Abstract
In recent years, electrospun polymer scaffolds have shown great promise and potential for biomedical applications. Besides, copolymers and polymer blends, polymer composites with inorganic particles, such as HA and CNT, are widely used. And the alignment of reinforced fibres is beneficial to improve the mechanical properties and biological response of scaffolds. Further, the physical and chemical surface modifications for electrospun fibres are commonly applied to promote the interaction between the scaffold and cells in tissue engineering applications. In this chapter, we reviewed recent advances in electrospun polymer scaffolds with special emphasis on their biomedical and mechanical properties and the effects of the surface modifications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Doshi J, Reneker DH (1995) Electrospinning process and applications of electrospun fibers. J Electrostat 35:151–160
Reneker DH, Chun I (1996) Nanometer diameter fibers of polymers, produced by electrospinning. Nanotechnology 7:216–223
Schreuder-Gibson H, Gibson P, Wadsworth L, Hemphil SL, Vontorcik J (2002) Effect of filter deformation on the filtration and air flow for elastomeric nonwoven media. Adv Filtr Sep Technol 15:525–537
Wang B, Luo L, Ding Y, Zhao D, Zhang Q (2012) Synthesis of hollow copper oxide by electrospinning and its application as a nonenzymatic hydrogen peroxide sensor. Colloid Surf B Biointerfaces 97:51–56
Wang XY, Kim YG, Drew C, Ku BC, Kumar J, Samuelson LA (2004) Electrostatic assembly of conjugated polymer thin layers on electrospun nanofibrous membranes for biosensors. Nano Lett 4:331–334
Gorji M, Jeddi AAA, Gharehaghaji AA (2012) Fabrication and characterization of polyurethane electrospun nanofiber membranes for protective clothing applications. J Appl Polym Sci 125(5):4135–4141
Liu HQ, Kameoka J, Czaplewski DA, Craighead HG (2004) Polymeric nanowire chemical sensor. Nano Lett 4:671–675
Riboldi SA, Sampaolesi M, Neuenschwander P, Cossu G, Mantero S (2005) Electrospun degradable polyesterurethane membranes: potential scaffolds for skeletal muscle tissue engineering. Biomaterials 26:4606–4615
Yang F, Murugan R, Wang S, Ramakrishna S (2005) Electrospinning of nano/micro scale poly(L-lactic acid) aligned fibers and their potential in neural tissue engineering. Biomaterials 26:2603–2610
Formhals A (1934) Apparatus for producing artificial filaments from material such as cellulose acetate. US patent no. 1975504
Zachariades AE, Porter RS, Doshi J, Srinivasan G, Reneker D (1995) High modulus polymers. A novel electrospinning process. Polym News 20:206–207
Fang X, Reneker DH (1997) DNA fibers by electrospinning. J Macromol Sci B 36:169–173
Srinivasan G, Reneker DH (1995) Structure and morphology of small diameter electrospun aramid fibers. Polym Int 36:195–201
Fong H, Reneker DH (1999) Elastomeric nanofibers of styrene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 37:3488–3493
Yarin AL, Koombhongse S, Reneker DH (2001) Taylor cone and jetting from liquid droplets in electrospinning of nanofibers. J Appl Phys 90:4836–4846
Yarin AL, Koombhongse S, Reneker DH (2001) Bending instability in electrospinning of nanofibers. J Appl Phys 89:3018–3026
Desai K, Kit K, Li JJ, Zivanovic S (2008) Morphological and surface properties of electrospun chitosan nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 9:1000–1006
Aluigi A, Vineis C, Varesano A, Mazzuchetti G, Ferrero F, Tonin C (2008) Structure and properties of keratin/PEO blend nanofibres. Eur Polym J 44:2465–2475
Sanders EH, Kloefkorn R, Bowlin GL, Simpson DG, Wnek GE (2003) Two-phase electrospinning from a single electrified jet: microencapsulation of aqueous reservoirs in poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) fibers. Macromolecules 36:3803–3805
Pham QP, Sharma U, Mikos AG (2006) Electrospinning of polymeric nanofibers for tissue engineering applications: a review. Tissue Eng 12:1197–1211
Ferreira AM, Gentile P, Chiono V, Ciardelli G (2012) Collagen for bone tissue regeneration. Acta Biomater 8:3191–3200
Ma Z, Kotaki M, Inai R, Ramakrishna S (2005) Potential of nanofiber matrix as tissue engineering scaffolds. Tissue Eng 11:101–109
Khil MS, Cha DI, Kim HY, Kim IS, Bhattarai N (2003) Electrospun nanofibrous polyurethane membrane as wound dressing. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 67B:675–679
Buttafoco L, Kolkman NG, Poot AA, Dijkstra PJ, Vermes I, Feijen J (2005) Electrospinning collagen and elastin for tissue engineering small diameter blood vessels. J Control Release 101:322–324
Ma Z, Kotaki M, Yong T, He W, Ramakrishna S (2005) Surface engineering of electrospun polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofibers towards development of a new material for blood vessel engineering. Biomaterials 26:2527–2536
Katti DS, Robinson KW, Ko FK, Laurencin CT (2004) Bio-resorbable nanofiber-based systems for wound healing and drug delivery: optimization of fabrication parameters. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 70B:286–296
Pawlowski KJ, Barnes CP, Boland ED, Wnek GE, Bowlin GL (2004) Biomedical nanoscience: electrospinning basic concepts, applications, and classroom demonstration. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 827:17–28
How TV, Guidoin R, Young SK, Part H (1992) Engineering design of vascular prostheses, proceedings of the institution of mechanical engineers. J Eng Med 206:61–72
Matthews JA, Wnek GE, Simpson DG, Bowlin GL (2002) Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers. Biomacromolecules 3:232–238
Matthews JA, Boland ED, Wnek GE, Simpson DG, Bowlin GL (2003) Electrospinning of collagen type II: a feasibility study. J Bioact Compat Polym 18:125–134
Shields KJ, Beckman MJ, Bowlin GL, Wayne JS (2004) Mechanical properties and cellular proliferation of electrospun collagen type II. Tissue Eng 10:1510–1517
Boland ED, Matthews JA, Pawlowski KJ, Simpson DG, Wnek GE, Bowlin GL (2004) Electrospinning collagen and elastin: preliminary vascular tissue engineering. Front Biosci 9:1422–1432
Telemeco TA, Ayres C, Bowlin GL, Wnek GE, Boland ED, Cohen N (2005) Regulation of cellular infiltration into tissue engineering scaffolds composed of submicron diameter fibrils produced by electrospinning. Acta Biomater 1:377–385
Rho KS, Jeong L, Lee G, Seo BM, Park YJ, Hong SD (2006) Electrospinning of collagen nanofibers: effects on the behavior of normal human keratinocytes and early-stage wound healing. Biomaterials 27:1452–1461
Ikada Y, Tabata Y (1998) Protein release from gelatin matrices. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 31:287–301
Kuijpers AJ, Engbers GH, Krijgsveld J, Zaat SA, Dankert J, Feijen J (2000) Cross-linking and characterisation of gelatin matrices for biomedical applications. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 11:225–243
Kuijpers AJ, van Wachem PB, van Luyn MJ, Plantinga JA, Engbers GH, Krijgsveld J, Zaat SA, Dankert J, Feijen J (2000) In vivo compatibility and degradation of crosslinked gelatin gels incorporated in knitted Dacron. J Biomed Mater Res 51:136–145
Yamamoto M, Ikada Y, Tabata Y (2001) Controlled release of growth factors based on biodegradation of gelatin hydrogel. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 12:77–88
Yao CH, Liu BS, Hsu SH, Chen YS, Tsai CC (2004) Biocompatibility and biodegradation of a bone composite containing tricalcium phosphate and genipin crosslinked gelatin. J Biomed Mater Res 69A:709–717
Balakrishnan B, Jayakrishnan A (2005) Self-cross-linking biopolymers as injectable in situ forming biodegradable scaffolds. Biomaterials 26:3941–3951
Nagura M, Yokota H, Ikeura M, Gotoh Y, Ohkoshi Y (2002) Structures and physical properties of cross-linked gelatin fibers. Polym J 34:761–766
Kidoaki S, Kwon IK, Matsuda T (2005) Mesoscopic spatial designs of nano and microfiber meshes for tissue-engineering matrix and scaffold based on newly devised multilayering andmixing electrospinning techniques. Biomaterials 26:37–46
Zhang Y, Ouyang H, Lim CT, Ramakrishna S, Huang ZM (2005) Electrospinning of gelatin fibers and gelatin/PCL composite fibrous scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 72:156–165
Ma Z, He W, Yong T, Ramakrishna S (2005) Grafting of gelatin on electrospun poly (caprolactone) nanofibers to improve endothelial cell spreading and proliferation and to control cell orientation. Tissue Eng 11:1149–1158
Gosline JM, Demont ME, Denny MW (1986) The structure and properties of spider silk. Endeavour 10:37–43
Altman GH, Diaz F, Jakuba C, Calabro T, Horan RL, Chen J (2003) Silk-based biomaterials. Biomaterials 24:401–416
Park WH, Jeong L, Yoo DI, Hudson S (2004) Effect of chitosan on morphology and conformation of electrospun silk fibroin nanofibers. Polymer 45:7151–7157
Meinel L, Hofmann S, Karageorgiou V, Kirker-Head C, McCool J, Gronowicz G (2005) The inflammatory responses to silk films in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials 26:147–155
Dal Pra I, Freddi G, Minic J, Chiarini A, Armato U (2005) De novo engineering of reticular connective tissue in vivo by silk fibroin nonwoven materials. Biomaterials 26:1987–1999
Horan RL, Antle K, Collette AL, Wang Y, Huang J, Moreau JE, Volloch V, Kaplan DL, Altman GH (2005) In vitro degradation of silk fibroin. Biomaterials 26:3385–3393
Min BM, Lee G, Kim SH, Nam YS, Lee TS, Park WH (2004) Electrospinning of silk fibroin nanofibers and its effect on the adhesion and spreading of normal by human keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. Biomaterials 25:1289–1297
Min BM, Jeong L, Nam YS, Kim JM, Kim JY, Park WH (2004) Formation of silk fibroin matrices with different texture and its cellular response to normal human keratinocytes. Int J Biol Macromol 34:223–230
Jin HJ, Chen J, Karageorgiou V, Altman GH, Kaplan DL (2004) Human bone marrow stromal cell responses to electrospun silk fibroin mats. Biomaterials 25:1039–1047
Sukigara S, Gandhi M, Ayutsede J, Micklus M, Ko F (2003) Regeneration of Bombyx mori silk by electrospinning—part 1: processing parameters and geometric properties. Polymer 44:5721–5727
Sukigara S, Gandhi M, Ayutsede J, Micklus M, Ko F (2004) Regeneration of Bombyx mori silk by electrospinning. Part 2. Process optimization and empirical modeling using response surface methodology. Polymer 45:3701–3708
Wang H, Zhang Y, Shao H, Hu X (2005) Electrospun ultra-fine silk fibroin fiber from aqueous solutions. J Mater Sci 40:5359–5363
Wang H, Shao H, Hu X (2006) Structure of silk fibroin fibers made by an electrospun process from a silk fibroin aqueous solution. J Appl Polym Sci 101:961–968
Zhu J, Shao H, Hu X (2007) Morphology and structure of electrospun mats from regenerated silk fibroin aqueous solutions with adjusting pH. Int J Biol Macromol 41:469–474
Zhu J, Zhang Y, Shao H, Hu X (2008) Electorspinning and rheology of regenerated Bombyx mori silk fibroin aqueous solutions: the effects of pH and concentration. Polymer 49:2880–2885
Yang F, Xu CY, Kotaki M, Wang S, Ramakrishna S (2004) Characterization of neural stem cells on electrospun poly(L-lactic acid) nanofibrous scaffold. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 15:1483–1497
Jing Z, Xu XY, Chen XS, Liang QZ, Bian XC, Yang LX, Jing XB (2003) Biodegradable electrospun fibers for drug delivery. J Control Release 92:227–231
Boland ED, Wnek GE, Simpson DG, Pawlowski KJ, Bowlin GL (2001) Tailoring tissue engineering scaffolds using electrostatic processing techniques: a study of poly(glycolic acid) electrospinning. J Macromol Sci A 38:1231–1243
Boland ED, Telemeco TA, Simpson DG, Wnek GE, Bowlin GL (2004) Utilizing acid pretreatment and electrospinning to improve biocompatibility of poly(glycolic acid) for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 71B:144–152
Verreck G, Chun I, Rosenblatt J, Peeters J, Van Dijck A, Mensch J, Noppe M, Brewster ME (2003) Incorporation of drugs in an amorphous state into electrospun nanofibers composed of a water-insoluble, nonbiodegradable polymer. J Control Release 92:349–360
Son WK, Youk JH, Lee TS, Park WH (2004) The effects of solution properties and polyelectrolyte on electrospinning of ultrafine poly (ethylene oxide) fibers. Polymer 45:2959–2966
Ding B, Kim HY, Lee SC, Shao CL, Lee DR, Park SJ, Kwag GB, Choi KJ (2002) Preparation and characterization of a nanoscale poly(vinyl alcohol) fiber aggregate produced by an electrospinning method. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys 40:1261–1268
Yao L, Haas TW, Guiseppi-Elie A, Bowlin GL, Simpson DG, Wnek GE (2003) Electrospinning and stabilization of fully hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers. Chem Mater 15:1860–1864
Boland ED, Coleman BD, Barnes CP, Simpson DG, Wnek GE, Bowlin GL (2005) Electrospinning polydioxanone for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 1:115–123
Xu XL, Zhong W, Zhou SF, Trajtman A, Alfa M (2010) Electrospun PEG-PLA nanofibrous membrane for sustained release of hydrophilic antibiotics. J Appl Polym Sci 118:588–595
Luu YK, Kim K, Hsiao BS, Chu B, Hadjiargyrou M (2003) Development of a nanostructured DNA delivery scaffold via electrospinning of PLGA and PLA-PEG block copolymers. J Control Release 89:341–353
Bhattarai SR, Bhattarai N, Yi HK, Hwang PH, Cha DI, Kim HY (2004) Novel biodegradable electrospun membrane: scaffold for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 25:2595–2602
Kim K, Yu M, Zong X, Chiu J, Fang D, Seo YS, Hsiao BS, Chu B (2003) Control of degradation rate and hydrophilicity in electrospun non-woven poly(d, l-lactide) nanofiber scaffolds for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 24:4977–4985
Mo XM, Xu CY, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S (2004) Electrospun P(LLA-CL) nanofiber: a biomimetic extracellular matrix for smooth muscle cell and endothelial cell proliferation. Biomaterials 25:1883–1890
Xu CY, Inai R, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S (2004) Aligned biodegradable nanofibrous structure: a potential scaffold for blood vessel engineering. Biomaterials 25:877–886
Xu CY, Inai R, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S (2004) Electrospun nanofiber fabrication as synthetic extracellular matrix and its potential for vascular tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 10:1160–1168
Kwon IK, Kidoaki S, Matsuda T (2005) Electrospun nano- to microfiber fabrics made of biodegradable copolyesters: structural characteristics, mechanical properties and cell adhesion potential. Biomaterials 26:3929–3939
Zong X, Fang D, Kim K, Ran S, Hsiao BS, Chu B, Brathwaite C, Li S, Chen E (2002) Nonwoven nanofiber membranes of poly(lactide) and poly (glycolide-co-lactide) via electrospinning and application for antiadhesions. Polym Prepr (Am Chem Soc Div Polym Chem) 43:659–660
Lee IS, Kwon OH, Meng W, Kang IK (2004) Nanofabrication of microbial polyester by electrospinning promotes cell attachment. Macromol Res 12:374–378
Choi JS, Lee SW, Jeong L, Bae SH, Min BC, Youk JH, Park WH (2004) Effect of organosoluble salts on the nanofibrous structure of electrospun poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyvalerate). Int J Biol Macromol 34:249–256
Lee KH, Kim HY, Khil MS, Ra YM, Lee DR (2003) Characterization of nano-structured poly(ε-caprolactone) nonwoven mats via electrospinning. Polymer 44:1287–1294
Na YH, He Y, Shuai X, Kikkawa Y, Doi Y, Inoue Y (2002) Compatibilization effect of poly(ε-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol) block copolymers and phase morphology analysis in immiscible poly(lactide)/poly(ε-caprolactone) blends. Biomacromolecules 3:1179–1186
Ajami-Henriquez D, RodrÃguez M, Sabino M, Castillo RV, Müller AJ, Boschetti-de-Fierro A, Abetz C, Abetz V, Dubois P (2008) Evaluation of cell affinity on poly(L-lactide) and poly(ε-caprolactone) blends and on PLLA-b-PCL diblock copolymer surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res A 87:405–417
Calandrelli L, Calarco A, Laurienzo P, Malinconico M, Petillo O, Peluso G (2008) Compatibilized polymer blends based on PDLLA and PCL for application in bioartificial liver. Biomacromolecules 9:1527–1534
Liao GY, Chen L, Zeng XY, Zhou XP, Xie XL, Peng EJ, Ye ZQ, Mai YW (2011) Electrospun PLLA/PCL blend fibers and their cellular response to adipose-derived stem cells. J Appl Polym Sci 120:2154–2165
Gimble JM, Katz AJ, Bunnell BA (2007) Adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine. Circ Res 100:1249–1260
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Mizuno H, Huang J, Futrell JW, Katz AJ, Benhaim P, Lorenz HP, Hedrick MH (2001) Multilineage cells from human adipose tissue: implications for cell-based therapies. Tissue Eng 7:211–228
Zuk PA, Zhu M, Ashjian P, De Ugarte DA, Huang JI, Mizuno H, Alfonso ZC, Fraser JK, Benhaim P, Hedrick MH (2002) Human adipose tissue is a source of multipotent stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 13:4279–4295
RodrÃguez LV, Alfonso Z, Zhang R, Leung J, Wu B, Ignarro LJ (2006) Clonogenic multipotent stem cells in human adipose tissue differentiate into functional smooth muscle cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103:12167–12172
Spasova M, Stoilova O, Manolova N, Altankov G, Rashkov I (2007) Preparation of PLLA/PEG nanofibers by electrospinning and potential applications. J Bioact Compat Polym 22:62–76
Wang BY, Fu SZ, Ni PY, Peng JR, Zheng L, Luo F, Liu H, Qian ZY (2012) Electrospun polylactide/poly(ethylene glycol) hybrid fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 100A:441–449
Huang L, Nagapudi K, Apkarian RP, Chaikof EL (2001) Engineered collagen-PEO nanofibers and fabrics. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 12:979–993
Son WK, Youk JH, Lee TS, Park WH (2004) Preparation of antimicrobial ultrafine cellulose acetate fibers with silver nanoparticles. Macromol Rapid Commun 25:1632–1637
Melaiye A, Sun ZH, Hindi K, Milsted A, Ely D, Reneker DH, Tessier CA, Youngs WJ (2005) Silver(I)-imidazole cyclophane gem-diol complexes encapsulated by electrospun tecophilic nanofibers: formation of nanosilver particles and antimicrobial activity. J Am Chem Soc 127:2285–2291
Fujihara K, Kotaki M, Ramakrishna S (2005) Guided bone regeneration membrane made of polycaprolactone/calcium carbonate composite nanofibers. Biomaterials 26:4139–4147
Fan HS, Wen XT, Tan YF, Wang R, Cao HD, Zhang XD (2005) Compare of electrospinning PLA and PLA/b-TCP scaffold in vitro. Mater Sci Forum 475–479:2379–2382
Kim HW, Song JH, Kim HE (2005) Nanofiber generation of gelatin-hydroxyapatite biomimetics for guided tissue regeneration. Adv Funct Mater 15:1988–1994
Kim HW, Lee HH, Knowles JC (2006) Electrospinning biomedical nanocomposite fibers of hydroxyapatite/poly(lactic acid) for bone regeneration. J Biomed Mater Res A 79A:643–649
Xie XL, Mai YW, Zhou XP (2005) Dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes in polymer matrix: a review. Mater Sci Eng R 49:89–112
Zhou W, Wu Y, Wei F, Luo G, Qian W (2005) Elastic deformation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes in electrospun MWCNTs-PEO and MWCNTs-PVA nanofibers. Polymer 46:12689–12695
Salalha W, Dror Y, Khalfin RL, Cohen Y, Yarin AL, Zussman E (2004) Single-walled carbon nanotubes embedded in oriented polymeric nanofibers by electrospinning. Langmuir 20:9852–9855
Dror Y, Salalha W, Khalfin RL, Cohen Y, Yarin AL, Zussman E (2003) Carbon nanotubes embedded in oriented polymer nanofibers by electrospinning. Langmuir 19:7012–7020
Sung JH, Kim HS, Jin HJ, Choi HJ, Chin IJ (2004) Nanofibrous membranes prepared by multiwalled carbon nanotube/poly(methyl methacrylate) composites. Macromolecules 37:9899–9902
Sundaray B, Subramanian V, Natarajan TS, Krishnamurthy K (2006) Electrical conductivity of a single electrospun fiber of poly(methyl methacrylate) and multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposite. Appl Phys Lett 88:143114–143116
Liu LQ, Tasis D, Prato M, Wagner HD (2007) Tensile mechanics of electrospun multiwalled nanotube/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanofibers. Adv Mater 19:1228–1233
Ge JJ, Hou HQ, Li Q, Graham MJ, Greiner A, Reneker DH, Harris FW, Cheng SZD (2004) Assembly of well-aligned, multiwalled carbon nanotubes in confined polyacrylonitrile environments: electrospun composite nanofiber sheets. J Am Chem Soc 126:15754–15761
Ra EJ, An KH, Kim KK, Jeong SY, Lee YH (2005) Anisotropic electrical conductivity of MWCNT/PAN nanofiber paper. Chem Phys Lett 413:188–193
Allaoui A, Bai S, Cheng HM, Bai JB (2002) Mechanical and electrical properties of a MWNT/epoxy composite. Compos Sci Technol 62:1993–1998
Jose MV, Steinert BW, Thomas V, Dean DR, Abdalla MA, Price G, Janowski GM (2007) Morphology and mechanical properties of nylon 6/MWNT nanofibers. Polymer 48:1096–1104
Kim GM, Michler GH, Potschk P (2005) Deformation processes of ultrahigh porous multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polycarbonate composite fibers prepared by electrospinning. Polymer 46:7346–7351
Sen R, Zhao B, Perea D, Itkis ME, Hu H, Love J, Bekyarova E, Haddo RC (2004) Preparation of single-walled carbon nanotube reinforced polystyrene and polyurethane nanofibers and membranes by electrospinning. Nano Lett 4:459–464
Mazinani S, Ajji A, Dubois C (2009) Polystyrene-carbon nanotubes electrospun fibers: process. Struct Prop Polym 50:3329–3342
Chen D, Liu TX, Zhou XP, Tjiu WC, Hou HQ (2009) Electrospinning fabrication of high strength and toughness polyimide nanofiber membranes containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes. J Phys Chem B 113:9741–9748
Baji A, Mai YW, Wong SC, Abtahi M, Du X (2010) Mechanical behavior of self-assembled carbon nanotube reinforced nylon6, 6 fibers. Compos Sci Technol 70:1401–1409
Saeed K, Park SY, Lee HJ, Baek JB, Huh WS (2006) Preparation of electrospun nanofibers of carbon nanotube/polycaprolactone nanocomposite. Polymer 47:8019–8025
Mei F, Zhong JS, Yang XP, Ouyang XY, Zhang S, Hu XY, Ma Q, Lu JG, Ryu SK, Deng XL (2007) Improved biological characteristics of poly (1-Laclic Acid) electrospun membrane by incorporation of multiwallad carbon nanotubes/hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 8:3729–3735
Fang J, Niu HT, Lin T, Wang XG (2008) Applications of electrospun nanofibers. Chin Sci Bull 53:2265–2286
Sundaray B, Subramanian V, Natarajan TS, Xiang RZ, Chang CC, Fann WS (2004) Electrospinning of continuous aligned polymer fibers. Appl Phys Lett 84:1222–1224
Pan H, Li L, Hu L, Cui X (2006) Continuous aligned polymer fibers produced by a modified electrospinning method. Polymer 47:4901–4904
Li D, Wang Y, Xia Y (2003) Electrospinning of polymeric and ceramic nanofibers as uniaxially aligned arrays. Nano Lett 3:1167–1171
Li D, Wang Y, Xia Y (2004) Electrospinning nanofibers as uniaxially aligned arrays and layer-by-layer stacked films. Adv Mater 16:361–366
Theron A, Zussman E, Yarin AL (2001) Electrostatic field-assisted alignment of electrospun nanofibres. Nanotechnology 12:384–390
Yang D, Lu B, Zhao Y, Jiang X (2007) Fabrication of aligned fibrous arrays by magnetic electrospinning. Adv Mater 19:3702–3706
Katta P, Alessandro M, Ramsier RD, Chase GG (2004) Continuous electrospinning of aligned polymer nanofibers onto a wire drum collector. Nano Lett 4:2215–2218
Fennessey SF, Farris RJ (2008) Fabrication of aligned and molecularly oriented electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers and the mechanical behavior of their twisted yarns. Polymer 45:4217–4225
Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Prabhakaran MP, Morshed M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Ramakrishna S (2008) Electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/gelatin nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Biomaterials 29:4532–4539
Bini TB, Gao S, Wang S, Ramakrishna S (2006) Poly(l-lactide-co-glycolide) biodegradable microfibers and electrospun nanofibers for nerve tissue engineering: an in vitro study. J Mater Sci 41:6453–6459
Schnell E, Klinkhammer K, Balzer S, Brook G, Kleeb D, Dalton P (2007) Guidance of glial cell migrtion and axonal growth on electrospun nanofibers of poly-ε-caprolactone and a collagen/poly-ε-caprolactone blend. Biomaterials 28:3012–3025
Baker SC, Atkin N, Gunning PA (2006) Characterisation of electrospun polystyrene scaffolds for three-dimensional in vitro biological studies. Biomaterials 27(16):3136
Liao GY, Zhou XP, Chen L, Zeng XY, Xie XL, Mai YW (2012) Electrospun aligned PLLA/PCL/functionalised multiwalled carbon nanotube composite fibrous membranes and their bio/mechanical properties. Compos Sci Technol 72:248–255
Wang YZ, Blasioli DJ, Kim HJ, Kim HS, Kaplan DL (2006) Cartilage tissue engineering with silk scaffolds and human articular chondrocytes. Biomaterials 27:4434–4442
Moroni L, Licht R, de Boer J, de Wijn JR, van Blitterswijk CA (2006) Fiber diameter and texture of electrospun PEOT/PBT scaffolds influence human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and morphology, and the release of incorporated compounds. Biomaterials 27:4911–4922
Li WJ, Laurencin CT, Caterson EJ, Tuan RS, Ko FK (2002) Electrospun nanofibrous structure: a novel scaffold for tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res 60:613–621
Yoshimoto H, Shin YM, Terai H, Vacanti JP (2003) A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 24:2077–2082
Powell HM, Supp DM, Boyce ST (2008) Influence of electrospun collagen on wound contraction of engineered skin substitutes. Biomaterials 29:834–843
Kenawy ER, Bowlin GL, Mansfield K, Layman J, Simpson DG, Sanders EH (2002) Release of tetracycline hydrochloride from electrospun poly(ethylene-co-vinylacetate), poly(lactic acid), and a blend. J Control Release 81:57–64
Goldberg M, Langer R, Jia XQ (2007) Nanostructured materials for applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering. J Biomat Sci Polym Ed 18:241–268
Zhang XH, Reagan MR, Kaplan DL (2009) Electrospun silk biomaterial scaffolds for regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 61:988–1006
Soffer L, Wang X, Zhang X, Kluge J, Dorfmann L, Kaplan DL, Leisk G (2008) Silk-based electrospun tubular scaffolds for tissue-engineered vascular grafts. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 19:653–664
Mathew G, Hong JP, Rhee JM, Lee HS, Nah C (2005) Preparation and characterization of properties of electrospun poly(butylene terephthalate) nanofibers filled with carbon nanotubes. Polym Test 24:712–717
Lee BS, Yu WR (2010) PA6/MWNT nanocomposites fabricated using electrospun nanofibers containing MWNT. Macromol Res 18:162–169
Wei K, Xia JH, Kim BS, Kim IS (2011) Multiwalled carbon nanotubes incorporated bombyx mori silk nanofibers by electrospinning. J Polym Res 18:579–585
Saeed K, Park SY (2010) Preparation and characterization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers. J Polym Res 17:535–540
Gao JB, Yu AP, Itkis ME, Bekyarova E, Zhao B, Niyogi S, Haddon RC (2004) Large-scale fabrication of aligned single-walled carbon nanotube array and hierarchical single-walled carbon nanotube assembly. J Am Chem Soc 126:16698–16699
Stanishevsky A, Chowdhury S, Chinoda P, Thomas V (2008) Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle loaded collagen fiber composites: microarchitecture and nanoindentation study. J Biomed Mater Res 86:873–882
Stupp SI, Brawn PV (1997) Molecular manipulation of microstructures: biomaterials, ceramics, and semiconductors. Science 277:1242–1248
Stupp SI, LeBonheur V, Walker K, Li LS, Huggins KE, Keser M (1997) Supramolecular materials: self-organized nanostructures. Science 276:384–389
Bianco A, Federico ED, Moscatelli I, Camaioni A, Armentano I, Campagnolo L, Dottori M, Kenny JM, Siracusa G, Gusmano G (2009) Electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone)/Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite nanohybrids: microstructure, mechanical properties and cell response by murine embryonic stem cells. Mater Sci Eng C 29:2063–2071
Peng F, Shaw MT, Olson JR, Wei M (2011) Hydroxyapatite needle-shaped particles/poly(L-lactic acid) electrospun scaffolds with perfect particle-along-nanofiber orientation and significantly enhanced mechanical properties. J Phys Chem C 115:15743–15751
Yeo MG, Kim GH (2012) Preparation and characterization of 3D composite scaffolds based on rapid-prototyped PCL/β-TCP struts and electrospun PCL coated with collagen and HA for bone regeneration. Chem Mater 24:903–913
Shor L, Guceri S, Wen X, Gandhi M, Sun W (2007) Fabrication of three-dimensional polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite tissue scaffolds and osteoblast-scaffold interactions in vitro. Biomaterials 28:5291–5297
Turmanova S, Minchev M, Vassilev K, Danev G (2008) Surface grafting polymerization of vinyl monomers on poly(tetrafluoroethylene) films by plasma treatment. J Polym Res 15:309–318
Mori M, Uyama Y, Ikada Y (1994) Surface modification of polyethylene fiber by graft-polymerization. J Polym Sci Polym Chem 32:1683–1690
Kou RQ, Xu ZK, Deng HT, Liu ZM, Seta P, Xu YY (2003) Surface modification of microporous polypropylene membranes by plasma-induced graft polymerization of alpha-allyl glucoside. Langmuir 19:6869–6875
Liu ZM, Xu ZK, Wang JQ, Wu J, Fu JJ (2004) Surface modification of polypropylene microfiltration membranes by graft polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone. Eur Polym J 40:2077–2087
Yao C, Li XS, Neoh KG, Shi ZL, Kang ET (2008) Surface modification and antibacterial activity of electrospun polyurethane fibrous membranes with quaternary ammonium moieties. J Membr Sci 320:259–267
Kim HS, Yoo HS (2010) MMPs-responsive release of DNA from electrospun nanofibrous matrix for local gene therapy: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Control Release 145(3):264–271
Park K, Ju YM, Son JS, Ahn KD, Han DK (2007) Surface modification of biodegradable electrospun nanofiber scaffolds and their interaction with fibroblasts. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 18:369–382
Chua KN, Chai C, Lee PC, Tang YN, Ramakrishna S, Leong KW, Mao HQ (2006) Surface-aminated electrospun nanofibers enhance adhesion and expansion of human umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Biomaterials 27:6043–6051
Ye P, Xu ZK, Wu J, Innocent C, Seta P (2006) Nanofibrous membranes containing reactive groups: electrospinning from poly(acrylonitrile-co-maleic acid) for lipase immobilization. Macromolecules 39:1041–1045
Li SF, Chen JP, Wu WT (2007) Electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes for lipase immobilization. J Mol Catal B Enzym 47:117–124
Jia HF, Zhu GY, Vugrinovich B, Kataphinan W, Reneker DH, Wang P (2002) Enzyme carrying polymeric nanofibers prepared via electrospinning for use as unique biocatalysts. Biotechnol Prog 18:1027–1032
Aznar-Cervantes S, Roca MI, Martinez JG, Meseguer-Olmo L, Cenis JL, Moraleda JM, Otero TF (2012) Fabrication of conductive electrospun silk fibroin scaffolds by coating with polypyrrole for biomedical applications. Bioelectrochemistry 85:36–43
Chua KN, Lim WS, Zhang P, Lu H, Wen J, Ramakrishna S, Leong KW, Mao HQ (2005) Stable immobilization of rat hepatocyte spheroids on galactosylated nanofiber scaffold. Biomaterials 26:2537–2547
Yoon JJ, Chung HJ, Park TG (2007) Photo-crosslinkable and biodegradable pluronic/heparin hydrogels for local and sustained delivery of angiogenic growth factor. J Biomed Mater Res A 83A:597–605
Lode A, Reinstorf A, Bernhardt A, Wolf-Brandstetter C, Konig U, Gelinsky M (2008) Heparin modification of calcium phosphate bone cements for VEGF functionalization. J Biomed Mater Res A 86A:749–759
McGonigle JS, Tae G, Stayton PS, Hoffman AS, Scatena M (2008) Heparin-regulated delivery of osteoprotegerin promotes vascularization of implanted hydrogels. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 19:1021–1034
Stendahl JC, Wang LJ, Chow LW, Kaufman DB, Stupp SI (2008) Growth factor delivery from self-assembling nanofibers to facilitate islet transplantation. Transplantation 86:478–481
Joung YK, Bae JW, Park KD (2008) Controlled release of heparin-binding growth factors using heparin-containing particulate systems for tissue regeneration. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 5:1173–1184
Bolgen N, Vargel I, Korkusuz P, Menceloglu YZ, Piskin E (2007) In vivo performance of antibiotic embedded electrospun PCL membranes for prevention of abdominal adhesions. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 81B:530–543
Li LS, Stupp SI (2005) One-dimensional assembly of lipophilic inorganic nanoparticles templated by peptide-based nanofibers with binding functionalities. Angew Chem Int Ed 44:1833–1836
Kalra V, Lee J, Lee JH, Lee SG, Marquez M, Wiesner U, Joo YL (2008) Controlling nanoparticle location via confined assembly in electrospun block copolymer nanofibers. Small 4:2067–2073
Dong H, Wang D, Sun G, Hinestroza JP (2008) Assembly of metal nanoparticles on electrospun nylon 6 nanofibers by control of interfacial hydrogen-bonding interactions. Chem Mater 20:6627–6632
Rujitanaroj PO, Pimpha N, Supaphol P (2008) Wound-dressing materials with antibacterial activity from electrospun gelatin fiber mats containing silver nanoparticles. Polymer 49:4723–4732
Seyedjafari E, Soleimani M, Ghaemi N, Shabani I (2010) Nanohydroxyapatite-coated electrospun poly(L-lactide) nanofibers enhance osteogenic differentiation of stem cells and induce ectopic bone formation. Biomacromolecules 11:3118–3125
Decher G (1997) Fuzzy nanoassemblies: toward layered polymeric multicomposites. Science 277:1232–1237
Delcorte A, Bertrand P, Wischerhoff E, Laschewsky A (1997) Adsorption of polyelectrolyte multilayers on polymer surfaces. Langmuir 13:5125–5136
Picart C, Mutterer J, Richert L, Luo Y, Prestwich GD, Schaaf P, Voegel JC, Lavalle P (2002) Molecular basis for the explanation of the exponential growth of polyelectrolyte multilayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:12531–12535
Thierry B, Winnik FM, Merhi Y, Silver J, Tabrizian M (2003) Bioactive coatings of endovascular stents based on polyelectrolyte multilayers. Biomacromolecules 4:1564–1571
Thierry B, Kujawa P, Tkaczyk C, Winnik FM, Bilodeau L, Tabrizian M (2005) Delivery platform for hydrophobic drugs: prodrug approach combined with selfassembled multilayers. J Am Chem Soc 127:1626–1627
Zhang J, Senger B, Vautier D, Picart C, Schaaf P, Voegel JC, Lavalle P (2005) Natural polyelectrolyte films based on layer-by layer deposition of collagen and hyaluronic acid. Biomaterials 26:3353–3361
Tang ZY, Wang Y, Podsiadlo P, Kotov NA (2006) Biomedical applications of layer-by-layer assembly: from biomimetics to tissue engineering. Adv Mater 18:3203–3224
Kim BS, Park SW, Hammond PT (2008) Hydrogen-bonding layer-by-layer assembled biodegradable polymeric micelles as drug delivery vehicles from surfaces. ACS Nano 2:386–392
Quinn A, Such GK, Quinn JF, Caruso F (2008) Polyelectrolyte blend multilayers: a versatile route to engineering interfaces and films. Adv Funct Mater 18:17–26
Ge LQ, Pan C, Chen HH, Wang X, Wang C, Gu ZZ (2007) The fabrication of hollow multilayered polyelectrolyte fibrous mats and its morphology study. Colloids Surf A 293:272–277
Pan C, Ge LQ, Gu ZZ (2007) Fabrication of multi-walled carbon nanotube reinforced polyelectrolyte hollow nanofibers by electrospinning. Compos Sci Technol 67:3271–3277
Müller K, Quinn JF, Johnston AP, Becker RM, Greiner A, Caruso F (2006) Polyelectrolyte functionalization of electrospun fibers. Chem Mater 18:2397–2403
Acknowledgement
The authors sincerely thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21477118) and National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program) (2011CB606002) for support of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Liao, GY., Zhou, XP., Xie, XL., Mai, YW. (2017). Electrospun Polymer Scaffolds: Their Biomedical and Mechanical Properties. In: Li, Q., Mai, YW. (eds) Biomaterials for Implants and Scaffolds. Springer Series in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, vol 8. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53574-5_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53574-5_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53572-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-53574-5
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)