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Preclinical Animal Models for Developing Vaccines Against Influenza Infection for the Young and the Elderly

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Handbook of Immunosenescence

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Abstract

Designing efficient vaccines against infectious diseases is a major health challenge. Vaccine development is divided into preclinical and clinical phases. Vaccine candidates (e.g., based on live or inactivated virus, protein, DNA, or RNA) are usually identified and tested in preclinical studies using in vitro and in vivo models before they can be tested in humans. Designing appropriate vaccine formulations encompasses careful selection of the antigen and, where required, an adjuvant or delivery system, as well as the route of application, all of which have a decisive impact on the induced immune responses. Preclinical testing of vaccine candidates also requires suitable animal models in order to investigate not only immunogenicity and safety profiles of the vaccine candidates but ideally also their protective efficacy. For influenza, vaccine capacity to confer cross-protective immunity or to reduce transmission might also need to be evaluated. However, animal models usually do not fully reflect the human situation. Especially problematic is the need to cover different requirements of different target populations, for example, the young and the elderly. While young individuals can rely on their functional immune system, aging is associated with a decline in the normal function of the immune system at both levels, cellular and humoral, leading to a state known as immunosenescence (Haq and Mcelhaney, Curr Opin Immunol 29:38–42, 2014). The present review provides an overview of the use of different animal models in vaccine development and the future perspectives of novel vaccination strategies. It focuses on the advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of the different available animal models with respect to influenza vaccine development for young and aged individuals.

Thomas Ebensen and Kai Schulze contributed equally to this work.

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Acknowledgments

The work was supported in part by grants from the EU (Univax) and the Helmholtz Association (iMed).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany

      Thomas Ebensen, Kai Schulze, Blair Prochnow & Carlos Alberto Guzmán

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    1. Thomas Ebensen
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    2. Kai Schulze
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    3. Blair Prochnow
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    4. Carlos Alberto Guzmán
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    Correspondence to Thomas Ebensen .

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    Editors and Affiliations

    1. Division of Geriatrics Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke Department of Medicine, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada

      Tamas Fulop

    2. Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

      Claudio Franceschi

    3. Institute for Health and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan

      Katsuiku Hirokawa

    4. Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

      Graham Pawelec

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    1. Research Center on Aging, Department of Medicine, Immunology Graduate Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada

      Tamas Fulop

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    Ebensen, T., Schulze, K., Prochnow, B., Guzmán, C.A. (2019). Preclinical Animal Models for Developing Vaccines Against Influenza Infection for the Young and the Elderly. In: Fulop, T., Franceschi, C., Hirokawa, K., Pawelec, G. (eds) Handbook of Immunosenescence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_168

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