Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Diabetic Macular Edema

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Optical Coherence Tomography

Part of the book series: Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering ((BIOMEDICAL))

Abstract

The optical coherence tomography (OCT), a noninvasive and noncontact diagnostic method, was introduced in 1995 for imaging macular diseases. In diabetic macular edema (DME), OCT scans show hyporeflectivity, due to intraretinal and/or subretinal fluid accumulation, related to inner and/or outer blood–retinal barrier breakdown. OCT tomograms may also reveal the presence of hard exudates, as hyperreflective spots with a shadow, in the outer retinal layers, among others. In conclusion, OCT is a particularly valuable diagnostic tool in DME, helpful both in the diagnosis and follow-up procedure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. H. King, R.E. Aubert, W.H. Herman, Global burden of diabetes, 1995–2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 21(9), 1414–1431 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. L.P. Aiello, T.W. Gardner, G.L. King, G. Blankenship, J.D. Cavallerano, F.L.I.I.I. Ferris, R. Klein, Diabetic retinopathy. Technical review. Diabetes Care 21, 143–156 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  3. B.E. Klein, R. Klein, K.E. Lee, Components of the metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in beaver dam. Diabetes Care 25(10), 1790–1794 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. J. Cunha-Vaz, Diabetic macular edema. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. 8(3), 127–130 (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  5. J. Cunha-Vaz, A. Travassos, Breakdown of the blood-retinal barriers and cystoid macular edema. Surv. Ophthalmol. 28(Suppl), 485–492 (1984)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. C. Lobo, R. Bernardes, J.R. Faria de Abreu, J. Cunha-Vaz, Novel imaging techniques for diabetic macular edema. Doc. Ophthalmol. 97, 341–347 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. R. Klein, B. Klein, S. Moss, K. Cruickshanks, The Wisconsin Epidemiologic study of Diabetic Retinopathy XV. Ten year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Arch. Ophthalmol. 112, 1217–1288 (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  8. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group, Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic color fundus photographs—an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS report number 10. Ophthalmology 98(5 Suppl), 786–806 (1991)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group, Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema: early treatment diabetic retinopathy study report no 1. Arch. Ophthalmol. 103(12), 1796–1806 (1985)

    Google Scholar 

  10. G. Richard, G. Soubrane, L.A. Yannuzzi, Fluorescein and ICG Angiography,, 2nd edn. (Thieme, Stuttgart, 1998), chap. 2, pp. 15–16

    Google Scholar 

  11. A. Girach, H. Lund-Andersen, Diabetic macular edema: a clinical review. J. Clin. Pract. 61, 88–97 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. R. Klein, M.D. Knudtson, K.E. Lee, R. Gangnon, B.E. Klein, The Wisconsin Epidemiologic study of Diabetic Retinopathy XXIII: the twenty-five-year incidence of macular edema in persons with type I diabetes. Ophthalmology 116, 497–503 (2009)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  13. N. Bhagat, R.A. Grigorian, A. Tutela, M.A. Zarbin, Diabetic macular edema: pathogenesis and treatment. Surv. Ophthalmol. 54(1), 1–32 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. S. Yamamoto, T. Yamamoto, M. Hayashi, S. Takeuchi, Morphological and functional analyses of diabetic macular edema by optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinograms. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 239(2), 96–101 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. B.Y. Kim, S.D. Smith, P.K. Kaiser, Optical coherence tomographic patterns of diabetic macular edema. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 142(3), 405–412 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. M.R. Hee, C.A. Puliafito, C. Wong, J.S. Duker, E. Reichel, B. Rutledge, J.S. Schuman, E.A. Swanson, J.G. Fujimoto, Quantitative assessment of macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Arch. Ophthalmol. 113, 1019–1029 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. G.E. Lang, Optical coherence tomography findings in diabetic retinopathy, in Diabetic Retinopathy, vol. 39, ed. by G.E. Lang. Dev Ophthalmol (Karger, Basel, 2007), pp. 31–47

    Google Scholar 

  18. C.S. Yang, C.Y. Cheng, F.L. Lee, W.M. Hsu, J.H. Liu, Quantitative assessment of retinal thickness in diabetic patients with and without clinically significant macular edema using optical coherence tomography. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 79(3), 266–270 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. P. Massin, A. Girach, A. Erginay, A. Gaudric, Optical coherence tomography: a key to the future management of patients with diabetic macular oedema. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 84(4), 466–474 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. R. Margolis, K. Kaiser, Diagnostic modalities in diabetic retinopathy, in Diabetic Retinopathy—Contemporary Diabetes, vol. 1, ed. by E.J. Duh (Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2008), pp. 109–133

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Cunha-Vaz, G. Coscas, Diagnosis in macular edema. In: Steroids and management of macular edema. Ophthalmologica 224(Suppl 1), 2–7 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  22. W. Drexler, Cellular and functional optical coherence tomography of the human retina: the Cogan lecture 1. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 48, 5339–5351 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. M. Pircher, E. Götzinger, O. Findl, S. Michels, W. Geitzenauer, C. Leydolt, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, C.K. Hitzenberger, Human macula investigated in vivo with polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 47, 5487–5494 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. G. Coscas, Optical Coherence Tomography in Age Related Macular Degeneration (OCT in AMD), (Springer; Edit., Heidelberg, 2009; 1389-Lamy, Publ., Marseille, 2009). ISBN 978-3-642-01468-0 (Print) 978-3-642-01467-3 (Online)

    Google Scholar 

  25. T. Murakami, A. Tsujikawa, M. Ohta, K. Miyamoto, M. Kita, D. Watanabe, H. Takagi, N. Yoshimura, Photoreceptor status after resolved macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion treated with tissue plasminogen activator. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 143(1), 171–173 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. C.M. Eandi, J.E. Chung, F. Cardillo-Piccolino, R.F. Spaide, Optical coherence tomography in unilateral resolved central serous chorioretinopathy. Retina 25(4), 417–421 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. M.A. Sandberg, R.J. Brockhurst, A.R. Gaudio, E.L. Berson, The association between visual acuity and central retinal thickness in retinitis pigmentosa. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 46(9), 3349–3354 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. L.A. Paunescu, T.H. Ko, J.S. Duker, A. Chan, W. Drexler, J.S. Schuman, J.G. Fujimoto, Idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasis: new findings by ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 113(1), 48–57 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. A. Gaudric, G. Ducos de Lahitte, S.Y. Cohen, P. Massin, B. Haouchine, Optical coherence tomography in group 2A idiopathic juxtafoveal retinal telangiectasis. Arch. Ophthalmol. 124(10), 1410–1419 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. A.S. Maheshwary, S.F. Oster, R.M. Yuson, L. Cheng, F. Mojana, W.R. Freeman, The association between percent disruption of the photoreceptor inner segment-outer segment junction and visual acuity in diabetic macular edema. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 150(1), 63–67 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. H.J. Shin, S.H. Lee, H. Chung, H.C. Kim, Association between photoreceptor integrity and visual outcome in diabetic macular edema. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 250(1), 61–70 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. F. Forooghian, P.F. Stetson, S.A. Meyer, E.Y. Chew, W.T. Wong, C. Cukras, C.B. Meyerle, F.L. Ferris 3rd, Relationship between photoreceptor outer segment length and visual acuity in diabetic macular edema. Retina 30(1), 63–70 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. A. Martidis, J.S. Duker, P.B. Greenberg, A.H. Rogers, C.A. Puliafito, E. Reichel, C. Baumal, Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 109(5), 920–927 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. S. Yamamoto, T. Yamamoto, M. Hayashi, S. Takeuchi, Morphological and functional analyses of diabetic macular edema by optical coherence tomography and multifocal electroretinograms. Graefes Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 239(2), 96–101 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. C. Strøm, B. Sander, N. Larsen, M. Larsen, H. Lund-Andersen, Diabetic macular edema assessed with optical coherence tomography and stereo fundus photography. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 43(1), 241–245 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  36. S. Nunes, I. Pereira, A. Santos, R. Bernardes, J. Cunha-Vaz, Central retinal thickness measured with HD-OCT shows a weak correlation with visual acuity in eyes with CSME. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 94(9), 1201–1204 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, D.J. Browning, A.R. Glassman, L.P. Aiello, R.W. Beck, D.M. Brown, D.S. Fong, N.M. Bressler, R.P. Danis, J.L. Kinyoun, Q.D. Nguyen, A.R. Bhavsar, J. Gottlieb, D.J. Pieramici, M.E. Rauser, R.S. Apte, J.I. Lim, P.H. Miskala, Relationship between optical coherence tomography-measured central retinal thickness and visual acuity in diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 114(3), 525–536 (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  38. M.R. Hee, C.A. Puliafito, C. Wong, J.S. Duker, E. Reichel, B. Rutledge, J.G. Coker, J.R. Wilkins, J.S. Schuman, E.A. Swanson, J.G. Fujimoto, Topography of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 105(2), 360–370 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. P. Massin, E. Vicaut, B. Haouchine, A. Erginay, M. Paques, A. Gaudric, Reproducibility of retinal mapping using optical coherence tomography. Arch.Ophthalmol. 119, 1135–1142 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  40. A. Polito, M. Del Borrello, M. Isola, N. Zemella, F. Bandello, Repeatability and reproducibility of fast macular thickness mapping using stratus optical coherence tomography. Arch. Ophthalmol. 123(10), 1330–1337 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. G. Panozzo, B. Parolini, E. Gusson, A. Mercanti, S. Pinackatt, G. Bertolo, S. Pignatto, Diabetic macular edema: an OCT-based classification. Semin. Ophthalmol. 19(1–2), 13–20 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. R. Brancato, B. Lumbroso, Guide to Optical Tomography Interpretation (Innovation-News Communication, Rome, 2004)

    Google Scholar 

  43. U. Wolf-Schnurrbusch, L. Ceklic, C.K. Brinkmann, M. Iliev, M. Frey, S. Rothenbuehler, V. Enzmann, S. Wolf, Macular Thickness measurements in healthy eyes using six different optical coherence tomography instruments. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 50(7), 3432–3437 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. T. Otani, S. Kishi, Y. Mauyama, Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 127(6), 688–693 (1999)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. H. Alkuraya, D. Kangave, A.M. Abu El-Asrar, The correlation between coherence tomography features and severity of retinopathy, macular thickness and visual acuity in diabetic macular edema. Int. Ophthalmol. 26(3), 93–99 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. H. Ozdemir, M. Karacorlu, S. Karacorlu, Serous macular detachment in diabetic cystoid macular oedema. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 83, 63–66 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. A. Catier, R. Tadayoni, M. Paques, A. Erginay, B. Haouchine, A. Gaudric, P. Massin, Optical coherence tomography characterization of macular edema according to various etiology. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 140(2), 200–206 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. G.H. Bresnick, Diabetic macular edema: a review. Ophthalmology 93(7), 989–997 (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  49. T. Otani, S. Kishi, Topographic assessment of vitreous surgery for diabetic macular edema. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 129, 487–494 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. T. Nagaoka, N. Kitaya, R. Sugawara, Alteration of choroidal circulation in the foveal region in patients with type II diabetes. Br. J. Ophthalmol. 88(8), 1060–1063 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. S. Kang, C. Yon Park, D. Ham, The correlation between fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography features in clinically significant macular edema. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 137(2), 313–322 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. W. Soliman, B. Sancher, T. Martini, Enhanced optical coherence patterns of diabetic macula edema and the correlation with the pathophysiology. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 85(6), 613–617 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. D. Gaucher, C. Sebah, A. Erginay, B. Haoucine, R. Tadayoni, A. Gaudric, P. Massin, Optical coherence tomography features during the evolution of serous retinal detachment in patients with macular edema. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 145(2), 289–296 (2008)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. F. Bandello, M. Battaglia Parodi, P. Lanzetta, A. Loewenstein, P. Massin, F. Menchini, D. Veritti, Diabetic macular edema, in Macular Edema, vol. 47, ed. by G. Coscas. Dev Ophthalmol (Karger, Basel, 2010), pp. 73–110

    Google Scholar 

  55. M. Bolz, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, G. Deak, G. Mylonas, K. Kriechbaum, C. Scholda, Optical coherence tomographic hyperreflective foci: a morphologic sign of lipid extravasation in diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 116(5), 914–920 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. M. Bolz, K. Kriechbaum, C. Simader, G. Deak, J. Lammer, C. Treu, C. Scholda, C. Prünte, U. Schmidt-Erfurth, Diabetic Retinopathy Research Group Vienna. In vivo retinal morphology after grid laser treatment in diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 117(3), 538–554 (2010)

    Google Scholar 

  57. D. Gaucher, R. Tadayoni, A. Erginay, B. Haouchine, A. Gaudric, P. Massin, Optical coherence tomography assessment of the vitreoretinal relationship in diabetic macular edema. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 139(5), 807–813 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. G. Panozzo, E. Gusson, B. Parolini, A. Mercanti, Role of OCT in diagnosis and follow up of diabetic macular edema. Semin. Ophthalmol. 18(2), 74–81 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. H. Lewis, G.W. Abrams, M.S. Blumen Krans, R.V. Campo, Vitrectomy for diabetic macular traction and edema associated with posterior hyaloid traction. Ophthalmology 99, 753–759 (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  60. P. Massin, G. Duguid, A. Erginay, B. Haouchine, A. Gaudric, Optical coherence tomography for evaluating diabetic macular edema before and after vitrectomy. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 135(2), 169–177 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. D. Thomas, C. Bunce, C. Moorman, A.H. Laidlaw, Frequency and associations of a taut thickened posterior hyaloid, partial vitreomacular separation, and subretinal fluid in patients with diabetic macular edema. Retina 25(7), 883–888 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. S.D. Pendergast, T.S. Hassan, G.A. Williams, M.S. Cox, R.R. Margherio, P.J. Ferrone, B.R. Garretson, M.T. Trese, Vitrectomy for diffuse diabetic macular edema associated with taut premacular posterior hyaloid. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 130(2), 178–186 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. U.H. Schaudig, C. Glaefke, F. Scholz, G. Richard, Optical coherence tomography for retinal thickness measurement in diabetic patient without clinical significant macular edema. Ophthalmic Surg. Lasers. 31(3), 182–186 (2000)

    Google Scholar 

  64. J.C. Brown, S.D. Solomon, S.B. Bressler, A.P. Schachat, C. DiBernardo, N. Bressler, Detection of diabetic foveal edema, contact lens biomicroscopy compared with optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol. 122(3), 330–335 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. W. Goebel, T. Kretzchmar-Gross, Retinal thickness in diabetic retinopathy. A study using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Retina 22(6), 759–767 (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  66. A. Neubauer, C. Chryssafis, S. Priglinger, C. Haritoglou, M. Tiel, V. Welge-Luben, A. Kampik, Topography of diabetic macular edema compared with fluorescein angiography. Acta Ophthalmol. Scand. 85(1), 32–39 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. R. Bernardes, T. Santos, P. Serranho, C. Lobo, J. Cunha-Vaz, Noninvasive evaluation of retinal leakage using optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmologica 226(2), 29–36 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. AIBILI-Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image, Azinhaga Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal

    Conceição Lobo, Isabel Pires & José Cunha-Vaz

Authors
  1. Conceição Lobo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Isabel Pires
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. José Cunha-Vaz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Conceição Lobo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, Celas, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal

    Rui Bernardes

  2. , Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Sta. Comba, Celas, Coimbra, 3000-548, Portugal

    José Cunha-Vaz

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lobo, C., Pires, I., Cunha-Vaz, J. (2012). Diabetic Macular Edema. In: Bernardes, R., Cunha-Vaz, J. (eds) Optical Coherence Tomography. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27410-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27410-7_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-27409-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27410-7

  • eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation