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Maize

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Broadening the Genetic Base of Grain Cereals

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) originated in Mexico and Central America and belongs to the tribe Maydae of the family Poaceae. It possesses over 32,000 genes on ten chromosomes with a genome size of 2.3 gigabase. Among various theories, teosinte (Z. mays ssp. parviglumis) is the most likely progenitor of maize. Genetic loci such as teosinte branched 1 (tb1) and teosinte glume architecture 1 (tga1) have played pivotal role in transforming teosinte to modern maize. From the centre of origin, maize later diffused to different parts of the world including America, Europe, Africa and Asia. Genetic resources especially wild relatives and landraces harbour novel alleles/genes for imparting resistance/tolerance to several biotic/abiotic stresses and improvement of productivity and nutritional quality traits. Among wild relatives, teosintes and Tripsacum are native to Mexico and Central America, while Coix, Chionachne, Sclerachne, Trilobachne and Polytoca originated in Southeast Asia. Cross compatibility between maize and teosinte generates hybrids, although the extent of success depends on teosinte species. While generation of crosses between maize and Tripsacum species is difficult, Asiatic genera possess high degree of cross incompatibility with maize. Several factors or loci that regulate cross compatibility between different genera or species have been identified and play pivotal role in introgression of genes from wild relatives. Landrace accessions possessing unexplored alleles/genes serve as valuable donors for important traits. The chapter deals with different theories of maize origin and recent understanding on diffusion of maize worldwide, besides providing classifications of wild relatives and their cross compatibility with maize. The importance of wild relatives and maize landrace accessions in providing valuable genes for various important traits has been discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India

    Firoz Hossain, Vignesh Muthusamy, Jayant S. Bhat, Shailendra K. Jha, Rajkumar Zunjare, Abhijit Das, Konsam Sarika & Rajesh Kumar

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  1. Firoz Hossain
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  2. Vignesh Muthusamy
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Correspondence to Firoz Hossain .

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  1. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Regional Station, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India

    Mohar Singh

  2. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India

    Sandeep Kumar

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Hossain, F. et al. (2016). Maize. In: Singh, M., Kumar, S. (eds) Broadening the Genetic Base of Grain Cereals. Springer, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-3613-9_4

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