Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biodegradation of Direct Red-28 by Bacillus sp. Strain DRS-1 Under Aerobic Conditions and Analysis of Phytotoxicity Levels

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management

  • 1133 Accesses

Abstract

Discharge of Azo dyes into the environment that generates toxicity and mutagenesis is a major concern in society; alternate ecofriendly approaches are needed to remediate the dye-contaminated wastewaters discharged from a range of textile industries. The only way to make the environment pollution free is by means of microorganisms. In this study, a potential bacterium capable of degrading the Red-28 azo dye was isolated from the dye-contaminated effluents by decolorization of Red-28 and with various culture conditions for bacterial biomass production as temperature, pH, and agitation rates with concentration of dye, carbon sources, various nitrogen sources, and various metal ions. The strain was identified as Bacillus sp. DRS-1 is based on the 16S rDNA gene sequence. The identified Bacillus consortium was shown to decolorize which was observed through biomass activity and decolorization with batch assay, optimum at 45 °C and pH 8.0. The degraded sample was further monitored through HPLC, FTIR, and GC–MS; it was cross-checked with the processed water quality profiles by the Ministry of Text tiles, Government of India. The decolorization was studied by various immobilization matrices and phytotoxicity experiments with bacterial consortium of Bacillus sp DRS-1. The results showed that maximum decolorization was with Ca-alginate matrix. The present study was suggested as a direction for the development of successful large-scale biotechnological progression for the removal of dyes and by-products in textile effluents.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Acemioglu B (2004) Adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solution onto calcium-rich fly ash. J Colloid Interface Sci 274:371–379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adhinarayana K, Jyothi B, Elliah P (2005) Production of alkaline protease with immobilized cells of Bacillus subtilis PE-11 in various matrices by entrapment technique. Pharm Sci Technol 6(3):91–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar S, Khan AA, Husain Q (2005) Potential of immobilized bitter gourd (Memordica charantia) peroxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile dyes from polluted wastewater and dyeing effluent. Chemosphere 60:291–301

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aksu Z, Kilic NK, Ertugrul S, Donmez G (2007) Inhibitory effects of chromium (VI) and Remazol Black B on chromium (VI) and dye stuff removals by Trametes versicolor. Enz Microbiol Technol 40:1167–1174

    Google Scholar 

  • Anjaneyulu Y, Chary NS, Raj DSS (2005) Decolorization of industrial effluents—available methods and emerging technologies—A review. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 4:245–273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arora S, Saini HS, Singh K (2007) Decolorization optimization of a monoazo disperse with Bacillus firmus. Identification of a degradation product. Color Technol 123:184–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asad S, Amoozegar MA, Pourbabaee AA, Sarbolouki MN, Dastgheib SMM (2007) Decolorization of textile azo dyes by newly isolated halophilic and halotolerant bacteria. Bioresour Technol 98:2082–2088

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balan DSL, Monteiro RTR (2001) Decolorization of textile Indigo dye by ligninolytic fungi. J Biotechnol 89:141–145

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barragan BE, Costa C, Marquez MC (2007) Biodegradation of azo dyes by bacteria inoculated on solid media. Dyes Pigments 75:73–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho MC, Pereira C, Goncalves IC, Pinheiro HM, Santos AR, Lopes A, Ferra MI (2008) Assessment of the biodegradability of a monosulfonated azo dye and aromatic amines. Int Biodetor Biodegrad 62:96–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang JS, Chen BY, Lin YS (2004) Stimulation of bacterial decolorization of an azo dye by extracellular metabolites from Escherichia coli strain NO3. Bioresour Technol 91:243–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang JS, Chou C, Chen SY (2001) Decolorization of azo dyes with immobilized Pseudomonas luteola. Proc Biochem 36:757–763

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang JS, Kuo TS, Chao YP, Ho JY, Lin PJ (2000) Azo dye decolorization with a mutant Escherichia coli strain. Biotechnol Lett 22:807–812

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen KC, Wu JY, Liou DJ, Hwang SCJ (2003) Decolorization of textile dyes by newly isolated bacterial strains. J Biotechnol 101:57–68

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung KT, Stevans SE (1993) Degradation of azo dyes by environmental microorganisms and helminths. Environ Toxicol Chem 12:2121–2132

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coro E, Laha S (2001) Color removal in ground water through the enhanced softening process. Water Res 35(7):1851–1854

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dafale N, Rao NN, Meshram SU, Wate SR (2008) Decolorization of azo dyes and stimulated dye bath wastewater using acclimatized microbial consortium-biostimulation and halotolerance. Bioresour Technol 99:2552–2558

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dayaram P, Dasgupta D (2008) Decolorization of synthetic and textile wastewater using Polyporus rubidus. J Environ Biol 29(6):831–836

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deng D, Guo J, Zeng G, Sun G (2008) Decolorization of anthraquinone, triphenylmethane and azo dyes by a new isolated Bacillus cereus strain DC11. Int Biodetor Biodegrad 62:263–269

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diniz PE, Lopz AT, Lino AR, Serralheiro ML (2002) Anaerobic reduction of a sulfonated azo dye Congo red by sulphate reducing bacteria. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 97:147–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dominguez JR, Beltran J, Rodriguez O (2005) Vis and UV photocatalytic detoxification methods for dyes treatment. Catal Today 101(3):389–395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong X, ZhouJ Liu Y (2003) Peptone-induced biodecolorization of Reactive Brilliant Blue (KN-R) by Rhodocycus gelatinosus XL-1. Proc Biochem 39:89–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Easton J (1995) The dye maker’s view. Color in dye house effluent. Society of dyers and colourists, Bradford, p 11

    Google Scholar 

  • Elibola M, Moreira AR (2005) Optimizing some factors affecting alkaline protease production by a marine bacterium Teredinobacter turnirae under solid state fermentation. Proc Biochem 40:1951–1956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fan L, Zhu S, Liu D, Ni J (2009) Decolorization of 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid by a newly isolated strain of Sphingomonas herbicidovorans. Int Biodetor Biodegrad 63:88–92

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Field JA, Brady J (2003) Riboflavin as a redox mediator accelerating the reduction of azo dyes. Proc Biochem 69:225–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Frank MJW, Westerink JB, Schokker A (2002) Recycling of industrial wastewater by using a two step non filtration process for the removal of color. Desalination 145:69–74

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganesh R, Boardman GD, Michelson D (1994) Fate of azo dye in sludges. Water Res 28:1367–1376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia Montano J, Domenech X, Garcia-Hortal JA, Torrades F, Pearl J (2007) The testing of several biological and chemical coupled treatments for Cibacorn Red FN-R azo dye removal. J Haz Mat 32:1217–1222

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopinath KP, Sahib HAM, Muthukumar K, Velan M (2009) Improved biodegradation of Congo Red by using Bacillus sp. Bioresour Technol 100:670–675

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hao OJ, Kim H, Chang PC (2000) Decolorization of wastewater. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 30:449–505

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Husseiny SM (2008) Biodegradation of reactive and direct dyes using Egyptian isolates. J Appl Sci Res 4(6):599–606

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim ASS, Al-Salamah AA (2009) Optimization of media and cultivation conditions for alkaline protease production by alkaliphilic Bacillus halodurans. Res J Microbiol 3(1):346–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Idaka E, Ogawa T, Horitsu H (1987) Some properties of azoreductase produced by Pseudomonas. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 39:982–989

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Isik M, Sponza DT (2003) Effect of oxygen on decolorization of azo dyes by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas sp. and fate of aromatic amines. Proc Biochem 38:1183–1192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jadhav UU, Dawkar VV, Ghodake GS, Govindwar SP (2008) Biodegradation of Direct Red 5B, a textile dye by newly isolated Comamonas sp. UVS J Haz Mat 158:507–516

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jethva AD, Gohil MS, Vaghela SS, Gour PM, Susarla VRKS, Ramachandraiah G, Ghosh PK (2001) Electrochemical treatment of dye effluents. Environ Pollut 75:273–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnsen A, Flink JM (1986) Influence of alginate properties and gel reinforcement on fermentation characteristics of immobilized yeast cells. Enz Microbial Technol 8:737–748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Junghanns C, Krauss C, Schlosser D (2008) Potential of aquatic fungi derived from diverse fresh water environments to decolorize synthetic azo and anthraquinone dyes. Bioresour Technol 99:1225–1235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalme SD, Parshetti GK, Jadhav SU, Govindwar SP (2007) Biodegradation of Benzidine based dye Direct Blue-6 by Pseudomonas desmolyticum NCIM 2112. Bioresour Technol 98:1405–1410

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalyani DC, Patil PS, Jadhav JP, Govindwar SP (2008) Biodegradation of reactive textile dye BL1 by an isolated bacterium Pseudomonas sp. SUK1. Bioresour Technol 99:4635–4641

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalyani DC, Telke AA, Dhanve RS, Jadhav JP (2009) Eco-friendly biodegradation and detoxification of Reactive Red-2 textile dye by newly isolated Pseudomonas sp. SUK1. J Haz Mat 163:735–742

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kandelbauer K, Erlacher A, Paulo AC, Guebitz G (2004) Laccase-catalyzed decolorization of the synthetic azo dye Diamond Black PV 200 and of some structurally related derivatives. Biocatal Biotransform 22:331–339

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapdan IK, Kargi F, McMullan G, Marchant G (2000) Decolorization of textile dye stuffs by a mixed bacterial consortium. Biotechnol Lett 22:1179–1181

    Google Scholar 

  • Kdasi A, Idris A, Saed K, Guan CT (2004) Treatment of textile wastewater by advanced oxidation processes—a review. Global Nest: Int J 6(3):221–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Khadijah O, Lee KK, Faiz FM, Abdullah F (2009) Isolation, screening and development of local bacterial consortia with azo dyes decolorizing capability. Mal J Microbiol 5(1):25–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Khelifi E, Ayed L, Bouallagui H, Touhami Y, Hamdi M (2009) Effect of nitrogen and carbon sources on Indigo and Congo Red decolorization of Aspergillus alliaceus strain 121C. J Haz Mat 163:1056–1062

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kilic NK, Nielson JL, Yuce M, Donmez G (2007) Characterization of a simple bacterial consortium for effective treatment of wastewater with reactive dyes and Cr(VI). Chemosphere 67:826–831

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kodam KM, Soojhawon I, Lohande PD, Gawai KR (2005) Microbial decolorization of reactive azo dyes under aerobic conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 21:367–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolekar YM, Pawar SP, Gawai KR, Lokhande PD, Shouche YS, Kodam KM (2008) Decolorization and degradation of Disperse Blue-79 and Acid Orange-10 by Bacillus fusiformis KMK5 isolated from the textile dye contaminated soil. Bioresour Technol 99:8999–9003

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar K, Devi SS, Krishnamurthi K, Dutta D, Chakrabarti T (2007) Decolorization and detoxification of Direct Blue-15 by a microbial consortium. Bioresour Technol 98:3168–3171

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Tamura K, Jakobsen IB, Nei M (2001) MEGA2: molecular evolutionary genetic analysis software. Bioinformatics 17:1244–1245

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange FT, Wenz M, Brauch HJ (1995) Trace-level determination of aromatic sulfonates in water by on-line ion-pair extraction/ion-pair chromatography and their behavior in the aquatic environment. J High Resolut Chromotogr 189:243–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mabrouk MEM, Yusef HH (2008) Decolorization of fast red by Bacillus subtilis HM. J Appl Sci Res 4(3):262–269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mane UV, Gurav PN, Deshmukh AM, Govindwar SP (2008) Degradation of textile dye Reactive Navy-Blue RX (Reactive Blue-59) by an isolated actinomycete Streptomyces krainskii SUK-5. Mal J Microbiol 4(2):1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Manikandan B, Ramamurthi V, Karthikeyan R (2009) Biobleaching of textile Dye effluent using mixed culture through an immobilized packed bed bioreactor (IPBBR). Mod Appl Sci 3(5):131–135

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMullan G, Meehan C, Conneely A, Kirby N, Robinson T, Nigam P, Banat I, Marchant R, Smyth WF (2001) Microbial decolorization and degradation of textile dyes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:81–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mechsner K, Wuhrmann K (1982) Permeability as the rate limiting factor in microbial reduction of sulfonated azo dyes. Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 15:123–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez-Paz D, Omil F, Lema JM (2005) Anaerobic treatment of azo dye Acid Orange-7 under batch condition. Enz Microbial Technol 36:264–272

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moreira MT, Viacava C, Vidal G (2004) Fed-batch decolorization of poly R-478 by Trametes versicolor. Braz Arch Biol Technol 47(2):771–778

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morihara K (1974) Comparative specificity of microbial proteases. Adv Enzymol 41:179–243

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muthukumar M, Sargunamani D, Selvakumar N (2005) Statistical analysis of the effect of aromatic, azo and sulphonic acid groups on decoloration of acid dye effluents using advanced oxidation processes. Dyes Pigments 65:151–158

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nascimento WCA, Martins MLL (2004) Production and properties of an extracellular protease from thermophilic Bacillus sp. Braz J Microbiol 35:91–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill C, Hawkes FR, Hawkes DL, Lourenco ND, Pinheiro HM, Delee W (1999) Color in textile effluents sources, measurement, discharge consents and stimulation—a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 74:1009–1018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Padmavathy S, Sandhya S, Swaminathan K, Subrahmanyam YV, Kaul SN (2003) Comparison of decolorization of reactive azo dyes by microorganisms isolated from various sources. J Environ Sci 15(5):628–632

    Google Scholar 

  • Pagga U, Brown D (1986) The degradation of dye stuffs. Part II. Behavior of dye stuffs in aerobic biodegradation tests. Chemosphere 15:479–491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey A, Singh P, Iyengar L (2007) Bacterial decolorization and degradation of azo dyes. Int Biodetor Biodegrad 59:73–84

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park C, Lee M, Lee B, Kim SW, Chase HA, Lee J, Kim S (2007) Biodegradation and biosorption for decolorization of synthetic dyes by Funalia trogii. Biochem Eng J 36:59–65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parshetti G, Kalme S, Saratale G, Govindwar S (2006) Biodegradation of Malachite Green by Kocuria rosea MTCC 1532. Acta Chim Slov 53:492–498

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasti-Grigsby MB, Burke NS, Goszczynski S, Crawford DL (1996) Transformation of azo dye isomers by Streptomyces chromofoscus A11. Appl Environ Microbiol 62(5):1814–1817

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel R, Mittal D, Singh SP (2005) Extracellular alkaline protease from a newly isolated haloalkaliphilic Bacillus sp: Production and Optimization. Proc Biochem 40:3569–3575

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce CI, Llyod JR, Guthrie GT (2003) The removal of color from textile wastewater using whole bacterial cells—a review. Dyes Pigments 58:179–184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phugare SS, Kalyani DC, Patil AV, Jadhav JP (2011) Textile dye degradation by bacterial consortium and subsequent toxicological analysis of dye and dye metabolites using cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress studies. J Haz Mat 186(1):713–723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pidiyar VJ, Jangid K, Patole MS, Shouche YS (2004) Studies on cultured and uncultured microbiota of wild Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito midgut based on 16S ribosomal RNA gene analysis. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 70:597–603

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pinheiro HM, Touraud E, Thomas O (2004) Aromatic amines from azo dye reduction: status review with emphasis on direct UV spectrophotometric detection in textile industry wastewaters. Dyes Pigments 61:121–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ponraj M, Gokila K, Zambare V (2011) Bacterial decolorization of textile dye-Orange 3R. Int J Adv Biotechnol Res 2(1):168–177

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajaguru P, Vidya L, Baskarasethupathi B, Kumar PA, Palanivel M, Kalaiselvi K (2002) Genotoxicity evaluation of polluted ground water in human peripheral blood lymphocytes using the comet assay. Mutation Res 517:29–37

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Romero S, Blanquez P, Caminal G, Font X, Sarra M, Gabarrell X, Vincent T (2006) Different approaches to improving the textile dye degradation capacity of Trametes versicolor. Biochem Eng J 31:42–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanghi R, Dixit A, Guha S (2006) Sequential batch culture studies for the decolorization of reactive dye by Coriolus versicolor. Bioresour Technol 97:396–400

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saratale RG, Saratale GD, Kalyani DC, Chang JS, Govindwar SP (2009) Enhanced decolorization and biodegradation of textile azo dye Scarlet R by using developed microbial consortium-GR. Bioresour Technol 100:2493–2500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarioglu M, Bali U, Bisgin T (2007) The removal of C.I. Basic Red-46 in a mixed methanogenic anaerobic culture. Dyes Pigments 74:223–229

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savelieva O, Kotova I, Roelofsenm W, Stams AJM, Netrusov A (2004) Utilization of amino aromatic acids by methanogenic enrichment culture and a novel Citrobacter freundii strain. Arch Microbiol 181:163–170

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawhney R, Kumar A (2011) Congo Red (azo dye) decolorization by local isolate VT-II inhabiting dye-effluent exposed soil. Int J Environ Sci 1(6):1261–1267

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Senan R, Abraham TE (2004) Bioremediation of textile azo dyes by aerobic bacterial consortium. Biodegrad 15:275–280

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shafee N, Aris SN, Rahman RNZA, Basari N, Salleh AB (2005) Optimization of environmental and nutritional conditions for the production of alkaline protease by a newly isolated bacterium Bacillus cereus strain 146. J Appl Sci Res 9(1):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaul GM, Holdsworth T, Dempsey CR, Dostall KA (1991) Fate of water soluble azo dyes in the activated sludge process. Chemosphere 22:107–119

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shrivastava R, Christian V, Vyas BRM (2005) Enzymatic decolorization of sulfonphalein dyes. Enz Microbial Technol 36:333–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silveira E, Marques PP, Silva SS, Lima-Filho JL, Porto ALF, Tambourgi EB (2009) Selection of Pseudomonas for industrial textile dyes decolorization. Int Biodetor Biodegrad 63:230–235

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh VK, Singh J (2006) Toxicity of industrial wastewater to the aquatic plant Lemna minor L. J Environ Biol 27:385–390

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steffan S, Bardi L, Marzona M (2005) Azo dye biodegradation by microbial cells immobilized in alginate beads. Environ Int 31:201–205

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stolz A (2001) Basic and applied aspects in the microbial degradation of azo dyes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 56:69–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swamy J, Ramsay JA (1999) Effects of glucose and NH4 concentrations on sequential dye decolorization by Trametes versicolor. Enz Microbial Technol 25:278–284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talarposhti AM, Donnelly T, Anderson GK (2001) Color removal from a stimulated dye wastewater using a two phase anaerobic packed bed reactor. Water Res 35:425–432

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tan NCG, Van Leeuwen A, Van Voorthuizen EM, Slenders P, Prenafeta-Boldu FX, Temmink H, Lettinga G, Field JA (2005) Fate and biodegradability of sulfonated aromatic amines. Biodegrad 16:527–537

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toh YC, Yen JJL, Obbard JP, Ting YP (2003) Decolorization of azo dyes by white rot fungi (WRF) isolated in Singapore. Enz Microbial Technol 33:569–575

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umbuzeiro GA, Freeman H, Warren SH, Oliveria DP, Terao Y, Wantanable T, Claxton LD (2005) The contribution of azo dyes to the mutagenic activity of Cristais River. Chemosphere 60:55–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veelken M, Pape H (1982) Production of tylosin and nikomycin by immobilized streptomyces cell. Eur J Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 15:206–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vidyasagar M, Prakash S, Jayalakshmi SK, Sreeramulu K (2007) Optimization of culture conditions for the production of halothermophilic protease from halophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter sp. TVSP101. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 23:655–662

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vijayanand S, Hemapriya J, Selvin J, Kiran S (2010) Production and optimization of haloalkaliphilic protease by an extremophile-Halobacterium sp. JS1 isolated from Thalossohaline environment. Global J Biochem Biotechnol 5(1):44–49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang H, Su JQ, Zheng XW, Tian Y, Xiong XJ, Zheng TL (2009) Bacterial decolorization and degradation of the reactive dye Reactive Red-180 by Citrobacter sp. CK3. Int Biodetor Biodegrad 4:1317–1322

    Google Scholar 

  • Wesenberg D, Kyriakides I, Agathos SN (2003) White rot fungi and their enzymes for the treatment of industrial dye effluents. Biotechnol Adv 22:161–187

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong PK, Yuen PY (1996) Decolorization and biodegradation of Methyl Red by Klebsiella pneumoniae RS-13. Water Res 30(7):1736–1744

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu M, Guo J, Zeng G, Zhong X, Sun G (2006) Decolorization of anthraquinone dye by Shewanella decolorationis S12. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71:246–251

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India

    J. Hemapriya, S. Vijay Anand & V. Rajeshkannan

Authors
  1. J. Hemapriya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Vijay Anand
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. V. Rajeshkannan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. Hemapriya .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Palkalai Perur -, Tiruchirappalli, 620024, Tamil Nadu, India

    Rajesh Kannan Velu

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 Springer India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hemapriya, J., Anand, S.V., Rajeshkannan, V. (2013). Biodegradation of Direct Red-28 by Bacillus sp. Strain DRS-1 Under Aerobic Conditions and Analysis of Phytotoxicity Levels. In: Velu, R. (eds) Microbiological Research In Agroecosystem Management. Springer, India. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1087-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation