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Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe

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Yearbook on Space Policy 2010/2011

Part of the book series: Yearbook on Space Policy ((YEARSPACE))

Abstract

All major space policy developments worldwide were presented in the previous section of Part I, in an attempt to clarify the principal space faring nations’ strategies in 2010 and 2011. In the section bellow, there will be a brief discussion on developments in technology related areas, including access to space technologies and policies. The aim of this section is to clarify how the strategies already presented above interact with and influence specific space programmes and related research and development projects.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Arianespace Needs aid to avoid loss in 2010.” 4 Jan. 2011. Space News 4 Jan. 2011 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110104-arianespace-needs-aid.html

  2. 2.

    “Garver: New NASA Direction Opens Door to Cooperation.” Space News 14 June 2010: 13.

  3. 3.

    “NASA Seeks Affordable Heavy-lift Rocket Ideas.” Space News 5 July 2010: 8.

  4. 4.

    “NASA Authorization Bill Passes Senate.” Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 3.

  5. 5.

    Space.com Staff. “NASA Funds Test Flights for Private Experimental Rockets.” 31 Aug. 2010. Space.com 5 Aug. 2012 http://www.space.com/9042-nasa-funds-test-flights-private-experimental-rockets.html

  6. 6.

    Werner, Debra. “Suborbital Spaceflight Gets a Boost from NASA, Congress.” 18 Oct. 2010 Space News 5 Aug. 2012 http://spacenews.com/venture_space/101018-suborbital-spaceflight-boost-nasa-congress.html

  7. 7.

    “NASA Grants Aim To Foster Manned Suborbital Flights.” Space News 6 Sept. 2011: 8.

  8. 8.

    Based on Euroconsult estimates.

  9. 9.

    “Russia to Break Ground In 2011 for Spaceport.” Space News 30 Aug. 2010: 3.

  10. 10.

    “Deal Permits Year-round Launches from Japan.” Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 9.

  11. 11.

    “Japan’s H2A Rocket Lofts Quasi-Zenith Sat.” Space News 20 Sept. 2011: 8.

  12. 12.

    “Long March 2D Rocket Lofts Chinese Research Satellite.” Space News, 21 June 2010: 9.

  13. 13.

    “China Launches 5th Satellite in 7 Weeks”. Space News 27 Sept. 2011: 3.

  14. 14.

    “China Great Wall Shakes Off Satellite’s Botched Launch”. Space News 27 Sept. 2011: 8.

  15. 15.

    PSLV. Indian Space Research Organization http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/PSLV/pslv.aspx

  16. 16.

    GSLV MARK III. Indian Space Research Organisation http://www.isro.org/Launchvehicles/GSLVMARKIII/mark3.aspx; and Bergin, Chris. “FAILURE: Indian GSLV fails during launch with GSAT-5P satellite.” 25 Dec. 2010. NASAspaceflight.com 25 Dec. 2010

    http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2010/12/indian-gslv-launch-with-gsat-5p-satellite/

  17. 17.

    “South Korean Rocket Fails For the Second Time.” Space News 14 June 2010: 3.

  18. 18.

    “ESA – Human Spaceflight and Exploration – Astronauts – Graduation of Europe’s new astronauts.” 22 Nov. 2010. European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaHS/SEMRFLIRPGG_astronauts_0.html

  19. 19.

    “ESA – MagISStra – About the MagISStra mission.” 20 May 2011. European Space Agency 18 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/magisstra/SEM7E6QOHEG_0.html

  20. 20.

    “ESA – DAMA mission– A DAMA for Roberto.” European Space Agency 18 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/DAMA_mission/SEM4UE4SZLG_0.html

  21. 21.

    “ESA – ATV – ATV-2: Johannes Kepler.” 2 Mar. 2011. European Space Agency 18 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/ATV/SEM8HX6K56G_0.html

  22. 22.

    Beskow, C. “ATV-2 is no more… | Edoardo Amaldi#more-3188#more-3188.” 22 June 2011. European Space Agency 18 Aug. 2011 http://blogs.esa.int/atv/2011/06/22/atv-2-is-no-more%e2%80%a6/#more-3188

  23. 23.

    “Annual Report 2010 of the International Space Exploration Coordination Group.” International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=927d699a-2126-4205-b182-2fc8409eff88&groupId=10812

  24. 24.

    “NASA – STS-133.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts133/main/index.html

  25. 25.

    “NASA – STS-134.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/shuttlemissions/sts134/main/index.html

  26. 26.

    ISECG…

  27. 27.

    “H-II Transfer Vehicle “KOUNOTORI2” (HTV2).” 24 Aug. 2011 http://www.jaxa.jp/projects/rockets/htv/index_e.html

  28. 28.

    “Starsem headlines.” Starsem: The Soyuz Company 24 Aug. 2011 http://www.starsem.com/news/headlines.html

  29. 29.

    “Spaceflight Now: Tracking Station: Launch Log.” 1 Aug. 2011 http://spaceflightnow.com/tracking/launchlog.html

  30. 30.

    “ESA – Mars500” European Space Agency European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars500/

  31. 31.

    “ESA Portal – Exploring Rio Tinto Eurobotically.” 2 May 2011. European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMT1DZGRMG_index_0.html

  32. 32.

    “NASA – Desert Research and Technology Studies (RATS)” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/analogs/desertrats/index.html.

  33. 33.

    “The Mars Society: Mars Desert Research Station.” The Mars Society 24 Aug 2011 http://www.mdrs2011.com/

  34. 34.

    ISECG…

  35. 35.

    “ESA Portal – Next step for ESA’s first Moon lander.” 16 Sep. 2010. European Space Agency 19 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMUV2KOXDG_index_0.html

  36. 36.

    “NASA – Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO).” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/main/index.html

  37. 37.

    “NASA – ARTEMIS Mission Site.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/artemis/

  38. 38.

    “China announces success of Chang’e-2 lunar probe mission.” 8 Nov. 2010. Xinhua News 25 Aug. 2011 http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/china/2010-11/08/c_13596211.htm

  39. 39.

    “Google Lunar X PRIZE.” Google Lunar X Prize 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.googlelunarxprize.org/

  40. 40.

    “Missions – LADEE – NASA Science.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://science.nasa.gov/missions/ladee/

  41. 41.

    “Missions – GRAIL – NASA Science.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://science.nasa.gov/missions/grail/

  42. 42.

    “Missions – ILN – NASA Science” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://science.nasa.gov/missions/iln/

  43. 43.

    “ESA – Mars Express.” European Space Agency. 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Mars_Express/index.html

  44. 44.

    “NASA – NASA and ESA’s First Joint Mission To Mars Selects Instruments.” 2 Aug. 2010. NASA 11 Aug. 2011 html://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/aug/HQ_10-181_Joint_Mars_Mission.html

  45. 45.

    ISECG…

  46. 46.

    “ESA Expects by July To Restart Work on 2016 Mars Mission.” Space News 30 May 2011: 6.

  47. 47.

    “Mars Odyssey.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/

  48. 48.

    “Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Home.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://marsrover.nasa.gov/home/index.html

  49. 49.

    “Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/mro/.

  50. 50.

    “Mars Science Laboratory.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/

  51. 51.

    “MAVEN.” University of Colorado at Boulder, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics 25 Aug. 2011 http://lasp.colorado.edu/home/maven/

  52. 52.

    Friedman, Louis D. “Timeline for the Phobos Sample Return Mission (Phobos Grunt) – The Planetary Society Blog | The Planetary Society.” 27 Oct. 2010. The Planetary Society 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.planetary.org/blog/article/00002738/

  53. 53.

    “Cassini Solstice Mission.” NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/index.cfm

  54. 54.

    “ESA – Venus Express.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Venus_Express/

  55. 55.

    “Venus Climate Orbiter mission of Japan.” JAXA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.stp.isas.jaxa.jp/venus/top_english.html

  56. 56.

    “VENERA-D: ВЕНЕРА: Изучение продолжается.” 3 Oct. 2011. Roscosmos 25 Aug. 2011 http://venera-d.cosmos.ru/index.php?id=692&tx_ttnews[tt_news]=1288&cHash=f9bfd2c6e7616171412b316d206d73a4

  57. 57.

    “ESA Science & Technology: BepiColombo.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=30

  58. 58.

    “ESA Science & Technology: ESA’s Mercury mapper feels the heat.” 18 Jan. 2011. European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=48254

  59. 59.

    “MESSENGER: Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry, and Ranging: Mercury Orbit Insertion.” Press kit. NASA http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/525164main_MercuryMOI_PK.pdf

  60. 60.

    “NASA – Juno.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.html

  61. 61.

    “Proba-2’s Lyra Solar Intensity Measurements Available.” 11 Mar. 2011. ESA 11 Mar. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Proba/SEMN91YTVKG_0.html

  62. 62.

    “PICARD.” CNES 25 Aug. 2011 http://smsc.cnes.fr/PICARD/

  63. 63.

    “SDO | Solar Dynamics Observatory.” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 25 Aug. 2011 http://sdo.gsfc.nasa.gov/

  64. 64.

    “Solar and Heliospheric Observatory Homepage.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov/

  65. 65.

    “NASA – STEREO.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/stereo/main/index.html

  66. 66.

    Clark, Stephen. “Spaceflight Now | Breaking News | NOAA taps DSCOVR satellite for space weather mission.” 2 Feb. 2011. Spaceflight Now 25 Aug. 2011 http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1102/21dscovr/

  67. 67.

    “Hinode (Solar-B).” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://solarb.msfc.nasa.gov/

  68. 68.

    “ACE Mission.” California Institute of Technology 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/ace_mission.html

  69. 69.

    “RHESSI Homa Page.” NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 25 Aug. 2011 http://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/hessi/index.html

  70. 70.

    “ESA – Rosetta.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/esaMI/Rosetta/

  71. 71.

    “ESA – Herschel.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Herschel/

  72. 72.

    “ESA – Planck.” European Space Agency 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Planck/index.html

  73. 73.

    “Corot.” CNES 25 Aug. 2011 http://smsc.cnes.fr/COROT/

  74. 74.

    “NASA – EPOXI.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/epoxi/index.html

  75. 75.

    “NASA – NASA Selects OSIRIS-Rex as Next New Frontiers Mission.” 25 May 2011. NASA 11 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/releases/2011/11-037.html

  76. 76.

    “JAXA: Identification of origin of particles brought back by Hayabusa.” 16 Nov. 2010. JAXA 11 Aug. 2011 http://www.jaxa.jp/press/2010/11/20101116_hayabusa_e.html

  77. 77.

    “Kepler: Home Page.” NASA Ames Research Center 25 Aug. 2011 http://kepler.nasa.gov/

  78. 78.

    “NASA – NASA’s NEOWISE Completes Scan for Asteroids and Comets.” 1 Feb. 2010. NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/news/wise20110201.html

  79. 79.

    “NASA Spitzer Space Telescope.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.spitzer.caltech.edu/

  80. 80.

    “The James Webb Space Telescope.” NASA 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.jwst.nasa.gov/

  81. 81.

    Klamper, Amy. “JWST’s Latest $1.5B Cost Overrun Imperils Other High-priority Projects.” 12 Nov. 2010. Space News 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/101112-jwst-cost-imperils-priority-projects.html

  82. 82.

    ISECG…

  83. 83.

    “ISECG – Homepage.” ISECG 25 Aug. 2011 http://www.globalspaceexploration.org/

  84. 84.

    “Galileo Validation Satellites Facing Another Launch Delay.” Space News 14 June 2010: 3.

  85. 85.

    Norris, Guy. “Validating Vinci – Next generation upper-stage rocket development effort nears halfway point.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 28 Mar. 2011: 32.

  86. 86.

    Klotz, Irene. “Flight-Test Engine – NASA preparing to demonstrate advanced plasma engine on ISS.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 7 Feb. 2011: 56.

  87. 87.

    Ibid; See also “VF-200.” Ad Astra Rocket Company 16 Nov. 2011 http://www.adastrarocket.com/aarc/VF200

  88. 88.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “Down To The Wire – J-2X engine ready for testing as funding comes to an end.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 15 Nov. 2010: 49.

  89. 89.

    Ibid.

  90. 90.

    Matthews, William. “Experiment Designed To Harness Magnetic Field for Propulsion.” Space News 12 July 2010: 14.

  91. 91.

    Brinton, Turner. “Nanomissile Being Designed To Launch the Smallest Satellites Affordably.” Space News 9 Aug. 2010: 11.

  92. 92.

    “2011 U.S. Commercial Space Transportation Developments and Concepts: Vehicles, Technologies, and Spaceports.” Jan. 2011. Federal Aviation Administration 30 Nov. 2011: 20 http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ast/media/2011%20devcon%20report.pdf

  93. 93.

    Ibid.

  94. 94.

    Perrett, Bradley. “Next Stage – An advanced propulsion technology is readied for new Long Marches.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 10 Jan. 2011: 35.

  95. 95.

    Ibid.

  96. 96.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Ka-Sat Enters Services as European Broadband Market Heats Up.” 6 June 2011: 16.

  97. 97.

    Ibid.

  98. 98.

    Taverna, Michael A. “Remapping the Earth – New SSTL submetric smallsat concept could change economics for remote-sensing industry.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 7/14 Mar. 2011: 58.

  99. 99.

    Ibid.

  100. 100.

    “E2v Tapped To Develop Image Sensors for Euclid.” Space News 18 Oct. 2010: 8.

  101. 101.

    “E2v Picked To Develop Image Sensors for Plato.” Space News 25 Oct. 2010: 8.

  102. 102.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Solar Orbiter, Euclid Chosen as ESA’s Next Medium-class Missions.” 5 Oct. 2011. Space News 6 Aug. 2012 http://www.spacenews.com/civil/111005-esa-selects-solar-orbiter-euclid.html

  103. 103.

    Ibid.

  104. 104.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Swedish Space Corp. Touts Success of Prisma Formation-flying Mission.” Space News 6 Sept. 2010: 17.

  105. 105.

    Ibid.

  106. 106.

    “German Satellites Ready For Tandem Mission.” Space News 18 Oct. 2010: 3.

  107. 107.

    Ibid.

  108. 108.

    Brinton, Turner. “STSS Satellites Demonstrate ‘Holy Grail’ of Missile Tracking.” Space News 28 March 2011: 10.

  109. 109.

    Ibid.

  110. 110.

    Moskowitz, Carla. “Johnson Space Center Engineers Test New Lunar Lander Design.” Space News 23 May 2011: 17.

  111. 111.

    Ibid.

  112. 112.

    Taverna, Michael A. “End of an Odyssey – Engineers review options, operators relieved as Intelsat regains control of Zombie Sat.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 3 Jan. 2011: 26.

  113. 113.

    Ibid.

  114. 114.

    Svitak, Amy. “Bigelow Tests Life Support System.” Space News 11 April 2011: 24.

  115. 115.

    Ibid.

  116. 116.

    Chow, Denise. “Boeing Unveils Design for Commercial Crew Capsule.” Space News 26 July 2010: 15.

  117. 117.

    Ibid.

  118. 118.

    Malik, Tariq. “X-37B Wraps Up 7-month Mission Shrouded in Secrecy.” Space News 6 Dec. 2010: 17.

  119. 119.

    Ibid.

  120. 120.

    “USAF’s X-37B Minishuttle Returns to Space on Atlas 5.” Space News 14 Mar. 2011: 8.

  121. 121.

    Ibid.

  122. 122.

    David, Leonard. “NASA Nixes 3-D Camera for Mars Science Laboratory.” Space News 4 Apr. 2011: 15.

  123. 123.

    Ibid.

  124. 124.

    “NASA’s Next Mars Rover Touches Down in Florida.” Space News 27 June 2011: 8.

  125. 125.

    Ibid.

  126. 126.

    “SpaceX’s Second Dragon Powered up for 1st Time.” Space News 27 June 2011: 8.

  127. 127.

    Klotz, Irene. “Shear Magic – SpaceX’s Dragon soars through test flight into record books after last-minute fix.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 13 Dec. 2010: 22.

  128. 128.

    Ibid.

  129. 129.

    Berger, Brian. “NASA Makes It Official: Orion To Be Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle.” Space News 30 May 2011: 5.

  130. 130.

    Ibid.

  131. 131.

    David, Leonard. “Orion Development Continues at New Lockheed Martin Center.” Space News 28 May 2011: 14.

  132. 132.

    Ibid.

  133. 133.

    Harwood, William. “Realtime coverage of Soyuz TMA-01M launch.” 7 Oct. 2010. CBS News – Space 29 Nov. 2011 http://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/home/spacenews/files/7f8aa558a8d86128b00b2b8b7c8c6c43-80.html

  134. 134.

    Ibid.

  135. 135.

    David, Leonard. “Virgin Galactic’s Private Spaceship Makes First Solo Glide Flight.” Space News 18 Oct. 2010:12.

  136. 136.

    Ibid.

  137. 137.

    Norris, Guy. “Flying Enterprise – First glide test for SpaceShipTwo begins buildup to powered, suborbital evaluation.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 18 Oct. 2010: 37.

  138. 138.

    “SpaceShipTwo Conducts Third Gliding Flight Test.” Space News 22 Nov. 2010: 3.

  139. 139.

    Norris, Guy. “Flying Start – Low-speed SpaceShipTwo tests pave way for powered evaluation.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 20/27 Dec. 2010: 37.

  140. 140.

    David, Leonard. “Virgin Galactic’s Tourist Spaceship Makes Longest Test Flight.” Space News 2 May 2011: 14.

  141. 141.

    Norris, Guy. “Stable Supersonic – Designers focus on suborbital Lynx airframe, after wind tunnel tests verify stability margin.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 20/27 Sept. 2010: 36.

  142. 142.

    Norris, Guy and Robert Wall. “Speed Trial – Experiments prepared for expanded hypersonic test from Norwegian site.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 25 April/2 May 2011: 74.

  143. 143.

    Taverna, Michael A. “From Dream To Reality – European hypersonic research shifts from drawing board to flight-preparation stage.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 5 July 2010: 40.

  144. 144.

    De Selding, Peter B. “Europe Prepares Two Atmospheric Re-entry Test Vehicles.” Space News 29 Nov. 2010: 7.

  145. 145.

    Taverna, Michael A. “From Dream To Reality…”.

  146. 146.

    Ibid.

  147. 147.

    Francis, Leithen. “Launch Pad – Astrium hopes to base a fleet of spaceplanes at Singapore’s Changi International Airport.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 14 Feb. 2011: 52.

  148. 148.

    Morrison, Murdo. “PARIS: EADS Astrium looking for funds to launch Spaceplane.” 22 June 2011. Flightglobal 30 Nov. 2011 http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/paris-eads-astrium-looking-for-funds-to-launch-spaceplane-358289/

  149. 149.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “Space Spinoffs – ESA pushes high-tech bolts to auto industry.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 20/27 Dec. 2010: 22.

  150. 150.

    “Astrium To Manage Atomic Clock Demo on Station.” Space News 26 July 2010: 9.

  151. 151.

    Ibid.

  152. 152.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “Changing the Games – Canadian robotics may stretch commercial satellite lifetimes.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 21 March 2011: 23.

  153. 153.

    Ibid.

  154. 154.

    Cf. De Selding, Peter B. “Intelsat Signs Up for MDA’s Satellite Refueling Service.” Space News 21 March 2011: 5, and De Selding, Peter B. “Satellite Builders Not Enthusiastic About In-orbit Servicing Project.” Space News 21 March 2011: 5.

  155. 155.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “Space – Gravity Probe B pushed spacecraft technology to the limit – and perhaps a little beyond it.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 9 May 2011: 38.

  156. 156.

    See Cain, Fraser. “Frame Dragging Confirmed.” 22 Oct. 2004. Universe Today 23 Nov. 2011 http://www.universetoday.com/9984/frame-dragging-confirmed/

  157. 157.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “Space – Gravity Probe B …”.

  158. 158.

    “NASA’s Gravity Probe B Confirms Einstein Theories.” Space News 9 May 2011: 8.

  159. 159.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “Space – Gravity Probe B …”.

  160. 160.

    Brinton, Turner. “DARPA Space Telescope Will Track Objects in Geostationary Orbit.” Space News 2 May 2011: 6.

  161. 161.

    Ibid.

  162. 162.

    Norris, Guy. “Orion Options – Planners craft fast-track launch, funding and exploration survival strategy for Orion.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 23 Sept. 2010: 28.

  163. 163.

    Berger, Brian. “NASA Makes It Official: Orion To Be Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle.” Space News 30 May 2011: 5.

  164. 164.

    Norris, Guy. “Orion Options…”.

  165. 165.

    Werner, Debra. “Suborbital Spaceflight Gets a Boost from NASA, Congress.” Space News 18 Oct. 2010: 12.

  166. 166.

    Ibid.

  167. 167.

    Morring, Frank Jr. “The New Space Race – With funding freed, NASA and its partners crank up work on possible shuttle successors.” Aviation Week & Space Technology 25 Apr./2 May 2011: 24.

  168. 168.

    Ibid.

  169. 169.

    Ibid.

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  1. ESPI, Vienna, Austria

    Spyros Pagkratis

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  1. European Space Policy Institute, Reisnerstrasse 6, Vienna, 1030, Austria

    Peter Hulsroj

  2. European Space Policy Institute, Schwarzenbergplatz 6, Vienna, 1030, Austria

    Spyros Pagkratis

  3. European Space Policy Institute, Schwarzenbergplatz 6, Vienna, 1030, Austria

    Blandina Baranes

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Pagkratis, S. (2013). Developments in Space Policies, Programmes and Technologies Throughout the World and in Europe. In: Hulsroj, P., Pagkratis, S., Baranes, B. (eds) Yearbook on Space Policy 2010/2011. Yearbook on Space Policy. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1363-9_2

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