

PRAC:

Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Candidate

PROM2:

Prominin 2

PRSS8:

Protease, Serine, 8

PS6:

Taste Receptor, Type 2, Member 63 Pseudogene

PTEN:

Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog

PTPRJ:

Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Receptor Type, J

PTTG1:

Pituitary Tumor-Transforming 1

QPCT:

Glutaminyl-Peptide Cyclotransferase

RGS5:

Regulator of G-Protein Signaling 5

RIMS4:

Regulating Synaptic Membrane Exocytosis 4

RPRM:

Reprimo, TP53 Dependent G2 Arrest Mediator Candidate

SAV1:

Salvador Homolog 1

SCUBE3:

Signal Peptide, CUB Domain, EGF-like 3

SFRP1:

Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1

SKP2:

S-phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2, E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase

SLC13A5:

Solute Carrier Family 13 (Sodium-Dependent Citrate Transporter), Member 5

SPARC:

Secreted Protein, Acidic, Cysteine-Rich (Osteonectin)

STC2:

Stanniocalcin 2

TFE3:

Transcription Factor Binding to IGHM Enhancer 3

TGF:

Transforming Growth Factor

TP2A:

Topoisomerase (DNA) II Alpha 170 kDa

TRAIL(R):

Tumor Necrosis Factor (Ligand) Superfamily, Member 10 (Receptor)

TRH:

Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone

TRIM63:

Tripartite Motif Containing 63, E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase

VCAM:

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule

VCAM1:

Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule 1

VCAN:

Versican

VEGFR:

Kinase Insert Domain Receptor (a Type III Receptor Tyrosine Kinase)

VEZF1:

Vascular Endothelial Zinc Finger 1

VHL:

von Hippel-Lindau Tumor Suppressor, E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase

VIM:

Vimentin

WNT3A:

Wingless-Type MMTV Integration Site Family, Member 3A

X91348:

Homo sapiens mRNA for KIAA1647 Protein

YAP1:

Yes-Associated Protein 1

ZFHX1B:

Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 2

ZFP42 ZFP42:

Zinc Finger Protein

ZNF154:

Zinc Finger Protein 154

ZNF540:

Zinc Finger Protein 540

ZNF671:

Zinc finger protein 671

ZSCAN18:

Zinc Finger and SCAN Domain Containing 18

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

      Peter Schraml

    2. Qlaym Healthcare AG, Goettingen, Germany

      Manfred Beleut

    Authors
    1. Peter Schraml
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    2. Manfred Beleut
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    Correspondence to Peter Schraml or Manfred Beleut .

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    Editors and Affiliations

    1. Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King’s College London, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Scien, London, United Kingdom

      Victor R. Preedy

    2. Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

      Vinood B. Patel

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    © 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

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    Schraml, P., Beleut, M. (2015). Microarrays and Renal Cell Cancer Biomarkers. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Cancer. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7681-4_9

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