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Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe

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Yearbook on Space Policy 2012/2013

Part of the book series: Yearbook on Space Policy ((YEARSPACE))

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Abstract

All major space policy developments worldwide were presented in Chap. 1, above, to identify the principal space faring nations’ strategies in 2012 and 2013. In the section below, there will be a brief discussion on developments in technology related areas, including policies and access to space technologies. The aim of this section is to clarify how these strategies interact with and influence specific space programmes, and related research and development projects.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Svitak, Amy. “U.S. And Europe Explore Common Space Transportation Needs.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 27 June 2011: 41.

  2. 2.

    “ESA Workhorse to Power NASA’s Orion Spacecraft.” 16 Jan. 2013. ESA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Research/ESA_workhorse_to_power_NASA_s_Orion_spacecraft.

  3. 3.

    “France is Reducing Its Space Station Contributions.” 20 Feb. 2013. SpaceNews 28 Apr. 2014. http://spacenews.com/article/civil-space/33755france-is-reducing-its-space-station-contributions.

  4. 4.

    “Fact Sheet: 2013 National Space Transportation Policy.” 21 Nov. 2013. Whitehouse.gov 19 May 2014. http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/national_space_transportation_policy_fact_sheet_11212013.pdf.

  5. 5.

    National Space Transportation Policy. 21 Nov. 2013. NASA 20 May 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/national_space_transportation_policy_11212013.pdf

  6. 6.

    Foust, Jeff. “New national space transportation policy makes modest, not major, changes.” 22 Nov. 2013. Space Politics 20 May 2014. http://www.spacepolitics.com/2013/11/22/new-national-space-transportation-policy-makes-modest-not-major-changes/.

  7. 7.

    “Center to build of the Vostochny cosmodrome.” TsENKI 20 May 2014. http://www.tsenki.com/en/about/leading_enterprise/division/build_spaceport/.

  8. 8.

    “NASA to Pay $70 Million a Seat to Fly Astronauts on Russian Spacecraft.” 30 Apr. 2013. Space.com 30 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/20897-nasa-russia-astronaut-launches-2017.html.

  9. 9.

    Kallendar-Umezu, Paul. “Japan To Take Incremental Approach for New Epsilon Launcher.” 11 Apr. 2011. SpaceNews 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/japan-take-incremental-approach-new-epsilon-launcher.

  10. 10.

    “JAXA to launch solid fuel rocket.” 31 Oct. 2012. SpaceNews 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/jaxa-launch-solid-fuel-rocket.

  11. 11.

    Ferster, Warren. “JAXA’s Epsilon Rocket Scheduled for Aug. 22 Debut.” 21 May 2013. SpaceNews 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/35427jaxa%E2%80%99s-epsilon-rocket-scheduled-for-aug-22-debut.

  12. 12.

    Onuki, Misuzu. “Out-of-synch Computers Cited in Epsilon Launch Abort.” 30 Aug. 2013. SpaceNews 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37014out-of-synch-computers-cited-in-epsilon-launch-abort.

  13. 13.

    Ferster, Warren. “JAXA’s Epsilon Small-satellite Launcher Makes Successful Debut.” 23 Sept. 2013. SpaceNews 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/37363jaxa%E2%80%99s-epsilon-small-satellite-launcher-makes-successful-debut.

  14. 14.

    Kallendar-Umezu, Paul. “Japanese Government Recommends Developing H-2A Successor.” 27 May 2013. SpaceNews 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/35499japanese-government-recommends-developing-h-2a-successor.

  15. 15.

    Onuki, Misuzi. “Japan Approves $1.9B for H-3 Rocket.” 13 Jan. 2014. SpaceNews 30 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/39069japan-approves-19b-for-h-3-rocket.

  16. 16.

    White Papers of the Government of China. “China’s Space Activities in 2011. “Beijing 29 Dec. 2011. 6 Mar. 2012. http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7145648.htm.

  17. 17.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2012 Year in Review. Washington, DC: FAA, Jan. 2013: 32.

  18. 18.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2011 Year in Review. Washington, DC: FAA, Jan. 2012: 15.

  19. 19.

    “GSLV.” ISRO 19 Apr. 2013. http://www.isro.org/launchvehicles/GSLV/gslv.aspx.

  20. 20.

    “Heaviest rocket launch in 2014: ISRO.” 10 Apr. 2013. The Hindu 30 May 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/heaviest-rocket-launch-in-2014-isro/article4602878.ece.

  21. 21.

    “GSLV MARK III.” ISRO 19 Apr. 2013. http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx.

  22. 22.

    “ESA Astronaut André Kuipers Returns to Earth.” 1 July 2012. ESA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/PromISSe/ESA_astronaut_Andre_Kuipers_returns_to_Earth.

  23. 23.

    “André Kuipers.” 3 Oct. 2013. ESA 13 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Delta_Mission/Andre_Kuipers.

  24. 24.

    “ESA—Human Spaceflight and Exploration—Astronauts—Graduation of Europe’s new astronauts.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011. http://www.esa.int/esaHS/SEMRFLIRPGG_astronauts_0.html.

  25. 25.

    “ESA Astronaut Alexander Gerst To Fly To Space Station in 2014.” 18 Sept. 2011. ESA 18 Apr. 2013. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/ESA_astronaut_Alexander_Gerst_to_fly_to_Space_Station_in_2014.

  26. 26.

    “ESA Astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti Set for Space Station in 2014.” 3 July 2012. ESA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/ESA_astronaut_Samantha_Cristoforetti_set_for_Space_Station_in_2014.

  27. 27.

    “Andreas Mogensen Set for Soyuz Mission to Space Station in 2015.” 28 Aug. 2013. ESA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Andreas_Mogensen_set_for_Soyuz_mission_to_Space_Station_in_2015.

  28. 28.

    “ESA Astronaut Timothy Peake Set for Space Station.” 20 May 2013. ESA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/ESA_astronaut_Timothy_Peake_set_for_Space_Station.

  29. 29.

    “Mission Accomplished: Cave Crew Returns to Earth.” 19 Oct. 2011. ESA 18 Apr. 2013. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Mission_accomplished_cave_crew_returns_to_Earth.

  30. 30.

    “ESA Astronaut Luca Parmitano Arrives at Space Station.” 29 May 2013. ESA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/ESA_astronaut_Luca_Parmitano_arrives_at_Space_Station.

  31. 31.

    “ESA Astronaut Luca Parmitano Lands Safely Back on Earth.” 11 Nov. 2013. ESA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Volare/ESA_astronaut_Luca_Parmitano_lands_safely_back_on_Earth.

  32. 32.

    Morring, Jr., Frank. “Spacefaring Nations Regroup For Push Beyond LEO.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 10 Oct. 2011: 46.

  33. 33.

    Botta, Oliver. “Factsheet—ATV-3 Edoardo Amaldi begins its journey to the ISS.” 19 Mar. 2012. Swiss Space Office 6 May 2012. http://www.sbf.admin.ch/htm/dokumentation/publikationen/raumfahrt/FactSheet_ATV3-e.pdf.

  34. 34.

    “Mission Accomplished for ATV Edoardo Amaldi.” 3 Oct. 2012. ESA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/ATV/Mission_accomplished_for_ATV_I_Edoardo_Amaldi_I.

  35. 35.

    “A Fiery End to a Perfect Mission: ATV Albert Einstein.” 2 Nov. 2013. ESA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/ATV/A_fiery_end_to_a_perfect_mission_ATV_Albert_Einstein.

  36. 36.

    “Annual Report 2012 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” 12 Nov. 2013. International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 14 Apr. 2014. http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ISECG-Annual-Report-2012.pdf.

  37. 37.

    Ibid.

  38. 38.

    Annual Report 2013 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” 20 Dec. 2013. International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 14 Apr. 2014. http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Annual-Report_2013_FINAL.pdf.

  39. 39.

    Ibid.

  40. 40.

    “NASA Hails Success of Commercial Space Program.” 13 Nov. 2013. NASA 8 Apr. 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bj905HtsB-g.

  41. 41.

    “Dragon Delivers.” 3 Mar. 2013. SpaceX 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacex.com/news/2013/03/03/happy-berth-day.

  42. 42.

    “Orbital Completes COTS Demonstration Mission to International Space Station.” 23 Oct. 2013. Orbital Sciences 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/release.asp?prid=1873.

  43. 43.

    “NASA Advances Effort to Again Launch Astronauts from U.S. Soil to Space Station.” 19 Nov. 2013. NASA 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-advances-effort-to-again-launch-astronauts-from-us-soil-to-space-station/#.U0QSuPmSwj4.

  44. 44.

    “Soyuz TMA-04M.” Russian Space Web 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma04m.html.

  45. 45.

    “Soyuz TMA-05M.” Russian Space Web 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma05m.html.

  46. 46.

    “Soyuz TMA-06M.” Russian Space Web 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma06m.html.

  47. 47.

    “Soyuz TMA-07M.” Russian Space Web 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma07m.html.

  48. 48.

    “Soyuz TMA-08M.” Russian Space Web 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma08m.html.

  49. 49.

    “Soyuz TMA-09M.” Russian Space Web 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma09m.html.

  50. 50.

    “Soyuz TMA-10M.” Russian Space Web 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma10m.html.

  51. 51.

    “Soyuz TMA-11M.” Russian Space Web 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/iss_soyuz_tma11m.html.

  52. 52.

    “Spaceflight Now: Tracking Station: Launch Log.” 14 Apr. 2014. http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/launchlog.html.

  53. 53.

    Federal Aviation Administration. Commercial Space transportation: 2011 Year in Review. Washington, DC: FAA, Jan. 2012: 26.

  54. 54.

    “China puts its first man in space.” 15 Oct. 2003. BBC News 15 Apr. 2014. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3192330.stm.

  55. 55.

    Moskowitz, Clara. “Chinese Astronauts Complete First Spacewalk.” 27 Sept. 2008. Space.com 15 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/5902-chinese-astronauts-complete-spacewalk.html.

  56. 56.

    “Touchdown! Chinese Space Capsule With 3 Astronauts Returns to Earth.” 28 June 2012. Space.com 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/16357-china-space-capsule-lands-shenzhou-9.html.

  57. 57.

    “Three Chinese Astronauts Land After Record-Breaking Spaceflight.” 25 June 2013. Space.com 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/21720-china-astronauts-land-shenzhou-10.html.

  58. 58.

    “China plans to launch Tiangong-2 space lab around 2015.” 27 June 2013. Space Daily 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/China_plans_to_launch_Tiangong_2_space_lab_around_2015_999.html.

  59. 59.

    Todd, David. “Chinese data relay satellite TianLian-1C is launched successfully on a Long March 3C.” 26 July 2012. Seradata 19 May 2014. http://seradata.com/SSI/2012/07/chinese-data-relay-satellite-t/.

  60. 60.

    Basic Plan on Space Policy. 25 Jan. 2013. Government of Japan 20 May 2014: 6. http://www8.cao.go.jp/space/plan/plan-eng.pdf.

  61. 61.

    “Japanese Cargo Ship Re-enters over Pacific.” 17 Sept. 2012. SpaceNews 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/japanese-cargo-ship-re-enters-over-pacific.

  62. 62.

    “Japanese Cargo Spacecraft Re-enters Atmosphere After Ending ISS Mission.” 8 Sept. 2013. Astro Watch 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.astrowatch.net/2013/09/japanese-cargo-spacecraft-re-enters.html.

  63. 63.

    “Annual Report 2012 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” 12 Nov. 2013. International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 14 Apr. 2014. http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/ISECG-Annual-Report-2012.pdf.

  64. 64.

    Annual Report 2013 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” 20 Dec. 2013. International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 14 Apr. 2014. http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Annual-Report_2013_FINAL.pdf.

  65. 65.

    “Chris Hadfield Safely Returns to Earth.” 13 May 2013. CBCNews 8 Apr. 2014. http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/chris-hadfield-safely-returns-to-earth-1.1403450.

  66. 66.

    Annual Report 2013 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” 20 Dec. 2013. International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 14 Apr. 2014. http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Annual-Report_2013_FINAL.pdf.

  67. 67.

    “European Lunar Lander—Call for Declarations of Interest.” 17 Jan. 2012. ESA 20 Apr. 2013. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Human_Spaceflight_Research/European_Lunar_Lander_-_Call_for_Declarations_of_Interest.

  68. 68.

    “ESA Portal—Next step for ESA’s first Moon lander.” 16 Sep. 2010. European Space Agency 19 Aug. 2011. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMUV2KOXDG_index_0.html.

  69. 69.

    Clark, Stephen. “ESA lunar lander shelved ahead of budget conference.” 20 Nov. 2012. Spaceflight Now 21 Apr. 2013. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1211/20moonlander/.

  70. 70.

    “NASA—Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).” NASA 21 Apr. 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/main/index.html.

  71. 71.

    “NASA’s LRO: Four Years in Orbit.” 18 June 2013. NASA 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/4th-anniv.html.

  72. 72.

    “Missions—GRAIL—NASA Science NASA 26 Mar. 2013. http://science.nasa.gov/missions/grail/.

  73. 73.

    “NASA’s GRAIL Creates Most Accurate Moon Gravity Map.” 5 Dec. 2012. NASA 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/news/grail20121205.html.

  74. 74.

    “Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Sees GRAIL's Explosive Farewell.” 19 Mar. 2013. NASA 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/grail/news/grail20130319.html#.U0JlN_mSwj4.

  75. 75.

    “Missions—LADEE—NASA Science.” NASA 16 Apr. 2014. http://science.nasa.gov/missions/ladee/.

  76. 76.

    “Missions—ILN—NASA Science” NASA 26 Mar. 2013. http://science.nasa.gov/missions/iln/.

  77. 77.

    Sato, Naoki. “JAXA Status of Exploration and Human Space Program.” 14 Nov. 2011. JAXA 21 Apr. 2013: 9. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/605307main_JAXA-Status-(Final)-A-Sato.pdf.

  78. 78.

    Tanaka, S., et. al. “Present Status of the Lunar Lander Project SELENE-2.” 26 Mar. 2013. 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2013) 16 Apr. 2014. http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/1838.pdf.

  79. 79.

    “Chinese Rover Hibernating to Survive Frigid Lunar Night.” 27 Dec. 2013. Spaceflight Now 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/china/change3/131227hibernation/#.U0KlqvmSwj4.

  80. 80.

    “China Targets Moon Sample-Return Mission in 2017.” 26 Dec. 2013. Space.com 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/24055-china-moon-sample-return-mission.html.

  81. 81.

    “China considering manned lunar landing in 2025-2030.” 24 May 2009. China View 21 Apr. 2013. http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-05/24/content_11425131.htm.

  82. 82.

    “Chandrayaan-2 Expected to Launch within 2 Years.” 15 Dec. 2013. CCTV 7 Apr. 2014. http://english.cntv.cn/program/newsupdate/20131215/104199.shtml.

  83. 83.

    “India to go Alone with Chandrayaan 2.” 14 Aug. 2013. The Hindu 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/india-to-go-alone-with-chandrayaan-2/article5022717.ece.

  84. 84.

    Ramachanran, R. “Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone.” 22 Jan. 2013. The Hindu 21 Apr. 2013. http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/chandrayaan2-india-to-go-it-alone/article4329844.ece.

  85. 85.

    “First Russian Moon Mission Delayed.” 17 Oct. 2013. Exploring Space 7 Apr. 2014. http://spaceexp.tumblr.com/post/64287200145/first-russian-moon-mission-delayed.

  86. 86.

    Pavlishev, Boris. “Lunar probe to search for water on Moon.” 18 Oct. 2011. radio—The Voice of Russia 21 Apr. 2013. http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/10/18/58931510/.

  87. 87.

    Ramachanran, R. “Chandrayaan-2: India to go it alone.”

  88. 88.

    “European-Russian Luna Mission Speed Dating.” 3 Dec. 2013. Spaceports 7 Apr. 2014. http://spaceports.blogspot.co.at/2013/12/european-russian-luna-mission-speed.html.

  89. 89.

    “Recognizing Giant Leaps: Google Lunar XPRIZE Establishes Milestone Prizes (Op-Ed).” 7 Nov. 2013. Space.com 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/23503-google-lunar-xprize-milestone-prizes.html.

  90. 90.

    “Google Lunar X PRIZE.” Google Lunar XPRIZE 26 Mar. 2013. http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/.

  91. 91.

    “As 2013 Comes To An End, Competition Intensifies In Private Race To The Moon.” 19 Dec. 2013. Google Lunar X Prize 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/blog/2013-comes-end-competition-intensifies-private-race-moon.

  92. 92.

    Braukus, Michael, Lynnette Madison, and Josh Byerly. “NASA Awards Contracts For Innovative Lunar Demonstrations Data.” 15 Oct. 2010. NASA Press Releases 26 Mar. 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/oct/HQ_10-259_ILDD_Award.html; see also Harrington, J.D., and Josh Byerl. “NASA Selects Companies for Further Lunar Demonstrations Data.” 20 Dec. 2010. NASA Press Releases 26 Mar. 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/dec/HQ_10-344_ILDD_Selections.html.

  93. 93.

    “Ten Years at Mars: New Global Views Plot the Red Planet’s History.” 3 June 2013. ESA 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Ten_years_at_Mars_new_global_views_plot_the_Red_Planet_s_history.

  94. 94.

    “ESA—Mars Express.” European Space Agency. 26 Mar. 2013. http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars_Express/index.html.

  95. 95.

    “Mars Express Heading Towards Daring Flyby of Phobos.” 23 Dec. 2013. ESA 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Mars_Express/Mars_Express_heading_towards_daring_flyby_of_Phobos.

  96. 96.

    “Annual Report 2011 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group” International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 26 Mar. 2013. http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=757abb46-0e23-4bfc-8c1c-dde1320faadc&groupId=10812.

  97. 97.

    De Selding, Peter. “ExoMars Wins One-month Reprieve.” SpaceNews 21 May 2012: 8.

  98. 98.

    “ExoMars 2016 Set to Complete Construction.” 17 June 2013. ESA 28 Mar. 2014. http://exploration.esa.int/mars/51931-exomars-2016-set-to-complete-construction/.

  99. 99.

    “ExoMars Lander Module Named Schiaparelli.” 8 Nov. 2013. ESA 28 Mar. 2014. http://exploration.esa.int/mars/53145-exomars-lander-module-named-schiaparelli/.

  100. 100.

    “ExoMars: ESA and Roscosmos for Mars Missions.” 14 Mar. 2013. ESA 28 Mar. 2014. http://exploration.esa.int/mars/51495-exomars-esa-and-roscosmos-set-for-mars-missions/.

  101. 101.

    “Mars Odyssey.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology” 26 Mar. 2013. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/.

  102. 102.

    “Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Home.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 26 Mar. 2013. http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html.

  103. 103.

    “Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 26 Mar. 2013. http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/.

  104. 104.

    “NASA Orbiter Observations Point to ‘Dry Ice’ Snowfall on Mars.” 11 Sept. 2012. Jet Propulsion Laboratory 28 Mar. 2014. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1341.

  105. 105.

    “Evidence for a Martian Ocean.” 17 July 2013. Jet Propulsion Laboratory 28 Mar. 2014. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1493.

  106. 106.

    “NASA Mars Spacecraft Reveals a More Dynamic Red Planet.” 10 Dec. 2013. Jet Propulsion Laboratory 28 Mar. 2014. http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1567.

  107. 107.

    “NASA Lands Car-Size Rover Beside Martian Mountain.” 5 Aug. 2012. NASA 31 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20120805c.html.

  108. 108.

    Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). 14 May. 2012. NASA NSSDC 14 Jan. 2013. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=2011-070A.

  109. 109.

    “NASA Rover’s First Soil Studies Help Fingerprint Martian Minerals.” 30 Oct. 2012. NASA 31 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20121030.html.

  110. 110.

    “NASA Curiosity Rover Collects First Martian Bedrock Sample.” 9 Febr. 2013. NASA 31 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20130209.html.

  111. 111.

    “ASA Rover Finds Conditions Once Suited for Ancient Life on Mars.” 12 Mar. 2013. NASA 31 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20130312.html#.UzkhCPmSwj4.

  112. 112.

    “Curiosity’s SAM Instrument Finds Water and More in Surface Sample.” 26 Sept. 2013. NASA 31 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/curiositys-sam-instrument-finds-water-and-more-in-surface-sample/#.UzkiPfmSwj4.

  113. 113.

    “NASA Curiosity Rover Detects No Methane on Mars.” 19 Sept. 2013. NASA 31 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20130919.html#.UzkiLfmSwj4.

  114. 114.

    “MAVEN.” University of Colorado at Boulder, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics 14 Jan. 2013. http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/.

  115. 115.

    “NASA Launches Mission to Study Upper Atmosphere of Mars.” 18 Nov. 2013. NASA 31 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/November/nasa-launches-mission-to-study-upper-atmosphere-of-mars/#.Uzl3uvmSwj5.

  116. 116.

    “Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM)—Manglayaan.” Indian Space Projects 31 Mar. 2014. http://isp.justthe80.com/planetary-exploration/mars-obiter.

  117. 117.

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  118. 118.

    Amos, Jonathan. “Phobos-Grunt: Failed probe ‘falls over Pacific’.” 15 Jan. 2012. BBC News 14 Jan. 2013. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-16491457.

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    “Phobos-Grunt-2: Russia to Probe Martian Moon by 2022.” 18 Oct. 2013. Mars Daily 7 Apr. 2014. http://www.marsdaily.com/reports/Phobos_Grunt_2_Russia_to_probe_Martian_moon_by_2022_999.html.

  120. 120.

    Mason, Betsy. “Cassini Gets Life Extension to Explore Saturn Until 2017.” 3 Feb. 2010. WIRED 18 Dec. 2012. http://www.wired.com/wiredscience/2010/02/cassini-life-extension-2017/.

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    SpaceNews Staff. “NASA’s Cassini Spacecraft Witnesses Big Saturn Storm.” 11 Jul. 2011. SpaceNews 18. Dec. 2012. http://www.spacenews.com/article/nasas-cassini-spacecraft-witnesses-big-saturn-storm.

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    “Cassini Sees Tropical Lakes on Saturn Moon.” 13 June 2012. NASA Cassini 26 Mar. 2014. http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120613/.

  123. 123.

    “Cassini Finds Likely Subsurface Ocean on Saturn Moon.” 28 June 2012. NASA Cassini 26 Mar. 2014. http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120628/.

  124. 124.

    “Cassini Observes Meteors Colliding with Saturn’s Rings.” 25 Apr. 2013. NASA Cassini 26 Mar. 2014. http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20130425/.

  125. 125.

    “Enceladus Plume is a new Kind of Plasma Laboratory.” 31 May 2012. NASA Cassini 30 May 2014. http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20120531/.

  126. 126.

    Ibid.

  127. 127.

    Ibid.

  128. 128.

    “NASA’s Cassini Spacecraft Reveals Forces Controlling Saturn Moon Jets.” 31 July 2013. NASA Cassini 26 Mar. 2014. http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/newsreleases/newsrelease20130731/.

  129. 129.

    Venus Express. “ESA finds that Venus has an ozone layer too.” 6 Oct. 2011. ESA 9 Jan. 2012. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Venus_Express/ESA_finds_that_Venus_has_an_ozone_layer_too.

  130. 130.

    “A Curious Cold Layer in the Atmosphere of Venus.” 1 Oct. 2012. ESA 27 Mar. 2014. http://sci.esa.int/venus-express/50884-a-curious-cold-layer-in-the-atmosphere-of-venus/.

  131. 131.

    “The Tail of Venus and the Weak Solar Wind.” 29 Jan. 2013. ESA 27 Mar. 2014. http://sci.esa.int/venus-express/51315-the-tail-of-venus-and-the-weak-solar-wind/.

  132. 132.

    Venus Express. “Could Venus be shifting gear?” 10 Feb. 2012. ESA 9 Jan. 2012. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Venus_Express/Could_Venus_be_shifting_gear.

  133. 133.

    “ESA Science Missions Continue in Overtime.” 20 June 2013. ESA 27 Mar. 2014. http://sci.esa.int/director-desk/51944-esa-science-missions-continue-in-overtime/.

  134. 134.

    Williams, David R. “Chronology of Venus Exploration.” 29 Jun. 2011. NASA 10 Jan. 2013. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/chronology_venus.html.

  135. 135.

    “RAS: Start "Venus-D" will take Place no earlier than 2024.” 9 Apr. 2012. Gazeta 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.gazeta.ru/science/news/2012/04/09/n_2284249.shtml.

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    “VENERA-D: ВЕНЕРА: Изучение продолжается." 10 Mar. 2011. Roscosmos 25 Aug. 2011. http://venera-d.cosmos.ru/index.php?id=692&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=1288&cHash=f9bfd2c6e7616171412b316d206d73a4.

  137. 137.

    “BepiColombo Fact Sheet.” 3 Dec. 2013. ESA 27 Mar. 2014. http://sci.esa.int/bepicolombo/47346-fact-sheet/.

  138. 138.

    MESSENGER Completes Primary Mission at Mercury, Settles in for Another Year. 19 Mar. 2012. MESSENGER 13 Jan. 2013. http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/news_room/details.php?id=197.

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    “MESSENGER: Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging: Mercury Orbit Insertion.” Press kit. NASA 25 Aug. 2011. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/525164main_MercuryMOI_PK.pdf.

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    “MESSENGER Finds New Evidence for Water Ice at Mercury’s Poles.” 29 Nov. 2012. NASA 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/PressConf20121129.html#.UzQGLPldUj4.

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    “MESSENGER Has Imaged 100 Percent of Mercury.” 6 Mar. 2013. NASA 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/messenger/media/Imaged100Percent.html#.UzQGLPldUj4.

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    “MESSENGER Completes Its First Extended Mission at Mercury.” 20 Mar. 2013. Space Daily 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/MESSENGER_Completes_Its_First_Extended_Mission_at_Mercury_999.html.

  143. 143.

    JUICE was renamed during its reformulation exercise from the designation Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM)–Laplace in 2011.

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    “ESA Selects 1bn-Euro JUICE Probe to Jupiter.” 2 May 2012. BBC News 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-17917102.

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    “Forthcoming Announcement of Opportunity for Scientific Instrumentation Onboard the JUICE Spacecraft.” 30 May 2012. ESA 27 Mar. 2014. http://sci.esa.int/juice/50400-forthcoming-announcement-of-opportunity-for-juice-scientific-instrumentation/.

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    “NASA—Juno.” NASA 4 Mar. 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html.

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    “Juno’s Two Deep Space Maneuvers are ‘Back-To-Back Home Runs’.” 17 Sept. 2012. NASA 27 Mar. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/news/juno20120917.html#.UzQtWPldUj4.

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    “ESA Science Missions Continue in Overtime.” 20 June 2013. ESA 1 Apr. 2014. http://sci.esa.int/director-desk/51944-esa-science-missions-continue-in-overtime/.

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    “Small Sun-Watcher Proba-2 Offers Detailed View of Massive Solar Eruption.” 9 June 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/Small_Sun-watcher_Proba-2_offers_detailed_view_of_massive_solar_eruption.

  150. 150.

    “ESA’s Space Weather Station Proba-2 Tracks Stormy Sun.” 2 Dec. 2011. ESA 17 Apr. 2013. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/ESA_s_space_weather_station_Proba-2_tracks_stormy_Sun.

  151. 151.

    “About PROBA3.” 19 Nov. 2012. ESA 1 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Technology/Proba_Missions/About_Proba-3.

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    “Proba-3 Mission will call on Satellites to Fly in Sub-Millimeter Precision.” 17 Apr. 2013. Gizmag 1 Apr. 2014. http://www.gizmag.com/proba-3-satellite-mission/27124/.

  153. 153.

    “PICARD NEWS.” CNES 1 Apr. 2014. http://smsc.cnes.fr/PICARD/GP_actualites.htm.

  154. 154.

    Ibid.

  155. 155.

    “SDO | Solar Dynamics Observatory.” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 4 Mar. 2013. http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/.

  156. 156.

    SpaceNews Staff. “NASA Boasts Big Results from 5-minute Spaceflight.” 28 Jan. 2013 SpaceNews 4 Mar. 2013. http://www.spacenews.com/article/nasa-boasts-big-results-from-5-minute-spaceflight.

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    “NASA’s SDO Mission Untangles Motion Inside the Sun.” 28 Aug. 2013. NASA 1 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/sdo-mission-untangles-motion-inside-sun/#.UzqOOvmSwj4.

  158. 158.

    “SUNRISE Offers New Insight on Sun’s Atmosphere.” 27 Sept. 2013. NASA 1 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/sunrise-offers-new-insight-on-suns-atmosphere/#.UzqORvmSwj4.

  159. 159.

    About the SOHO Mission. “SOHO Fact Sheet.” SOHO—Solar and Heliospheric Observatory 4 Mar. 2013. http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/about/docs/SOHO_Fact_Sheet.pdf.

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    “Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Homepage.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011. http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/.

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    “Approaching 17 Years Of Observations For ESA/NASA’s SOHO Spacecraft.” 5 Dec. 2012. redOrbit 4 Mar. 2013. http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/1112742788/17-years-observations-esa-nasa-soho-spacecraft-120512/.

  162. 162.

    “ESA Science Missions Continue in Overtime.” 20 June 2013. ESA 27 Mar. 2014. http://sci.esa.int/director-desk/51944-esa-science-missions-continue-in-overtime/.

  163. 163.

    “First Ever STEREO Images of the Entire Sun.” 6 Feb. 2011. NASA 5 Mar. 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/news/entire-sun.html

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    “NASA—STEREO.” NASA 5 Mar. 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/main/index.html.

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    “IRIS Solar Observatory Launches, Begins Mission.” 28 June 2013. NASA 1 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/content/iris-solar-observatory-launches-begins-mission/#.UzqYe_mSwj4.

  166. 166.

    “IRIS Provides Unprecedented Images of Sun.” 9 Dec. 2013. NASA 1 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/content/iris-provides-unprecedented-images-of-sun/#.UzqYifmSwj4.

  167. 167.

    Clark, Stephen. “Spaceflight Now | Breaking News | NOAA taps DSCOVR satellite for space weather mission.” 2 Feb. 2011. Spaceflight Now 25 Aug. 2011. http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1102/21dscovr/.

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    “Long-Delayed Space Weather Satellite On Track for 2015 Launch.” 13 Sept. 2013. Space.com 1 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/22740-mothballed-dscovr-satellite-2015-launch.html.

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    “ESA Science Missions Continue in Overtime.” 20 June 2013. ESA 27 Mar. 2014. http://sci.esa.int/director-desk/51944-esa-science-missions-continue-in-overtime/.

  170. 170.

    “Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) Mission Overview.” California Institute of Technology 17 Apr. 2013. http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/ace_mission.html.

  171. 171.

    “RHESSI STATUS.” 22 Feb. 2012. NASA 17 Apr. 2013. http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/rhessi2/home/news-ressources/status/.

  172. 172.

    “Wake Up, Rosetta!” 10 Dec. 2013. ESA 2 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Wake_up_Rosetta.

  173. 173.

    “Large Water Reservoirs at the Dawn of Stellar Birth.” 9 Oct. 2012. ESA 2 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/Large_water_reservoirs_at_the_dawn_of_stellar_birth.

  174. 174.

    “Stars can be Late Parents.” 30 Jan. 2013. ESA 2 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Stars_can_be_late_parents.

  175. 175.

    “A Cool Discovery about the Sun’s Next-Door Twin.” 20 Feb. 2013. ESA 2 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/A_cool_discovery_about_the_Sun_s_next-door_twin.

  176. 176.

    “Planck Spots Hot Gas Bridging Galaxy Cluster Pair.” 20 Nov. 2012. ESA 2 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_spots_hot_gas_bridging_galaxy_cluster_pair.

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    “Planck Reveals an Almost Perfect Universe.” 21 Mar. 2013. ESA 2 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_reveals_an_almost_perfect_Universe.

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    Redd, Nola Taylor. “How Old is the Universe?” 20 Dec. 2013. Space.com 26 Apr. 2014. http://www.space.com/24054-how-old-is-the-universe.html.

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    “Last Command Sent to ESA’s Planck Space Telescope.” 23 Oct. 2013. ESA 2 Apr. 2014. http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Last_command_sent_to_ESA_s_Planck_space_telescope.

  180. 180.

    “CaRoT discovers 10 new extra-solar planets.” 14 June 2011. CNES 17 Apr. 2013. http://smsc.cnes.fr/COROT/GP_actualite.htm.

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    “Events.” CNES 2 Apr. 2014. http://smsc.cnes.fr/COROT/GP_actualite.htm.

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    “SOHO Watches a Comet Fading Away.” 28 Jul. 2011. NASA 17 Apr. 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/epoxi/index.html.

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    “NASA Approves Kepler Mission Extension.” 4 Apr. 2012. NASA 16 Apr. 2013. http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=199.

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    “Kepler-47: Our First Binary Star 2-Planet System.” 28 Aug. 2012. NASA 2 Apr. 2014. http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=228.

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    “Planet Hunters Find Circumbinary Planet in 4-Star System.” 16 Oct. 2012. NASA 2 Apr. 2014. http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=233.

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    “Discovery: Kepler-37b, a Planet Only Slightly Larger than the Moon.” 20 Feb. 2013. NASA 2 Apr. 2014. http://kepler.nasa.gov/news/nasakeplernews/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=256.

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    “NASA Space Telescopes Find Patchy Clouds on Exotic World.” 30 Sept. 2013. NASA 3 Apr. 2014. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1564-ssc2013-08-NASA-Space-Telescopes-Find-Patchy-Clouds-on-Exotic-World.

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    “NASA STATEMENT: Two-Wheel Kepler Mission Invited to 2014 Senior Review.” 4 Dec. 2013. National Aeronautics and Aerospace Administration 2 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/kepler/nasa-statement-two-wheel-kepler-mission-invited-to-2014-senior-review/.

  192. 192.

    “NASA’s WISE Survey Uncovers Millions of Black Holes.” 29 Aug. 2012. NASA 3 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20120829.html.

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    “Closest Star System Found in a Century.” 11 Mar. 2013. NASA 3 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20130311.html.

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    “NASA Spacecraft Reactivated to Hunt for Asteroids.” 21 Aug. 2013. NASA 2 Apr. 2014. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2013-257.

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    “How Engineers Revamped Spitzer to Probe Exoplanets.” 24 Sept. 2013. NASA 3 Apr. 2014. http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/news/1560-feature13-07-How-Engineers-Revamped-Spitzer-to-Probe-Exoplanets.

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    “Hubble Discovers a Fifth Moon Orbiting Pluto.” 11 July 2012. Hubble Site 3 Apr. 2014. http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2012/2012/32/full/.

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    “NASA Hubble Finds New Neptune Moon.” 15 July 2013. NASA 3 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/July/nasa-hubble-finds-new-neptune-moon/.

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    Texas Astronomer Discovers Most Distant Known Galaxy.” 23 Oct. 2013. McDonald Observatory 3 Apr. 2014. http://mcdonaldobservatory.org/news/releases/2013/10/23.

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    Hubble Traces Subtle Signals of Water on Hazy Worlds.” 3 Dec. 2013. NASA 3 Apr. 2014. http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/December/hubble-traces-subtle-signals-of-water-on-hazy-worlds/.

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    See generally State of the Satellite Industry Report—October 2013.

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    De Selding, Peter. “Another C-band Challlenge Expected at Upcoming Global Spectrum Conference.” 15 Mar. 2013. SpaceNews 18 May 2014. http://www.spacenews.com/article/satellite-telecom/34362another-c-band-challenge-expected-at-upcoming-global-spectrum.

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    De Selding, Peter. “Europe’s Italian-led Vega Rocket Succeeds in Debut.” SpaceNews 20 Feb. 2012: 10.

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  1. ESPI—European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Cenan Al-Ekabi

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  1. ESPI - European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Cenan Al-Ekabi

  2. ESPI - European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Blandina Baranes

  3. ESPI - European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Peter Hulsroj

  4. ESPI - European Space Policy Institute, Vienna, Austria

    Arne Lahcen

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Al-Ekabi, C. (2015). Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe. In: Al-Ekabi, C., Baranes, B., Hulsroj, P., Lahcen, A. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2012/2013. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1827-6_2

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