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Immediate-Type Hypersensitivity by Occupational Materials

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Contact Dermatitis

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Abstract

More than 400 occupational agents are currently documented in the scientific literature as being potential “respiratory sensitizers.” These agents that may induce occupational rhinitis (OR) or occupational asthma (OA) can be categorized into high-molecular weight (HMW) and low-molecular weight (LMW) agents. HMW agents are proteins or glycoproteins, and the mechanism by which they induce OR or OA is thought to be IgE-mediated similar to that known for ubiquitous allergens in the general population. The pathogenesis of OR or OA caused by LMW agents remains poorly understood but may include both immunologic and non-immunologic mechanisms. Examples for occupational sources of immediate-type sensitizers and their characterized allergens are described in this article.

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Abbreviations

ACGIH:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

CCD:

Cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants

CRD:

Component-resolved diagnosis

CU:

Contact urticaria

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

HDI:

Hexamethylene diisocyanate

HMW:

High-molecular weight

IUIS:

International Union of Immunological Societies

LAA:

Laboratory animal allergy

LMW:

Low-molecular weight

MDI:

Methylene diphenyl isocyanate

NRL:

Natural rubber latex

nsLTP:

Non-specific lipid transfer protein

OA:

Occupational asthma

OR:

Occupational rhinitis

RADS:

Reactive airway dysfunction syndrome

ROC:

Receiver-operating characteristic

sIgE:

Specific immunoglobulin E antibody

SPT:

Skin prick test

TDI:

Toluene diisocyanate

TLV:

Threshold limit value

WDEI:

Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis

WHO:

World Health Organization

WRA:

Work-related asthma

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr-University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany

    Monika Raulf

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  1. Monika Raulf
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Correspondence to Monika Raulf .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Amtssygehuset Gentofte Dept. Dermatology, Hellerup, Denmark

    Jeanne Duus Johansen

  2. Federal Institute for Vaccines & Biomed, Paul Ehrlich Institut Federal Institute for Vaccines & Biomed, Langen, Bayern, Germany

    Vera Mahler

  3. Institut le Bel Labo. Dermatochimie, Strasbourg CX, France

    Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin

  4. Hautklinik, Städtische Kliniken Dortmund Klinikzentrum Mitte, Dortmund, Germany

    Peter J. Frosch

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Raulf, M. (2019). Immediate-Type Hypersensitivity by Occupational Materials. In: Johansen, J., Mahler, V., Lepoittevin, JP., Frosch, P. (eds) Contact Dermatitis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_73-1

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