Abstract
Oral mucosal malignancies are a heterogeneous group of conditions commonly encountered in oral medicine practice, for which oral medicine specialists play a central role in both diagnosis and management. Although various descriptions are used to define the entities included under this broad category of diseases, the most common of these is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). OSCC accounts for up to 90% of oral mucosal malignancies and is a devastating disease. Despite momentous gains in detection, diagnosis, treatment, as well as community and health practitioner awareness of this disease, there remains a significant amount of work to be done to limit its alarming effects on patients and their families. Many OSCCs arise de novo, while others are preceded by more common conditions known collectively as oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). Oral medicine specialists exert a significant amount of time and skill dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of OPMD and are best placed to play a leading role in their therapy. With the ever-increasing understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of OPMD and OSCC, clinicians must be prepared to adopt new concepts of diagnosis and management and be able to articulate these to their patients in a personalized manner. With these concepts in mind, this chapter details the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, pathological features, and management approaches of OPMD and OSCC.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abram TJ, Floriano PN, Christodoulides N, James R, Kerr AR, Thornhill MH, Redding SW, Vigneswaran N, Speight PM, Vick J, Murdoch C, Freeman C, Hegarty AM, D’Apice K, Phelan JA, Corby PM, Khouly I, Bouquot J, Demian NM, Weinstock YE, Rowan S, Yeh CK, McGuff HS, Miller FR, Gaur S, Karthikeyan K, Taylor L, Le C, Nguyen M, Talavera H, Raja R, Wong J, McDevitt JT. Cytology-on-a-chip’ based sensors for monitoring of potentially malignant oral lesions. Oral Oncol. 2016;60:103–11.
Accurso BT, Warner BM, Knobloch TJ, Weghorst CM, Shumway BS, Allen CM, Kalmar JR. Allelic imbalance in oral lichen planus and assessment of its classification as a premalignant condition. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2011;112(3):359–66.
Aghbari SMH, Abushouk AI, Attia A, Elmaraezy A, Menshawy A, Ahmed MS, Elsaadany BA, Ahmed EM. Malignant transformation of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: a meta-analysis of 20095 patient data. Oral Oncol. 2017;68:92–102.
Agrawal N, Frederick MJ, Pickering CR, Bettegowda C, Chang K, Li RJ, Fakhry C, Xie TX, Zhang J, Wang J, Zhang N, El-Naggar AK, Jasser SA, Weinstein JN, Trevino L, Drummond JA, Muzny DM, Wu Y, Wood LD, Hruban RH, Westra WH, Koch WM, Califano JA, Gibbs RA, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Velculescu VE, Papadopoulos N, Wheeler DA, Kinzler KW, Myers JN. Exome sequencing of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma reveals inactivating mutations in NOTCH1. Science. 2011;333(6046):1154–7.
Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Foraita R, Nelis M, Lagiou P, Lagiou A, Bouchardy C, Slamova A, Schejbalova M, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Kjaerheim K, Agudo A, Castellsague X, Macfarlane TV, Macfarlane GJ, Lee Y-CA, Talamini R, Barzan L, Canova C, Simonato L, Thomson P, McKinney PA, McMahon AD, Znaor A, Healy CM, McCartan BE, Metspalu A, Marron M, Hashibe M, Conway DI, Brennan P. Oral health, dental care and mouthwash associated with upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk in Europe: the ARCAGE study. Oral Oncol. 2014;50:616–25.
AIHW. Cancer in Australia 2010: an overview, Cancer Series no. 60. Cat. no. CAN 56. Canberra: AIHW; 2010.
AIHW. Drugs in Australia 2010: tobacco, alcohol and other drugs, Drug statistics series no. 27 Cat. no. PHE 154. Canberra: AIHW; 2011.
Al-Amad SH, Awad MA, Nimri O. Oral cancer in young Jordanians: potential association with frequency of narghile smoking. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014;118(5):560–5.
Aldington S, Harwood M, Cox B, Weatherall M, Beckert L, Hansell A, Pritchard A, Robinson G, Beasley R, Cannabis, G. Respiratory Disease Research, Aldington S, Harwood M, Cox B, Weatherall M, Pritchard A, Robinson G, Beckert L, Hansell A, Beasley R, Tweed M, Mahon B, Beckert L, Campbell M, Sneyd MJ, Armstrong R, Crawford C, Watson A, Lobhan A, Graham N, Holt S, McLachlan J, Swann P, Tan ST, Lear G, Sheikh N. Cannabis use and cancer of the head and neck: case-control study. Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg: Off J Am Acad Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg. 2008;138(3):374–80.
Al-Hebshi NN, Skaug N. Khat (Catha edulis)-an updated review. Addict Biol. 2005;10(4):299–307.
Al-Kaabi A, van Bockel LW, Pothen AJ, Willems SM. p16INK4A and p14ARF gene promoter hypermethylation as prognostic biomarker in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a review. Dis Markers. 2014;2014:260549.
Allen K, Farah CS. Dental prosthetist experience with oral mucosal screening and referral. Quintessence Int. 2014;45(10):891–7.
Allen K, Farah C. Screening and referral of oral mucosal pathology: a check-up of Australian dentists. Aust Dent J. 2015a;60(1):52–8.
Allen K, Farah CS. Patient perspectives of diagnostic delay for suspicious oral mucosal lesions. Aust Dent J. 2015b;60(3):397–403.
Allen K, Ford PJ, Farah CS. Oral mucosal screening and referral attitudes of Australian oral health therapists and dental hygienists in Queensland. Int J Dent Hyg. 2015;13(3):206–12.
Allison P, Franco E, Black M, Feine J. The role of professional diagnostic delays in the prognosis of upper aerodigestive tract carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 1998a;34(2):147–53.
Allison P, Franco E, Feine J. Predictors of professional diagnostic delays for upper aerodigestive tract carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 1998b;34(2):127–32.
Allison P, Locker D, Feine JS. The role of diagnostic delays in the prognosis of oral cancer: a review of the literature. Oral Oncol. 1998c;34(3):161–70.
Allon D, Kaplan I, Manor R, Calderon S. Carcinoma cuniculatum of the jaw: a rare variant of oral carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;94(5):601–8.
Almangush A, Bello IO, Coletta RD, Makitie AA, Makinen LK, Kauppila JH, Pukkila M, Hagstrom J, Laranne J, Soini Y, Kosma VM, Koivunen P, Kelner N, Kowalski LP, Grenman R, Leivo I, Laara E, Salo T. For early-stage oral tongue cancer, depth of invasion and worst pattern of invasion are the strongest pathological predictors for locoregional recurrence and mortality. Virchows Arch. 2015;467(1):39–46.
Almerich JM, Cabedo B, Ortola JC, Poblet J. Influence of alcohol in mouthwashes containing triclosan and zinc: an experimental gingivitis study. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32(6):539–44.
Alonge OK, Narendran S. Opinions about oral cancer prevention and early detection among dentists practising along the Texas-Mexico border. Oral Dis. 2003;9(1):41–5.
Al-Sanosy RM. Pattern of khat abuse and academic performance among secondary school and college students in jazan region, kingdom of saudi arabia (ksa). J Fam Commun Med. 2009;16(3):89–95.
Alves MG, Perez-Sayans M, Padin-Iruegas ME, Reboiras-Lopez MD, Suarez-Penaranda JM, Lopez-Lopez R, Carta CF, Issa JS, Garcia-Garcia A, Almeida JD. Comparison of RNA extraction methods for molecular analysis of oral cytology. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2016;50(2):108–15.
Amarasinghe HK, Usgodaarachchi US, Johnson NW, Lalloo R, Warnakulasuriya S. Public awareness of oral cancer, of oral potentially malignant disorders and of their risk factors in some rural populations in Sri Lanka. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2010;38(6):540–8.
American Joint Committee. American joint committee for cancer staging and end-results reporting. Chicago: Manual for Staging of Cancer; 1977.
Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL. AJCC cancer staging manual. New York: Springer; 2017.
Andersen PE, Warren F, Spiro J, Burningham A, Wong R, Wax MK, Shah JP, Cohen JI. Results of selective neck dissection in management of the node-positive neck. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2002;128(10):1180–4.
Ang KK, Harris J, Wheeler R, Weber R, Rosenthal DI, Nguyen-Tan PF, Westra WH, Chung CH, Jordan RC, Lu C, Kim H, Axelrod R, Silverman CC, Redmond KP, Gillison ML. Human papillomavirus and survival of patients with oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(1):24–35.
Angadi PV, Savitha JK, Rao SS, Sivaranjini Y. Oral field cancerization: current evidence and future perspectives. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;16(2):171–80.
Arduino PG, Carrozzo M, Chiecchio A, Broccoletti R, Tirone F, Borra E, Bertolusso G, Gandolfo S. Clinical and histopathologic independent prognostic factors in oral squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective study of 334 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66(8):1570–9.
Arduino PG, Bagan J, El-Naggar AK, Carrozzo M. Urban legends series: oral leukoplakia. Oral Dis. 2013;19(7):642–59.
Ariyawardana A, Johnson NW. Trends of lip, oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers in Australia 1982–2008: overall good news but with rising rates in the oropharynx. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:333.
Atlas SJ, Grant RW, Lester WT, Ashburner JM, Chang Y, Barry MJ, Chueh HC. A cluster-randomized trial of a primary care informatics-based system for breast cancer screening. J Gen Intern Med. 2011;26(2):154–61.
Australian Population Health Development Principal Committee. Population based screening framework. Canberra: Australian Health Ministers’ Advisory Council; 2008.
Awan KH, Morgan PR, Warnakulasuriya S. Evaluation of an autofluorescence based imaging system (VELscope) in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and benign keratoses. Oral Oncol. 2011a;47(4):274–7.
Awan KH, Morgan PR, Warnakulasuriya S. Utility of chemiluminescence (ViziLite) in the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders and benign keratoses. J Oral Pathol Med. 2011b;40(7):541–4.
Axell T, Pindborg JJ, Smith CJ, van der Waal I. Oral white lesions with special reference to precancerous and tobacco- related lesions: conclusions of an international symposium held in Uppsala, Sweden, May 18–21 1994. International Collaborative Group on Oral White Lesions. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996;25(2):49–54.
Azab M, Khabour OF, Alkaraki AK, Eissenberg T, Alzoubi KH, Primack BA. Water pipe tobacco smoking among university students in Jordan. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12(6):606–12.
Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Altieri A, Cogliano V, W. H. O. I. A. R. C. Monograph. Carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(4):292–3.
Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, Tramacere I, Islami F, Fedirko V, Scotti L, Jenab M, Turati F, Pasquali E, Pelucchi C, Bellocco R, Negri E, Corrao G, Rehm J, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. Light alcohol drinking and cancer: a meta-analysis. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(2):301–8.
Bahna P, Hanna HA, Dvorak T, Vaporciyan A, Chambers M, Raad I. Antiseptic effect of a novel alcohol-free mouthwash: a convenient prophylactic alternative for high-risk patients. Oral Oncol. 2007;43(2):159–64.
Balaram P, Sridhar H, Rajkumar T, Vaccarella S, Herrero R, Nandakumar A, Ravichandran K, Ramdas K, Sankaranarayanan R, Gajalakshmi V, Munoz N, Franceschi S. Oral cancer in Southern India: the influence of smoking, drinking, paan-chewing and oral hygiene. Int J Cancer. 2002;98(3):440–5.
Balasubramanian D, Ebrahimi A, Gupta R, Gao K, Elliott M, Palme CE, Clark JR. Tumour thickness as a predictor of nodal metastases in oral cancer: comparison between tongue and floor of mouth subsites. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(12):1165–8.
Ballew BJ, Savage SA. Updates on the biology and management of dyskeratosis congenita and related telomere biology disorders. Expert Rev Hematol. 2013;6(3):327–37.
Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P, Sidransky D, editors. World Health Organization classification of tumours. Pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours. Lyon: IARC Press; 2005.
Barrett AW, Kingsmill VJ, Speight PM. The frequency of fungal infection in biopsies of oral mucosal lesions. Oral Dis. 1998;4(1):26–31.
Barton MK. Electronic cigarettes did not help patients with cancer stop smoking. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(2):85–6.
Batsakis JG, Suarez P, el-Naggar AK. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its related lesions. Oral Oncol. 1999;35(4):354–9.
Beech N, Robinson S, Porceddu S, Batstone M. Dental management of patients irradiated for head and neck cancer. Aust Dent J. 2014;59(1):20–8.
Bergmann C, Strauss L, Wieckowski E, Czystowska M, Albers A, Wang Y, Zeidler R, Lang S, Whiteside TL. Tumor-derived microvesicles in sera of patients with head and neck cancer and their role in tumor progression. Head Neck. 2009;31(3):371–80.
Bessell A, Glenny AM, Furness S, Clarkson JE, Oliver R, Conway DI, Macluskey M, Pavitt S, Sloan P, Worthington HV. Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: surgical treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9:CD006205.
Bettegowda C, Sausen M, Leary RJ, Kinde I, Wang Y, Agrawal N, Bartlett BR, Wang H, Luber B, Alani RM, Antonarakis ES, Azad NS, Bardelli A, Brem H, Cameron JL, Lee CC, Fecher LA, Gallia GL, Gibbs P, Le D, Giuntoli RL, Goggins M, Hogarty MD, Holdhoff M, Hong S-M, Jiao Y, Juhl HH, Kim JJ, Siravegna G, Laheru DA, Lauricella C, Lim M, Lipson EJ, Marie SKN, Netto GJ, Oliner KS, Olivi A, Olsson L, Riggins GJ, Sartore-Bianchi A, Schmidt K, Shih l-M, Oba-Shinjo SM, Siena S, Theodorescu D, Tie J, Harkins TT, Veronese S, Wang T-L, Weingart JD, Wolfgang CL, Wood LD, Xing D, Hruban RH, Wu J, Allen PJ, Schmidt CM, Choti MA, Velculescu VE, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Papadopoulos N, Diaz LA Jr. Detection of circulating tumor DNA in early- and late-stage human malignancies. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(224):224ra224.
Bhatia N, Lalla Y, Vu AN, Farah CS. Advances in optical adjunctive aids for visualisation and detection of oral malignant and potentially malignant lesions. Int J Dent. 2013;2013:194029.
Bhatia N, Matias MA, Farah CS. Assessment of a decision making protocol to improve the efficacy of VELscope in general dental practice: a prospective evaluation. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(10):1012–9.
Bhattacharyya S, Mandal S, Banerjee S, Mandal GK, Bhowmick AK, Murmu N. Cannabis smoke can be a major risk factor for early-age laryngeal cancer – a molecular signaling-based approach. Tumour Biol: J Int Soc Oncodev Biol Med. 2015;36(8):6029–36.
Bice TC, Tran V, Merkley MA, Newlands SD, van der Sloot PG, Wu S, Miller MC. Disease-specific survival with spindle cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2015;153(6):973–80.
Birur PN, Sunny SP, Jena S, Kandasarma U, Raghavan S, Ramaswamy B, Shanmugam SP, Patrick S, Kuriakose R, Mallaiah J, Suresh A, Chigurupati R, Desai R, Kuriakose MA. Mobile health application for remote oral cancer surveillance. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(12):886–94.
Bishop AJR, Schiestl RH. Role of homologous recombination in carcinogenesis. Exp Mol Pathol. 2003;74(2):94–105.
Blitzer GC, Smith MA, Harris SL, Kimple RJ. Review of the clinical and biologic aspects of human papillomavirus-positive squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;88(4):761–70.
Blot WJ, Winn DM, Fraumeni JF. Oral cancer and mouthwash. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983;70(2):251–3.
Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Winn DM, Austin DF, Greenberg RS, Preston-Martin S, Bernstein L, Schoenberg JB, Stemhagen A, Fraumeni JF Jr. Smoking and drinking in relation to oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res. 1988;48(11):3282–7.
Boccia S, Hashibe M, Galli P, De Feo E, Asakage T, Hashimoto T, Hiraki A, Katoh T, Nomura T, Yokoyama A, van Duijn CM, Ricciardi G, Boffetta P. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis implementing a Mendelian randomization approach. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18(1):248–54.
Boffetta P, Hashibe M. Alcohol and cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7(2):149–56.
Boffetta P, Hayes RB, Sartori S, Lee YA, Muscat J, Olshan A, Winn DM, Castellsague X, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Chen C, Schwartz SM, Vaughan TL, Wunsch-Filho V, Purdue M, Koifman S, Curado MP, Vilensky M, Gillison M, Fernandez L, Menezes A, Daudt AW, Schantz S, Yu G, D’Souza G, Haddad RI, La Vecchia C, Hashibe M. Mouthwash use and cancer of the head and neck: a pooled analysis from the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2015;25:344–8.
Boing AF, Antunes JLF, de Carvalho MB, de Góis Filho JF, Kowalski LP, Michaluart P Jr, Eluf-Neto J, Boffetta P, Wünsch-Filho V. How much do smoking and alcohol consumption explain socioeconomic inequalities in head and neck cancer risk? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65(8):709–14.
Borhan-Mojabi K, Moradi A, Yazdabadi A. Evaluating the degree of knowledge on oral cancer among general practitioners and dentists in Qazvin. J Eval Clin Pract. 2012;18(2):498–501.
Borrajo JLL, Varela LG, Castro GL, Rodriguez-Nunez I, Figueroa MG, Torreira MG. Efficacy of chlorhexidine mouthrinses with and without alcohol: a clinical study. J Periodontol. 2002;73(3):317–21.
Boyle P, Levin B. World cancer report 2008, International Agency for Research on Cancer. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. p. 511.
Bradshaw PT, Siega-Riz AM, Campbell M, Weissler MC, Funkhouser WK, Olshan AF. Associations between dietary patterns and head and neck cancer: the Carolina head and neck cancer epidemiology study. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(12):1225–33.
Brandwein-Gensler M, Teixeira MS, Lewis CM, Lee B, Rolnitzky L, Hille JJ, Genden E, Urken ML, Wang BY. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: histologic risk assessment, but not margin status, is strongly predictive of local disease-free and overall survival. Am J Surg Pathol. 2005;29(2):167–78.
Brandwein-Gensler M, Smith RV, Wang B, Penner C, Theilken A, Broughel D, Schiff B, Owen RP, Smith J, Sarta C, Hebert T, Nason R, Ramer M, DeLacure M, Hirsch D, Myssiorek D, Heller K, Prystowsky M, Schlecht NF, Negassa A. Validation of the histologic risk model in a new cohort of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010;34(5):676–88.
Bravi F, Bosetti C, Filomeno M, Levi F, Garavello W, Galimberti S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Foods, nutrients and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Br J Cancer. 2013;109(11):2904–10.
Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C. TNM classification of malignant tumours. Union for International Cancer Control; 2017, London.
Brocklehurst P, Kujan O, Glenny AM, Oliver R, Sloan P, Ogden G, Shepherd S. Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;11:CD004150.
Brocklehurst P, Kujan O, O’Malley LA, Ogden G, Shepherd S, Glenny AM. Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;11:CD004150.
Brunotto M, Zarate AM, Bono A, Barra JL, Berra S. Risk genes in head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of last 5 years. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(3):178–88.
Bruun JP. Time lapse by diagnosis of oral cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1976;42(2):139–49.
Bundgaard T, Wildt J, Frydenberg M, Elbrond O, Nielsen JE. Case-control study of squamous cell cancer of the oral cavity in Denmark. Cancer Causes Control. 1995;6(1):57–67.
Byers RM, Weber RS, Andrews T, McGill D, Kare R, Wolf P. Frequency and therapeutic implications of “skip metastases” in the neck from squamous carcinoma of the oral tongue. Head Neck. 1997;19(1):14–9.
Cancer Genome Atlas, N. Comprehensive genomic characterization of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Nature. 2015;517(7536):576–82.
Cancer Research UK. (2015). Cancer Research UK – Oral cancer statistics. Retrieved 16 Aug 2015, from http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/oral-cancer
Canto MT, Devesa SS. Oral cavity and pharynx cancer incidence rates in the United States, 1975–1998. Oral Oncol. 2002;38(6):610–7.
Cao J, Zhou J, Gao Y, Gu L, Meng H, Liu H, Deng D. Methylation of p16 CpG island associated with malignant progression of oral epithelial dysplasia: a prospective cohort study. Clin Cancer Res: Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2009;15(16):5178–83.
Carretero Pelaez MA, Esparza Gomez GC, Figuero Ruiz E, Cerero Lapiedra R. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes and oral cancer. Critical analysis of literature. Med Oral. 2004;9(2):120–3, 116–120.
Carter LM, Layton S. Cervicofacial infection of dental origin presenting to maxillofacial surgery units in the United Kingdom: a national audit. Br Dent J. 2009;206(2):73–8.
Carter LM, Ogden GR. Oral cancer awareness of general medical and general dental practitioners. Br Dent J. 2007;203(5):E10; discussion 248–249.
Carvalho AL, Nishimoto IN, Califano JA, Kowalski LP. Trends in incidence and prognosis for head and neck cancer in the United States: a site-specific analysis of the SEER database. Int J Cancer. 2005;114(5):806–16.
Casparis S, Borm JM, Tektas S, Kamarachev J, Locher MC, Damerau G, Gratz KW, Stadlinger B. Oral lichen planus (OLP), oral lichenoid lesions (OLL), oral dysplasia, and oral cancer: retrospective analysis of clinicopathological data from 2002–2011. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;19(2):149–56.
Castagnola M, Picciotti PM, Messana I, Fanali C, Fiorita A, Cabras T, Calo L, Pisano E, Passali GC, Iavarone F, Paludetti G, Scarano E. Potential applications of human saliva as diagnostic fluid. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital: Organo Ufficiale Soc Ital Otorinolaringol Chir Cervico-Fac. 2011;31(6):347–57.
Castellsague X, Munoz N, De Stefani E, Victora CG, Castelletto R, Rolon PA, Quintana MJ. Independent and joint effects of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking on the risk of esophageal cancer in men and women. Int J Cancer. 1999;82(5):657–64.
Castellsague X, Quintana MJ, Martinez MC, Nieto A, Sanchez MJ, Juan A, Monner A, Carrera M, Agudo A, Quer M, Munoz N, Herrero R, Franceschi S, Bosch FX. The role of type of tobacco and type of alcoholic beverage in oral carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer. 2004;108(5):741–9.
Castellsague X, Alemany L, Quer M, Halec G, Quiros B, Tous S, Clavero O, Alos L, Biegner T, Szafarowski T, Alejo M, Holzinger D, Cadena E, Claros E, Hall G, Laco J, Poljak M, Benevolo M, Kasamatsu E, Mehanna H, Ndiaye C, Guimera N, Lloveras B, Leon X, Ruiz-Cabezas JC, Alvarado-Cabrero I, Kang CS, Oh JK, Garcia-Rojo M, Iljazovic E, Ajayi OF, Duarte F, Nessa A, Tinoco L, Duran-Padilla MA, Pirog EC, Viarheichyk H, Morales H, Costes V, Felix A, Germar MJ, Mena M, Ruacan A, Jain A, Mehrotra R, Goodman MT, Lombardi LE, Ferrera A, Malami S, Albanesi EI, Dabed P, Molina C, Lopez-Revilla R, Mandys V, Gonzalez ME, Velasco J, Bravo IG, Quint W, Pawlita M, Munoz N, de Sanjose S, Xavier Bosch F, Head ICOIH i, G. Neck Cancer Study. HPV involvement in head and neck cancers: comprehensive assessment of biomarkers in 3680 patients. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2016;108(6):djv403.
Centelles PV, Seoane-Romero JM, Gomez I, Diz-Dios P, Santos de Melo N, Seoane J. Timing of oral cancer diagnosis: implications for prognosis and survival. In: Ogbureke KUE, editor. Oral cancer. Rijeka: InTech Europe; 2012.
Chainani-Wu N, Epstein J, Touger-Decker R. Diet and prevention of oral cancer: strategies for clinical practice. J Am Dent Assoc. 2011;142(2):166–9.
Chan KK, Glenny AM, Weldon JC, Furness S, Worthington HV, Wakeford H. Interventions for the treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: targeted therapy and immunotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;12:CD010341.
Chang AE, Karnell LH, Menck HR. The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Cancer. 1998;83(8):1664–78.
Chang JS, Lo HI, Wong TY, Huang CC, Lee WT, Tsai ST, Chen KC, Yen CJ, Wu YH, Hsueh WT, Yang MW, Wu SY, Chang KY, Chang JY, Ou CY, Wang YH, Weng YL, Yang HC, Wang FT, Lin CL, Huang JS, Hsiao JR. Investigating the association between oral hygiene and head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol. 2013;49(10):1010–7.
Chaouachi KT. Qat chewing and water pipe (mada’a) smoking in Yemen: a necessary clarification when studying health effects on oral mucosa. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(6):731–3.
Charles CA, Amini P, Gallob J, Shang H, McGuire JA, Costa R. Antiplaque and antigingivitis efficacy of an alcohol-free essential-oil containing mouthrinse: a 2-week clinical trial. Am J Dent. 2012;25(4):195–8.
Chaturvedi AK. Epidemiology and clinical aspects of HPV in head and neck cancers. Head Neck Pathol. 2012;6(Suppl 1):S16–24.
Chaturvedi AK, Anderson WF, Lortet-Tieulent J, Curado MP, Ferlay J, Franceschi S, Rosenberg PS, Bray F, Gillison ML. Worldwide trends in incidence rates for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(36):4550–9.
Chaw SY, Abdul Majeed A, Dalley AJ, Chan A, Stein S, Farah CS. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) biomarkers – E-cadherin, beta-catenin, APC and vimentin – in oral squamous cell carcinogenesis and transformation. Oral Oncol. 2014;48(10):997–1006.
Chi AC, Day TA, Neville BW. Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma – an update. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(5):401–21.
Clark JR, Naranjo N, Franklin JH, de Almeida J, Gullane PJ. Established prognostic variables in N0 oral carcinoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;135(5):748–53.
Cole P, Rodu B, Mathisen A. Alcohol-containing mouthwash and oropharyngeal cancer – a review of the epidemiology. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134(8):1079–87.
Conway DI, Petticrew M, Marlborough H, Berthiller J, Hashibe M, Macpherson LM. Socioeconomic inequalities and oral cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(12):2811–9.
Cortes-Ramirez DA, Gainza-Cirauqui ML, Echebarria-Goikouria MA, Aguirre-Urizar JM. Oral lichenoid disease as a premalignant condition: the controversies and the unknown. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(3):E118–22.
Cox SC, Walker DM. Oral submucous fibrosis. A review. Aust Dent J. 1996;41(5):294–9.
Cox NH, Madan V, Sanders T. The U.K. skin cancer ‘two-week rule’ proforma: assessment of potential modifications to improve referral accuracy. Br J Dermatol. 2008;158(6):1293–8.
Crombie AK, Farah C, Tripcony L, Dickie G, Batstone MD. Primary chemoradiotherapy for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2012;48(10):1014–8.
Crombie AK, Farah CS, Batstone MD. Health-related quality of life of patients treated with primary chemoradiotherapy for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: a comparison with surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;52(2):111–7.
D’Cruz AK, Vaish R, Kapre N, Dandekar M, Gupta S, Hawaldar R, Agarwal JP, Pantvaidya G, Chaukar D, Deshmukh A, Kane S, Arya S, Ghosh-Laskar S, Chaturvedi P, Pai P, Nair S, Nair D, Badwe R, Head and G. Neck Disease Management. Elective versus therapeutic neck dissection in node-negative oral cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(6):521–9.
D’Souza G, Kreimer AR, Viscidi R, Pawlita M, Fakhry C, Koch WM, Westra WH, Gillison ML. Case-control study of human papillomavirus and oropharyngeal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(19):1944–56.
Dang J, Bian Y-Q, Sun JY, Chen F, Dong G-Y, Liu Q, Wang X-W, Kjems J, Gao S, Wang Q-T. MicroRNA-137 promoter methylation in oral lichen planus and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med: Off Publ Int Assoc Oral Pathol Am Acad Oral Pathol. 2013;42(4):315–21.
Dasanayake AP, Silverman AJ, Warnakulasuriya S. Mate drinking and oral and oro-pharyngeal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(2):82–6.
De Cecco L, Nicolau M, Giannoccaro M, Daidone MG, Bossi P, Locati L, Licitra L, Canevari S. Head and neck cancer subtypes with biological and clinical relevance: meta-analysis of gene-expression data. Oncotarget. 2015;6(11):9627–42.
De Cicco C, Trifiro G, Calabrese L, Bruschini R, Ferrari ME, Travaini LL, Fiorenza M, Viale G, Chiesa F, Paganelli G. Lymphatic mapping to tailor selective lymphadenectomy in cN0 tongue carcinoma: beyond the sentinel node concept. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33(8):900–5.
De Jong WF, Albrecht M, Banoczy J, van der Waal I. Epithelial dysplasia in oral lichen planus. A preliminary report of a Dutch-Hungarian study of 100 cases. Int J Oral Surg. 1984;13(3):221–5.
de Souza Lucena EE, Costa DC, da Silveira EJ, Lima KC. Prevalence and factors associated to actinic cheilitis in beach workers. Oral Dis. 2012;18(6):575–9.
De Veld DCG, Witjes MJH, Sterenborg HJCM, Roodenburg JLN. The status of in vivo autofluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for oral oncology. Oral Oncol. 2005;41(2):117–31.
Demehri S, Turkoz A, Kopan R. Epidermal Notch1 loss promotes skin tumorigenesis by impacting the stromal microenvironment. Cancer Cell. 2009;16(1):55–66.
Denis F, Viger L, Charron A, Voog E, Dupuis O, Pointreau Y, Letellier C. Detection of lung cancer relapse using self-reported symptoms transmitted via an internet web-application: pilot study of the sentinel follow-up. Support Care Cancer: Off J Multinatl Assoc Support Care Cancer. 2014;22(6):1467–73.
Depprich RA, Handschel JG, Fritzemeier CU, Engers R, Kübler NR. Hybrid verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity: a challenge for the clinician and the pathologist. Oral Oncol Extra. 2006;42(2):85–90.
Dhaifalah I, Santavy J. Khat habit and its health effect. A natural amphetamine. Biomed Papers Med Fac Univ Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia. 2004;148(1):11–5.
Dias FL, Lima RA, Kligerman J, Farias TP, Soares JR, Manfro G, Sa GM. Relevance of skip metastases for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue and the floor of the mouth. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2006;134(3):460–5.
Ding Y, Ma L, Shi L, Feng J, Liu W, Zhou Z. Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 12 cases and literature review. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2013;17(1):18–21.
Diniz-Freitas M, Garcia-Garcia A, Crespo-Abelleira A, Martins-Carneiro JL, Gandara-Rey JM. Applications of exfoliative cytology in the diagnosis of oral cancer. Med Oral: Organo Off Soc Esp Med Oral Acad Iberoam Patologia Med Bucal. 2004;9(4):355–61.
Dionne KR, Warnakulasuriya S, Zain RB, Cheong SC. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral cavity: current practice and future directions in the clinic and laboratory. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(3):503–15.
Divaris K, Olshan A, Smith J, Bell M, Weissler M, Funkhouser W, Bradshaw P. Oral health and risk for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: the Carolina Head and Neck Cancer Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(4):567–75.
Diz P, Gorsky M, Johnson NW, Kragelund C, Manfredi M, Odell E, Thongprason K, Warnakulasuriya S, Bagan JV, Van der Waal I. Oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia: a protocol for diagnosis and management. EAOM – diagnostic and therapeutic protocols. 2011.
Dok R, Nuyts S. HPV positive head and neck cancers: molecular pathogenesis and evolving treatment strategies. Cancers (Basel). 2016;8(4). pii: E41.
Dost F, Farah CS. Stimulating the discussion on saliva substitutes: a clinical perspective. Aust Dent J. 2013;58(1):11–7.
Dost F, Le Cao KA, Ford PJ, Farah CS. A retrospective analysis of clinical features of oral malignant and potentially malignant disorders with and without oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2013;116(6):725–33.
Dost F, Le Cao K, Ford PJ, Ades C, Farah CS. Malignant transformation of oral epithelial dysplasia: a real-world evaluation of histopathologic grading. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014;117(3):343–52.
Dost F, Do L, Farah CS. Lesion evaluation, screening and identification of oral neoplasia study: an assessment of high-risk Australian populations. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015:n/a–n/a.
Dost F, Do L, Farah CS. Knowledge of oral cancer risk factors amongst high-risk Australians: findings from the LESIONS programme. Aust Dent J. 2016;61(4):432–9.
Dowell SP, Ogden GR. The use of antigen retrieval for immunohistochemical detection of p53 over-expression in malignant and benign oral mucosa: a cautionary note. J Oral Pathol Med: Off Publ Int Assoc Oral Pathol Am Acad Oral Pathol. 1996;25(2):60–4.
Dowling P, Wormald R, Meleady P, Henry M, Curran A, Clynes M. Analysis of the saliva proteome from patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma reveals differences in abundance levels of proteins associated with tumour progression and metastasis. J Proteome. 2008;71(2):168–75.
Downer MC, Evans AW, Hallett CMH, Jullien JA, Speight PM, Zakrzewska JM. Evaluation of screening for oral cancer and precancer in a company headquarters. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1995;23(2):84–8.
Druesne-Pecollo N, Keita Y, Touvier M, Chan DS, Norat T, Hercberg S, Latino-Martel P. Alcohol drinking and second primary cancer risk in patients with upper aerodigestive tract cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2014;23(2):324–31.
Ebrahimi A, Ashford BG, Clark JR. Improved survival with elective neck dissection in thick early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2012;34(5):709–16.
Eisenberg E, Krutchkoff DJ. Lichenoid lesions of oral mucosa. Diagnostic criteria and their importance in the alleged relationship to oral cancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1992;73(6):699–704.
Elango JK, Sundaram KR, Gangadharan P, Subhas P, Peter S, Pulayath C, Kuriakose MA. Factors affecting oral cancer awareness in a high-risk population in India. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2009;10(4):627–30.
Elango KJ, Anandkrishnan N, Suresh A, Iyer SK, Ramaiyer SK, Kuriakose MA. Mouth self-examination to improve oral cancer awareness and early detection in a high-risk population. Oral Oncol. 2011;47(7):620–4.
Eldridge KR, Finnie SF, Stephens JA, Mauad AM, Munoz CA, Kettering JD. Efficacy of an alcohol-free chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an antimicrobial agent. J Prosthet Dent. 1998;80(6):685–90.
Eliot MN, Michaud DS, Langevin SM, McClean MD, Kelsey KT. Periodontal disease and mouthwash use are risk factors for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24(7):1315–22.
Elmore JG, Horwitz RI. Oral cancer and mouthwash use – evaluation of the epidemiologic evidence. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995;113(3):253–61.
El-Naggar AK, Chan JKC, Grandis JR, Takata T, PJ S, editors. WHO classification of head & neck tumours WHO/IARC classification of tumours. 2017, Lyon: IARC Press.
El-Sakka H, Kujan O, Farah CS. Assessing miRNAs profile expression as a risk stratification biomarker in oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review. Oral Oncol. 2018;77:57–82.
El-Wajeh YA, Thornhill MH. Qat and its health effects. Br Dent J. 2009;206(1):17–21.
El-Zaemey S, Schuz J, Leon ME. Qat chewing and risk of potentially malignant and malignant oral disorders: a systematic review. Int J Occup Environ Med. 2015;6(3):129–43.
Epstein JB, Silverman S Jr, Epstein JD, Lonky SA, Bride MA. Analysis of oral lesion biopsies identified and evaluated by visual examination, chemiluminescence and toluidine blue. Oral Oncol. 2008;44(6):538–44.
Epstein JB, Guneri P, Boyacioglu H, Abt E. The limitations of the clinical oral examination in detecting dysplastic oral lesions and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Dent Assoc. 2012;143(12):1332–42.
Esmaelbeigi F, Hadji M, Harirchi I, Omranipour R, vand Rajabpour M, Zendehdel K. Factors affecting professional delay in diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer in Iran. Arch Iran Med. 2014;17(4):253–7.
Eveson JW. Salivary tumours. Periodontol. 2011;57(1):150–9.
Ezzati M, Rodgers A, Lopez A, Murray C. Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004.
Fadlullah MZH, Chiang IK-N, Dionne KR, Yee PS, Gan CP, Sam KK, Tiong KH, Ng AKW, Martin D, Lim KP, Kallarakkal TG, Mustafa WMW, Lau SH, Abraham MT, Zain RB, Rahman ZAA, Molinolo A, Patel V, Gutkind JS, Tan AC, Cheong SC. Genetically-defined novel oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines for the development of molecular therapies. Oncotarget. 2016;7(19):27802–18.
Fakhry C, Zhang Q, Nguyen-Tan PF, Rosenthal D, El-Naggar A, Garden AS, Soulieres D, Trotti A, Avizonis V, Ridge JA, Harris J, Le Q-T, Gillison M. Human papillomavirus and overall survival after progression of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol: Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2014;32(30):3365–73.
Fan X, Peters BA, Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM, Purdue MP, Freedman ND, Alekseyenko AV, Wu J, Yang L, Pei Z, Hayes RB, Ahn J. Drinking alcohol is associated with variation in the human oral microbiome in a large study of American adults. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):59.
Farah CS. Narrow band imaging-guided resection of oral cavity cancer decreases local recurrence and increases survival. Oral Dis. 2018;24(1–2):89–97.
Farah CS, McCullough MJ. A pilot case control study on the efficacy of acetic acid wash and chemiluminescent illumination (ViziLite) in the visualisation of oral mucosal white lesions. Oral Oncol. 2007;43(8):820–4.
Farah CS, McCullough MJ. Oral cancer awareness for the general practitioner: new approaches to patient care. Aust Dent J. 2008;53(1):2–10; quiz 99.
Farah CS, McIntosh L, Georgiou A, McCullough MJ. Efficacy of tissue autofluorescence imaging (VELScope) in the visualization of oral mucosal lesions. Head Neck. 2012;34(6):856–62.
Farah CS, Bhatia N, John K, Lee BW. Minimum intervention dentistry in oral medicine. Aust Dent J. 2013;58(Suppl 1):85–94.
Farah CS, Simanovic B, Dost F. Oral cancer in Australia 1982–2008: a growing need for opportunistic screening and prevention. Aust Dent J. 2014a;59(3):349–59.
Farah CS, Woo SB, Zain RB, Sklavounou A, McCullough MJ, Lingen M. Oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders. Int J Dent. 2014b;2014:853479.
Farah CS, Dalley AJ, Nguyen P, Batstone M, Kordbacheh F, Perry-Keene J, Fielding D. Improved surgical margin definition by narrow band imaging for resection of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective gene expression profiling study. Head Neck. 2016;38(6):832–9.
Farah CS, Kordbacheh F, John K, Bennett N, Fox SA. Molecular classification of autofluorescence excision margins in oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Dis. 2018a;24(5):732–40.
Farah CS, Fox SA, Dalley AJ. Integrated miRNA-mRNA spatial signature for oral squamous cell carcinoma: a prospective profiling study of narrow band imaging guided resection. Sci Rep. 2018b;8(1):823.
Fasanmade A, Kwok E, Newman L. Oral squamous cell carcinoma associated with khat chewing. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(1):e53–5.
Fatahzadeh M, Schwartz RA. Oral Kaposi’s sarcoma: a review and update. Int J Dermatol. 2013;52(6):666–72.
Fein DA, Mendenhall WM, Parsons JT, McCarty PJ, Stringer SP, Million RR, Cassisi NJ. Carcinoma of the oral tongue: a comparison of results and complications of treatment with radiotherapy and/or surgery. Head Neck. 1994;16(4):358–65.
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2013. Available from: http://globocan.iarc.fr. Accessed 5 May 2016.
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(5):E359–86.
Ferlito A, Silver CE, Rinaldo A. Elective management of the neck in oral cavity squamous carcinoma: current concepts supported by prospective studies. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;47(1):5–9.
Fernandez Garrote L, Herrero R, Ortiz Reyes RM, Vaccarella S, Lence Anta J, Ferbeye L, Munoz N, Franceschi S. Risk factors for cancer of the oral cavity and oro-pharynx in Cuba. Br J Cancer. 2001;85(1):46–54.
Ferris RL. Immunology and immunotherapy of head and neck cancer. J Clin Oncol: Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2015;33(29):3293–304.
Field EA, McCarthy CE, Ho MW, Rajlawat BP, Holt D, Rogers SN, Triantafyllou A, Field JK, Shaw RJ. The management of oral epithelial dysplasia: the liverpool algorithm. Oral Oncol. 2015;51(10):883–7.
Folsom TC, White CP, Bromer L, Canby HF, Garrington GE. Oral exfoliative study. Review of the literature and report of a three-year study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1972;33(1):61–74.
Fox SA, Currie SS, Dalley AJ, Farah CS. Transcriptome changes induced in vitro by alcohol-containing mouthwashes in normal and dysplastic oral keratinocytes. J Oral Pathol Med. 2018;47:511–8.
Frame JW, Das Gupta AR, Dalton GA, Rhys Evans PH. Use of the carbon dioxide laser in the management of premalignant lesions of the oral Mucosa. J Laryngol Otol. 2007;98(12):1251–60.
Franceschi S, Talamini R, Barra S, Baron AE, Negri E, Bidoli E, Serraino D, La Vecchia C. Smoking and drinking in relation to cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and esophagus in northern Italy. Cancer Res. 1990;50(20):6502–7.
Franceschi S, Levi F, Dal Maso L, Talamini R, Conti E, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Cessation of alcohol drinking and risk of cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx. Int J Cancer. 2000;85(6):787–90.
Franzmann EJ, Weed DT, Civantos FJ, Goodwin WJ, Bourguignon LY. A novel CD44 v3 isoform is involved in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression. Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg: Off J Am Acad Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg. 2001;124(4):426–32.
Franzmann EJ, Reategui EP, Carraway KL, Hamilton KL, Weed DT, Goodwin WJ. Salivary soluble CD44: a potential molecular marker for head and neck cancer. Cancer Epidemiol, Biomark Prev: Publ Am Assoc Cancer Res, Cosponsored Am Soc Prev Oncol. 2005;14(3):735–9.
Fritsch VA, Gerry DR, Lentsch EJ. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity: an analysis of 92 cases. Laryngoscope. 2014;124(7):1573–8.
Furness S, Glenny AM, Worthington HV, Pavitt S, Oliver R, Clarkson JE, Macluskey M, Chan KK, Conway DI. Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;4:CD006386.
Galle F, Coletta G, Onofrio VD, Rossielllo R, Angelillo IF, Liguori G. Candida spp. in oral cancer and oral precancerous lesions. New Microbiol. 2013;36:283–8.
Gandini S, Negri E, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C, Boyle P. Mouthwash and oral cancer risk quantitative meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Annals Agric Environ Med: AAEM. 2012;19(2):173–80.
Ganly I, Goldstein D, Carlson DL, Patel SG, O’Sullivan B, Lee N, Gullane P, Shah JP. Long-term regional control and survival in patients with “low-risk,” early stage oral tongue cancer managed by partial glossectomy and neck dissection without postoperative radiation: the importance of tumor thickness. Cancer. 2013;119(6):1168–76.
Garavello W, Foschi R, Talamini R, La Vecchia C, Rossi M, Dal Maso L, Tavani A, Levi F, Barzan L, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, Negri E. Family history and the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(8):1827–31.
Garcia C, Crowson AN. Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma: is it really a more-aggressive tumor? Dermatol Surg: Off Publ Am Soc Dermatol Surg [et al]. 2011;37(3):353–6.
Gasche JA, Hoffmann J, Boland CR, Goel A. Interleukin-6 promotes tumorigenesis by altering DNA methylation in oral cancer cells. Int J Cancer. 2011;129(5):1053–63.
Gerry D, Fritsch VA, Lentsch EJ. Spindle cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract: an analysis of 341 cases with comparison to conventional squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2014;123(8):576–83.
Ghani WMN, Doss JG, Jamaluddin M, Kamaruzaman D, Zain RB. Oral cancer awareness and its determinants among a selected Malaysian population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(3):1957–63.
Gil Z, Carlson DL, Boyle JO, Kraus DH, Shah JP, Shaha AR, Singh B, Wong RJ, Patel SG. Lymph node density is a significant predictor of outcome in patients with oral cancer. Cancer. 2009;115(24):5700–10.
Gilbert ES. Ionising radiation and cancer risks: what have we learned from epidemiology? Int J Radiat Biol. 2009;85(6):467–82.
Gillenwater AM, Vigneswaran N, Fatani H, Saintigny P, El-Naggar AK. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: recognition and differentiation from conventional leukoplakia and mimics. Head Neck. 2014;36(11):1662–8.
Gillison ML. Current topics in the epidemiology of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. Head Neck-J Sci Spec Head Neck. 2007;29(8):779–92.
Gillison ML, Zhang Q, Jordan R, Xiao W, Westra WH, Trotti A, Spencer S, Harris J, Chung CH, Ang KK. Tobacco smoking and increased risk of death and progression for patients with p16-positive and p16-negative oropharyngeal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(17):2102–11.
Giuliani M, Troiano G, Cordaro M, Corsalini M, Gioco G, Lo Muzio L, Pignatelli P, Lajolo C. Rate of malignant transformation of oral lichen planus: a systematic review. Oral Dis. 2018.
Giuliano AR, Nyitray AG, Kreimer AR, Pierce Campbell CM, Goodman MT, Sudenga SL, Monsonego J, Franceschi S. EUROGIN 2014 roadmap: differences in human papillomavirus infection natural history, transmission and human papillomavirus-related cancer incidence by gender and anatomic site of infection. Int J Cancer. 2015;136(12):2752–60.
Glenny AM, Furness S, Worthington HV, Conway DI, Oliver R, Clarkson JE, Macluskey M, Pavitt S, Chan KK, Brocklehurst P, C. E. Panel. Interventions for the treatment of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer: radiotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;12:CD006387.
Goldstein BY, Shen-Chih C, Hashibe M, Vecchia C l, Zuo-Feng Z. Alcohol consumption and cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx from 1988 to 2009: an update. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2010;19(6):431–65.
Gomez del Pulgar T, Velasco G, Guzman M. The CB1 cannabinoid receptor is coupled to the activation of protein kinase B/Akt. Biochem J. 2000;347(Pt 2):369–73.
Gomez I, Seoane J, Varela-Centelles P, Diz P, Takkouche B. Is diagnostic delay related to advanced-stage oral cancer? A meta-analysis. Eur J Oral Sci. 2009;117(5):541–6.
Gonzalez-Moles MA, Scully C, Gil-Montoya JA. Oral lichen planus: controversies surrounding malignant transformation. Oral Dis. 2008;14(3):229–43.
González-Ramírez I, Ramirez-Amador V, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Sánchez-Pérez Y, Anaya-Saavedra G, Granados-García M, García-Vázquez F, García-Cuellar CM. hMLH1 promoter methylation is an early event in oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2011;47(1):22–6.
Goodwin WJ, Thomas GR, Parker DF, Joseph D, Levis S, Franzmann E, Anello C, Hu JJ. Unequal burden of head and neck cancer in the United States. Head Neck. 2008;30(3):358–71.
Gorsky M, Epstein JB, Oakley C, Le ND, Hay J, Stevenson-Moore P. Carcinoma of the tongue: a case series analysis of clinical presentation, risk factors, staging, and outcome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98(5):546–52.
Goy J, Hall SF, Feldman-Stewart D, Groome PA. Diagnostic delay and disease stage in head and neck cancer: a systematic review. Laryngoscope. 2009;119(5):889–98.
Grant E, Silver K, Bauld L, Day R, Warnakulasuriya S. The experiences of young oral cancer patients in Scotland: symptom recognition and delays in seeking professional help. Br Dent J. 2010;208(10):465–71.
Greither T, Vorwerk F, Kappler M, Bache M, Taubert H, Kuhnt T, Hey J, Eckert AW. Salivary miR-93 and miR-200a as post-radiotherapy biomarkers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2017;38:1268–75.
Gross ND, Patel SG, Carvalho AL, Chu PY, Kowalski LP, Boyle JO, Shah JP, Kattan MW. Nomogram for deciding adjuvant treatment after surgery for oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck. 2008;30(10):1352–60.
Gross AM, Orosco RK, Shen JP, Egloff AM, Carter H, Hofree M, Choueiri M, Coffey CS, Lippman SM, Hayes DN, Cohen EE, Grandis JR, Nguyen QT, Ideker T. Multi-tiered genomic analysis of head and neck cancer ties TP53 mutation to 3p loss. Nat Genet. 2014;46(9):939–43.
Guggenheimer J, Verbin RS, Johnson JT, Horkowitz CA, Myers EN. Factors delaying the diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal carcinomas. Cancer. 1989;64(4):932–5.
Guha N, Boffetta P, Wunsch V, Neto JE, Shangina O, Zaridze D, Curado MP, Koifman S, Matos E, Menezes A, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Fernandez L, Mates D, Daudt AW, Lissowska J, Dikshit R, Brennan P. Oral health and risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck and esophagus: results of two multicentric case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;166(10):1159–73.
Guha N, Warnakulasuriya S, Vlaanderen J, Straif K. Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: a meta-analysis with implications for cancer control. Int J Cancer. 2014;135(6):1433–43.
Guo T, Eisele DW, Fakhry C. The potential impact of prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccination on oropharyngeal cancer. Cancer. 2016;122:2313–23.
Gupta B, Johnson NW. Systematic review and meta-analysis of association of smokeless tobacco and of betel quid without tobacco with incidence of oral cancer in South Asia and the Pacific. PLoS One. 2014;9(11):e113385.
Gupta B, Ariyawardana A, Johnson NW. Oral cancer in India continues in epidemic proportions: evidence base and policy initiatives. Int Dent J. 2013;63(1):12–25.
Gustavsson P, Jakobsson R, Johansson H, Lewin F, Norell S, Rutkvist LE. Occupational exposures and squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and oesophagus: a case-control study in Sweden. Occup Environ Med. 1998;55(6):393–400.
H Alsarraf A, Kujan O, Farah CS. The utility of oral brush cytology in the early detection of oral cancer and oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review. J Oral Pathol Med. 2018;47(2):104–16.
Ha PK, Benoit NE, Yochem R, Sciubba J, Zahurak M, Sidransky D, Pevsner J, Westra WH, Califano J. A transcriptional progression model for head and neck cancer. Clin Cancer Res: Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2003;9(8):3058–64.
Hall GL, Shaw RJ, Field EA, Rogers SN, Sutton DN, Woolgar JA, Lowe D, Liloglou T, Field JK, Risk JM. p16 promoter methylation is a potential predictor of malignant transformation in oral epithelial dysplasia. Cancer Epidemiol, Biomark Prev: Publ Am Assoc Cancer Res, Cosponsored Am Soc Prev Oncol. 2008;17(8):2174–9.
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. The hallmarks of cancer. Cell. 2000;100(1):57–70.
Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011;144(5):646–74.
Handley TP, McCaul JA, Ogden GR. Dyskeratosis congenita. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(4):331–6.
Hansen LS, Olson JA, Silverman S Jr. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. A long-term study of thirty patients. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;60(3):285–98.
Hart W, Naime MJ. A screening test for cystic fibrosis of the pancreas using analysis of saliva. Pediatrics. 1957;19(3):372–6.
Hashibe M, Straif K, Tashkin DP, Morgenstern H, Greenland S, Zhang Z-F. Epidemiologic review of marijuana use and cancer risk. Alcohol (Fayetteville, N Y). 2005;35(3):265–75.
Hashibe M, Brennan P, Benhamou S, Castellsague X, Chu C, Curado MP, Dal Maso L, Dauct AW, Fabianova E, Wunsch V, Franceschi S, Hayes RB, Herrero R, Koifman S, La Vecchia C, Lazarus P, Levi F, Mates D, Matos E, Menezes A, Muscat J, Eluf J, Olshan AF, Rudnai P, Schwartz SM, Smith E, Sturgis EM, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Talamini R, Wei QY, Winn DM, Zaridze D, Zatonski W, Zhang ZF, Berthiller J, Boffetta P. Alcohol drinking in never users of tobacco, cigarette smoking in never drinkers, and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the international head and neck cancer epidemiology consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99(10):777–89.
Hashibe M, Brennan P, Chuang SC, Boccia S, Castellsague X, Chen C, Curado MP, Dal Maso L, Daudt AW, Fabianova E, Fernandez L, Wunsch-Filho V, Franceschi S, Hayes RB, Herrero R, Kelsey K, Koifman S, La Vecchia C, Lazarus P, Levi F, Lence JJ, Mates D, Matos E, Menezes A, McClean MD, Muscat J, Eluf-Neto J, Olshan AF, Purdue M, Rudnai P, Schwartz SM, Smith E, Sturgis EM, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Talamini R, Wei Q, Winn DM, Shangina O, Pilarska A, Zhang ZF, Ferro G, Berthiller J, Boffetta P. Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2009;18(2):541–50.
Hashim D, Sartori S, Brennan P, Curado MP, Wunsch-Filho V, Divaris K, Olshan AF, Zevallos JP, Winn DM, Franceschi S, Castellsague X, Lissowska J, Rudnai P, Matsuo K, Morgenstern H, Chen C, Vaughan TL, Hofmann JN, D’Souza G, Haddad RI, Wu H, Lee YC, Hashibe M, Vecchia CL, Boffetta P. The role of oral hygiene in head and neck cancer: results from International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology (INHANCE) consortium. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(8):1619–25.
Hassaneen M, Maron JL. Salivary diagnostics in pediatrics: applicability, translatability, and limitations. Front Public Health. 2017;5:83.
Hayama FH, Motta AC, Silva Ade P, Migliari DA. Liquid-based preparations versus conventional cytology: specimen adequacy and diagnostic agreement in oral lesions. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2005;10(2):115–22.
Hayes RB, Bravo-Otero E, Kleinman DV, Brown LM, Fraumeni JF, Harty LC, Winn DM. Tobacco and alcohol use and oral cancer in Puerto Rico. Cancer Causes Control. 1999;10(1):27–33.
Herrera D, Roldan S, Santacruz I, Santos S, Masdevall M, Sanz M. Differences in antimicrobial activity of four commercial 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthrinse formulations: an in vitro contact test and salivary bacterial counts study. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30(4):307–14.
Hicks WL Jr, North JH Jr, Loree TR, Maamoun S, Mullins A, Orner JB, Bakamjian VY, Shedd DP. Surgery as a single modality therapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue. Am J Otolaryngol. 1998;19(1):24–8.
Hindle I, Downer MC, Speight PM. The association between intra-oral cancer and surrogate markers of smoking and alcohol consumption. Community Dent Health. 2000;17(2):107–13.
Hobson JC, Malla JV, Sinha J, Kay NJ, Ramamurthy L. Outcomes for patients referred urgently with suspected head and neck cancer. J Laryngol Otol. 2008;122(11):1241–4.
Homann N, JousimiesSomer H, Jokelainen K, Heine R, Salaspuro M. High acetaldehyde levels in saliva after ethanol consumption: methodological aspects and pathogenetic implications. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18(9):1739–43.
Homann N, Tillonen J, Meurman JH, Rintamaki H, Lindqvist C, Rautio M, Jousimies-Somer H, Salaspuro M. Increased salivary acetaldehyde levels in heavy drinkers and smokers: a microbiological approach to oral cavity cancer. Carcinogenesis. 2000;21(4):663–8.
Hooper SJ, Wilson MJ, Crean SJ. Exploring the link between microorganisms and oral cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Head Neck. 2009;31(9):1228–39.
Horowitz AM, Alfano MC. Performing a death-defying act. J Am Dent Assoc. 2001;132(suppl 1):5S–6S.
Howaldt HP, Kainz M, Euler B, Vorast H. Proposal for modification of the TNM staging classification for cancer of the oral cavity: DOSAK. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 1999;27(5):275–88.
Howell JL, Shepperd JA, Logan H. Barriers to oral cancer screening: a focus group study of rural Black American adults. Psychooncology. 2013;22(6):1306–11.
http://www.dentlight.com/product/doe-se/. Retrieved 20 Sept 2013.
Huang WY, Winn DM, Brown LM, Gridley G, Bravo-Otero E, Diehl SR, Fraumeni JF, Hayes RB. Alcohol concentration and risk of oral cancer in Puerto Rico. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(10):881–7.
Huang CC, Ou CY, Lee WT, Hsiao JR, Tsai ST, Wang J. Life expectancy and expected years of life lost to oral cancer in Taiwan: a nation-wide analysis of 22,024 cases followed for 10 years. Oral Oncol. 2015a;51(4):349–54.
Huang Y-HJ, Zhang Z-F, Tashkin DP, Feng B, Straif K, Hashibe M. An epidemiologic review of marijuana and cancer: an update. Cancer Epidemiol, Biomark Prev: Publ Am Assoc Cancer Res, Cosponsored Am Soc Prev Oncol. 2015b;24(1):15–31.
Hubert Low TH, Gao K, Elliott M, Clark JR. Tumor classification for early oral cancer: re-evaluate the current TNM classification. Head Neck. 2015;37(2):223–8.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut derived nitrosamines. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2004a;85:1–334.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2004b;83:1–1438.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Human papillomaviruses. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 2007a;90:1–636.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Smokeless Tobacco and Some Tobacco-specific N-Nitrosamines. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2007b. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 89.) Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326497/.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Alcohol consumption and ethyl carbamate. Iarc Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 2010;96:3–1383.
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans. Radiation. Lyon (FR): International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2012. (IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 100D.) Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK304362/.
Ibrahim SS, Al-Attas SA, Darwish ZE, Amer HA, Hassan MH. Effectiveness of the Microlux/DLTM chemiluminescence device in screening of potentially malignant and malignant oral lesions. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(15):6081–6.
India Project Team of the International Cancer Genome, C. Mutational landscape of gingivo-buccal oral squamous cell carcinoma reveals new recurrently-mutated genes and molecular subgroups. Nat Commun. 2013;4:2873.
International Consortium for Outcome Research (ICOR) in Head and Neck Cancer, Ebrahimi A, Gil Z, Amit M, Yen TC, Liao CT. Primary tumor staging for oral cancer and a proposed modification incorporating depth of invasion: an international multicenter retrospective study. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;140(12):1138–48.
Ishii J, Fujita K, Komori T. Laser surgery as a treatment for oral leukoplakia. Oral Oncol. 2003;39(8):759–69.
Ishikawa S, Ishikawa H, Kato T, Tachibana H, Kobayashi T, Shimoyama Y, Sugano A, Ozaki H, Sakurai H, Iino M. Acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary gingiva: case report and literature review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg, Med Pathol. 2014;26(4):488–91.
Iyer NG, Tan DS, Tan VK, Wang W, Hwang J, Tan NC, Sivanandan R, Tan HK, Lim WT, Ang MK, Wee J, Soo KC, Tan EH. Randomized trial comparing surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in patients with advanced, nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: 10-year update and subset analysis. Cancer. 2015;121(10):1599–607.
Jaber L, Shaban S, Hariri D. Oral cancer prevention and early detection: knowledge and practice among Saudi Arabian healthcare practitioners. Int J Health Care Qual Assur. 2012;25(1):64–74.
Jamali Z, Asl Aminabadi N, Attaran R, Pournagiazar F, Ghertasi Oskouei S, Ahmadpour F. MicroRNAs as prognostic molecular signatures in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2015;51(4):321–31.
James EL, Michalek RD, Pitiyage GN, de Castro AM, Vignola KS, Jones J, Mohney RP, Karoly ED, Prime SS, Parkinson EK. Senescent human fibroblasts show increased glycolysis and redox homeostasis with extracellular metabolomes that overlap with those of irreparable DNA damage, aging, and disease. J Proteome Res. 2015;14(4):1854–71.
Jarl J, Gerdtham UG. Time pattern of reduction in risk of oesophageal cancer following alcohol cessation-a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2012;107(7):1234–43.
Jarvandi S, Montazeri A, Harirchi I, Kazemnejad A. Beliefs and behaviours of Iranian teachers toward early detection of breast cancer and breast self-examination. Public Health. 2002;116(4):245–9.
Javaid MA, Ahmed AS, Durand R, Tran SD. Saliva as a diagnostic tool for oral and systemic diseases. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2016;6(1):66–75.
Jayasinghe LA, Peiris PM, Tilakaratne WM, Attygalla AM, Jayasinghe RD, Sitheeque MA, Siriwardena BS. Clinically malignant exophytic lesions in the background of oral submucous fibrosis: report of five cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2016;122(2):210–5.
Jayasooriya PR, Nadeeka Jayasinghe KA, Mudiyanselage Tilakaratne W. Relationship between thickness of fibrosis and epithelial dysplasia in oral submucous fibrosis. J Investig Clin Dent. 2011;2(3):171–5.
Jefferies S, Eeles R, Goldgar D, A’Hern R, Henk JM, Gore M. The role of genetic factors in predisposition to squamous cell cancer of the head and neck. Br J Cancer. 1999;79(5–6):865–7.
Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, Hao Y, Xu J, Murray T, Thun MJ. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin. 2008;58(2):71–96.
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin. 2011;61(2):69–90.
Johnson N. Tobacco use and oral cancer: a global perspective. J Dent Educ. 2001;65(4):328–39.
Johnson NW, Warnakulasuriya S, Tavassoli M. Hereditary and environmental risk factors; clinical and laboratory risk matters for head and neck, especially oral, cancer and precancer. Eur J Cancer Prev. 1996;5(1):5–17.
Johnson NW, Jayasekara P, Amarasinghe AA. Squamous cell carcinoma and precursor lesions of the oral cavity: epidemiology and aetiology. Periodontol. 2011;57(1):19–37.
Johnson S, McDonald JT, Corsten M. Oral cancer screening and socioeconomic status. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2012;41(2):102–7.
Josyula S, Lin J, Xue X, Rothman N, Lan Q, Rohan TE, Hosgood HD 3rd. Household air pollution and cancers other than lung: a meta-analysis. Environ Health: Glob Access Sci Source. 2015;14:24.
Junqueira JL, Bonecker M, Furuse C, Morais Pde C, Florio FM, Cury PR, Araujo VC. Actinic cheilitis among agricultural workers in Campinas, Brazil. Community Dent Health. 2011;28(1):60–3.
Jyonouchi S, Forbes L, Ruchelli E, Sullivan KE. Dyskeratosis congenita: a combined immunodeficiency with broad clinical spectrum – a single-center pediatric experience. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2011;22(3):313–9.
Kabat GC, Hebert JR, Wynder EL. Risk factors for oral cancer in women. Cancer Res. 1989;49(10):2803–6.
Kallarakkal TG, Ramanathan A, Zain RB. Verrucous papillary lesions: dilemmas in diagnosis and terminology. Int J Dent. 2013;2013:298249.
Kantola S, Jokinen K, Hyrynkangas K, Mantyselka P, Alho OP. Detection of tongue cancer in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2001;51(463):106–11.
Karabulut A, Reibel J, Therkildsen MH, Praetorius F, Nielsen HW, Dabelsteen E. Observer variability in the histologic assessment of oral premalignant lesions. J Oral Pathol Med: Off Publ Int Assoc Oral Pathol Am Acad Oral Pathol. 1995;24(5):198–200.
Kass JI, Lee SC, Abberbock S, Seethala RR, Duvvuri U. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the head and neck: molecular analysis using CRTC-MAML FISH and survival comparison with paired conventional squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope. 2015;125(11):E371–6.
Kaugars GE, Pillion T, Svirsky JA, Page DG, Burns JC, Abbey LM. Actinic cheilitis: a review of 152 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1999;88(2):181–6.
Kerr AR, Warnakulasuriya S, Mighell AJ, Dietrich T, Nasser M, Rimal J, Jalil A, Bornstein MM, Nagao T, Fortune F, Hazarey VH, Reichart PA, Silverman S, Johnson NW. A systematic review of medical interventions for oral submucous fibrosis and future research opportunities. Oral Dis. 2011;17(Suppl 1):42–57.
Khabour OF, Alzoubi KH, Eissenberg T, Mehrotra P, Azab M, Carroll MV, Afifi RA, Primack BA. Waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking among university students in Jordan. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(7):986–92.
Khode SR, Dwivedi RC, Rhys-Evans P, Kazi R. Exploring the link between human papilloma virus and oral and oropharyngeal cancers. J Cancer Res Ther. 2014;10(3):492–8.
Kim JW, Wieckowski E, Taylor DD, Reichert TE, Watkins S, Whiteside TL. Fas ligand-positive membranous vesicles isolated from sera of patients with oral cancer induce apoptosis of activated T lymphocytes. Clin Cancer Res: Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2005;11(3):1010–20.
Kordbacheh F, Bhatia N, Farah CS. Patterns of differentially expressed genes in oral mucosal lesions visualised under autofluorescence (VELscope()). Oral Dis. 2016;22(4):285–96.
Kramer IR, Lucas RB, Pindborg JJ, Sobin LH. Definition of leukoplakia and related lesions: an aid to studies on oral precancer. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1978;46(4):518–39.
Krishna Rao SV, Mejia G, Roberts-Thomson K, Logan R. Epidemiology of oral cancer in Asia in the past decade-an update (2000–2012). Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(10):5567–77.
Krutchkoff DJ, Eisenberg E. Lichenoid dysplasia: a distinct histopathologic entity. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;60(3):308–15.
Kujan O, Sloan P. Dilemmas of oral cancer screening: an update. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(5):3369–73.
Kujan O, Desai M, Sargent A, Bailey A, Turner A, Sloan P. Potential applications of oral brush cytology with liquid-based technology: results from a cohort of normal oral mucosa. Oral Oncol. 2006a;42(8):810–8.
Kujan O, Glenny AM, Oliver RJ, Thakker N, Sloan P. Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006b;3:CD004150.
Kujan O, Oliver RJ, Khattab A, Roberts SA, Thakker N, Sloan P. Evaluation of a new binary system of grading oral epithelial dysplasia for prediction of malignant transformation. Oral Oncol. 2006c;42(10):987–93.
Kujan O, Farah CS, Johnson NW. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: incidence, mortality, trends, and gaps in public databases as presented to the Global Oral Cancer Forum. Transl Res Oral Oncol. 2017;2:1–9.
Kujan O, Pemberton M, Schwarz M, Sloan P. Evaluation of an innovative oral brush for potential applications using liquid based cytology. J Oral Sci. 2018;60(1):45–50.
Kumar G, Manjunatha B. Metastatic tumors to the jaws and oral cavity. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2013;17(1):71–5.
Kumar S, Heller RF, Pandey U, Tewari V, Bala N, Oanh KT. Delay in presentation of oral cancer: a multifactor analytical study. Natl Med J India. 2001;14(1):13–7.
La Vecchia C. Mouthwash and oral cancer risk: an update. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(3):198–200.
Lachenmeier DW. Safety evaluation of topical applications of ethanol on the skin and inside the oral cavity. J Occup Med Toxicol. 2008;3:26.
Lachenmeier DW. Alcohol-containing mouthwash and oral cancer – can epidemiology prove the absence of risk? Annals Agric Environ Med: AAEM. 2012;19(3):609–10.
Lachenmeier DW, Gumbel-Mako S, Sohnius EM, Keck-Wilhelm A, Kratz E, Mildau G. Salivary acetaldehyde increase due to alcohol-containing mouthwash use: a risk factor for oral cancer. Int J Cancer. 2009;125(3):730–5.
Lalla Y, Matias M, Farah CS. Oral mucosal disease in an Australian urban indigenous community using autofluorescence imaging and reflectance spectroscopy. Aust Dent J. 2015;60(2):216–24.
Lalla Y, Matias MA, Farah CS. Assessment of oral mucosal lesions with autofluorescence imaging and reflectance spectroscopy. J Am Dent Assoc. 2016;147(8):650–60.
Langdon JD. Oral cancer: raising the level of awareness. Dent Update. 1995;22(7):269–70.
LaVecchia C, Tavani A, Franceschi S, Levi F, Corrao G, Negri E. Epidemiology and prevention of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 1997;33(5):302–12.
Lavelle CL, Scully C. Criteria to rationalize population screening to control oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2005;41(1):11–6.
Lawson D, Saggers BA, Chapman MJ. Screening for cystic fibrosis by measurement of unstimulated parotid saliva sodium levels. Arch Dis Child. 1967;42(226):689–90.
Lemos CA Jr, Villoria GEM. Reviewed evidence about the safety of the daily use of alcohol-based mouthrinses. Braz Oral Res. 2008;22(Suppl 1):24–31.
Lewis JS Jr. p16 Immunohistochemistry as a standalone test for risk stratification in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol. 2012;6(Suppl 1):S75–82.
Lewis M, Murray S. Safety of alcohol-containing mouthwashes. A review of the evidence. Dent Health (London). 2006;45:2–4.
Li Y, Bai S, Carroll W, Dayan D, Dort JC, Heller K, Jour G, Lau H, Penner C, Prystowsky M, Rosenthal E, Schlecht NF, Smith RV, Urken M, Vered M, Wang B, Wenig B, Negassa A, Brandwein-Gensler M. Validation of the risk model: high-risk classification and tumor pattern of invasion predict outcome for patients with low-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. Head Neck Pathol. 2013;7(3):211–23.
Li YJ, Mao YY, Zhang Y, Cai SF, Chen GD, Ding Y, Guo J, Chen K, Jin MJ. Alcohol drinking and upper aerodigestive tract cancer mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(4):269–75.
Liao CT, Chang JT, Wang HM, Ng SH, Hsueh C, Lee LY, Lin CH, Chen IH, Huang SF, Cheng AJ, Yen TC. Analysis of risk factors of predictive local tumor control in oral cavity cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15(3):915–22.
Liao LJ, Chou HL, Lo WC, Wang CT, Chou HW, Chen CD, Hsieh CH, Lin YC, Cheng PW. Initial outcomes of an integrated outpatient-based screening program for oral cancers. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2015;119(1):101–6.
Licitra L, Grandi C, Guzzo M, Mariani L, Lo Vullo S, Valvo F, Quattrone P, Valagussa P, Bonadonna G, Molinari R, Cantu G. Primary chemotherapy in resectable oral cavity squamous cell cancer: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(2):327–33.
Lim K, Moles DR, Downer MC, Speight PM. Opportunistic screening for oral cancer and precancer in general dental practice: results of a demonstration study. Br Dent J. 2003;194(9):497–502; discussion 493.
Lin W-C, Lin Y-P, Wang Y-C, Chang T-K, Chiang L-C. Assessing and mapping spatial associations among oral cancer mortality rates, concentrations of heavy metals in soil, and land use types based on multiple scale data. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(2):2148–68.
Lindenbergh-van der Plas M, Brakenhoff RH, Kuik DJ, Buijze M, Bloemena E, Snijders PJF, Leemans CR, Braakhuis BJM. Prognostic significance of truncating TP53 mutations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res: Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2011;17(11):3733–41.
Lingen MW, Kalmar JR, Karrison T, Speight PM. Critical evaluation of diagnostic aids for the detection of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2008;44(1):10–22.
Lingen MW, Xiao W, Schmitt A, Jiang B, Pickard R, Kreinbrink P, Perez-Ordonez B, Jordan RC, Gillison ML. Low etiologic fraction for high-risk human papillomavirus in oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Oncol. 2013;49(1):1–8.
Lingen MW, Abt E, Agrawal N, Chaturvedi AK, Cohen E, D’Souza G, Gurenlian J, Kalmar JR, Kerr AR, Lambert PM, Patton LL, Sollecito TP, Truelove E, Tampi MP, Urquhart O, Banfield L, Carrasco-Labra A. Evidence-based clinical practice guideline for the evaluation of potentially malignant disorders in the oral cavity: a report of the American Dental Association. J Am Dent Assoc. 2017;148(10):712–27, e710.
Link JO, Kaugars GE, Burns JC. Comparison of oral carcinomas in smokeless tobacco users and nonusers. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1992;50(5):452–5.
Lissowska J, Pilarska A, Pilarski P, Samolczyk-Wanyura D, Piekarczyk J, Bardin-Mikolajczak A, Zatonski W, Herrero R, Munoz N, Franceschi S. Smoking, alcohol, diet, dentition and sexual practices in the epidemiology of oral cancer in Poland. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2003;12(1):25–33.
Lo WL, Kao SY, Chi LY, Wong YK, Chang RC. Outcomes of oral squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwan after surgical therapy: factors affecting survival. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2003;61(7):751–8.
Lodi G, Porter S. Management of potentially malignant disorders: evidence and critique. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008;37(2):63–9.
Lodi G, Sardella A, Bez C, Demarosi F, Carrassi A. Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;4:CD001829.
Lodi G, Franchini R, Warnakulasuriya S, Varoni EM, Sardella A, Kerr AR, Carrassi A, MacDonald LC, Worthington HV. Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7:CD001829.
Lopes MA, Feio P, Santos-Silva AR, Vargas PA. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia may initially mimic lichenoid reactions. World J Clin Cases. 2015;3(10):861–3.
Lopez-Jornet P, Plana-Ramon E, Seoane Leston J, Pons-Fuster A. Short-term side effects of 0.2% alcohol-free chlorhexidine mouthrinse in geriatric patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Gerodontology. 2012;29(4):292–8.
Lovas JG, Harsanyi BB, ElGeneidy AK. Oral lichenoid dysplasia: a clinicopathologic analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1989;68(1):57–63.
Low TH, Gao K, Gupta R, Clifford A, Elliott M, Ch’ng S, Milross C, Clark JR. Factors predicting poor outcomes in T1N0 oral squamous cell carcinoma: indicators for treatment intensification. ANZ J Surg. 2016;86(5):366–71.
Lubin JH, Purdue M, Kelsey K, Zhang ZF, Winn D, Wei QY, Talamini R, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Sturgis EM, Smith E, Shangina O, Schwartz SM, Rudnai P, Neto JE, Muscat J, Morgenstern H, Menezes A, Matos E, Mates IN, Lissowska J, Levi F, Lazarus P, La Vecchia C, Koifman S, Herrero R, Franceschi S, Wunsch V, Fernandez L, Fabianova E, Daudt AW, Dal Maso L, Curado MP, Chen C, Castellsague X, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Hashibe M, Hayes RB. Total exposure and exposure rate effects for alcohol and smoking and risk of head and neck cancer: a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol. 2009;170(8):937–47.
Lukandu OM, Koech LS, Kiarie PN. Oral lesions induced by chronic khat use consist essentially of thickened hyperkeratinized epithelium. Int J Dent. 2015;2015:104812.
Lydiatt WM, Patel SG, O’Sullivan B, Brandwein MS, Ridge JA, Migliacci JC, Loomis AM, Shah JP. Head and neck cancers-major changes in the American Joint Committee on cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(2):122–37.
Macey R, Walsh T, Brocklehurst P, Kerr AR, Liu JL, Lingen MW, Ogden GR, Warnakulasuriya S, Scully C. Diagnostic tests for oral cancer and potentially malignant disorders in patients presenting with clinically evident lesions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;5:CD010276.
Macfarlane GJ, Zheng T, Marshall JR, Boffetta P, Niu S, Brasure J, Merletti F, Boyle P. Alcohol, tobacco, diet and the risk of oral cancer: a pooled analysis of three case-control studies. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1995;31B(3):181–7.
Macfarlane TV, Macfarlane GJ, Oliver RJ, Benhamou S, Bouchardy C, Ahrens W, Pohlabeln H, Lagiou P, Lagiou A, Castellsague X, Agudo A, Merletti F, Richiardi L, Kjaerheim K, Slamova A, Schejbalova M, Canova C, Simonato L, Talamini R, Barzan L, Conway DI, McKinney PA, Znaor A, Lowry RJ, Thomson P, Healy CM, McCartan BE, Marron M, Hashibe M, Brennan P. The aetiology of upper aerodigestive tract cancers among young adults in Europe: the ARCAGE study. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(12):2213–21.
Macpherson LM, McCann MF, Gibson J, Binnie VI, Stephen KW. The role of primary healthcare professionals in oral cancer prevention and detection. Br Dent J. 2003;195(5):277–81; discussion 263.
Maher R, Lee AJ, Warnakulasuriya KA, Lewis JA, Johnson NW. Role of areca nut in the causation of oral submucous fibrosis: a case-control study in Pakistan. J Oral Pathol Med: Off Publ Int Assoc Oral Pathol Am Acad Oral Pathol. 1994;23(2):65–9.
Maier H, Weidauer H, Zöller J, Seitz HK, Flentje M, Mall G, Born IA. Effect of chronic alcohol consumption on the morphology of the oral mucosa. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994;18(2):387–91.
Mandel ID. A contemporary view of salivary research. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med: Off Publ Am Assoc Oral Biol. 1993;4(3–4):599–604.
Marcu LG, Yeoh E. A review of risk factors and genetic alterations in head and neck carcinogenesis and implications for current and future approaches to treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2009;135(10):1303–14.
Markopoulos A, Albanidou-Farmaki E, Kayavis I. Actinic cheilitis: clinical and pathologic characteristics in 65 cases. Oral Dis. 2004;10(4):212–6.
Marks MA, Chaturvedi AK, Kelsey K, Straif K, Berthiller J, Schwartz SM, Smith E, Wyss A, Brennan P, Olshan AF, Wei Q, Sturgis EM, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Muscat J, Lazarus P, McClean M, Chen C, Vaughan TL, Wunsch-Filho V, Curado MP, Koifman S, Matos E, Menezes A, Daudt AW, Fernandez L, Posner M, Boffetta P, Lee YC, Hashibe M, D’Souza G. Association of marijuana smoking with oropharyngeal and oral tongue cancers: pooled analysis from the INHANCE consortium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2014;23(1):160–71.
Marques LA, Eluf-Neto J, Figueiredo RAO, de Gois JF, Kowalski LP, de Carvalho MB, Abrahao M, Wunsch V. Oral health, hygiene practices and oral cancer. Rev Saude Publica. 2008;42(3):471–9.
Marsh D, Suchak K, Moutasim KA, Vallath S, Hopper C, Jerjes W, Upile T, Kalavrezos N, Violette SM, Weinreb PH, Chester KA, Chana JS, Marshall JF, Hart IR, Hackshaw AK, Piper K, Thomas GJ. Stromal features are predictive of disease mortality in oral cancer patients. J Pathol. 2011;223(4):470–81.
Marshall JR, Graham S, Haughey BP, Shedd D, O’Shea R, Brasure J, Wilkinson GS, West D. Smoking, alcohol, dentition and diet in the epidemiology of oral cancer. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1992;28B(1):9–15.
Martin IC, Kerawala CJ, Reed M. The application of toluidine blue as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of epithelial dysplasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1998;85(4):444–6.
Martin D, Abba MC, Molinolo AA, Vitale-Cross L, Wang Z, Zaida M, Delic NC, Samuels Y, Lyons JG, Gutkind JS. The head and neck cancer cell oncogenome: a platform for the development of precision molecular therapies. Oncotarget. 2014;5(19):8906–23.
Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Pestell RG, Howell A, Tykocinski ML, Nagajyothi F, Machado FS, Tanowitz HB, Sotgia F, Lisanti MP. Energy transfer in “parasitic” cancer metabolism: mitochondria are the powerhouse and Achilles’ heel of tumor cells. Cell Cycle. 2011;10(24):4208–16.
Marur S, D’Souza G, Westra WH, Forastiere AA. HPV-associated head and neck cancer: a virus-related cancer epidemic. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(8):781–9.
Marusiak AA, Edwards ZC, Hugo W, Trotter EW, Girotti MR, Stephenson NL, Kong X, Gartside MG, Fawdar S, Hudson A, Breitwieser W, Hayward NK, Marais R, Lo RS, Brognard J. Mixed lineage kinases activate MEK independently of RAF to mediate resistance to RAF inhibitors. Nat Commun. 2014;5:3901.
Marway R. Oral health: the destructive effects of khat. Br Dent J. 2016;221(1):2.
Masand RP, El-Mofty SK, Ma XJ, Luo Y, Flanagan JJ, Lewis JS Jr. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the head and neck: relationship to human papillomavirus and review of the literature. Head Neck Pathol. 2011;5(2):108–16.
Maserejian NN, Joshipura KJ, Rosner BA, Giovannucci E, Zavras AI. Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of oral premalignant lesions in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2006;15(4):774–81.
Mashberg A, Barsa P, Grossman ML. A study of the relationship between mouthwash use and oral and pharyngeal cancer. J Am Dent Assoc. 1985;110(5):731–4.
Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Wesley R, Nair MK. Evaluation of mouth self-examination in the control of oral cancer. Br J Cancer. 1995;71(2):397–9.
Mattsson U, Jontell M, Holmstrup P. Oral lichen planus and malignant transformation: is a recall of patients justified? Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2002;13(5):390–6.
Maziak W, Taleb ZB, Bahelah R, Islam F, Jaber R, Auf R, Salloum RG. The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking. Tob Control. 2015;24(Suppl 1):i3–i12.
Maziak W, Ben Taleb Z, Jawad M, Afifi R, Nakkash R, Akl EA, Ward KD, Salloum RG, Barnett TE, Primack BA, Sherman S, Cobb CO, Sutfin EL, Eissenberg T, S. Expert Panel on Waterpipe Assessment in Epidemiological. Consensus statement on assessment of waterpipe smoking in epidemiological studies. Tob Control. 2017;26(3):338–43.
Mazurek JM, Syamlal G, King BA, Castellan RM. Smokeless tobacco use among working adults – United States, 2005 and 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(22):477–82.
McCullough M, Farah C. The role of alcohol in oral carcinogenesis with particular reference to alcohol-containing mouthwashes. Aust Dent J. 2008;53(4):302–5.
McCullough MJ, Farah CS. The mouthwash question: authors’ reply. Aust Dent J. 2009;54(1):78–81.
McCullough M, Jaber M, Barrett AW, Bain L, Speight PM, Porter SR. Oral yeast carriage correlates with presence of oral epithelial dysplasia. Oral Oncol. 2002;38(4):391–3.
McCullough M, Prasad G, Zhao S, Farah C. The changing aetiology of oral cancer and the role of novel biomarkers to aid in early diagnosis. In: Ogbureke KUE, editor. Oral cancer. Intech. 2012, London.
McDowell JD. An overview of epidemiology and common risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma. Otolaryngol Clin N Am. 2006;39(2):277–94.
McIntosh L, McCullough MJ, Farah CS. The assessment of diffused light illumination and acetic acid rinse (Microlux/DL) in the visualisation of oral mucosal lesions. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(12):e227–31.
McKie C, Ahmad UA, Fellows S, Meikle D, Stafford FW, Thomson PJ, Welch AR, Paleri V. The 2-week rule for suspected head and neck cancer in the United Kingdom: referral patterns, diagnostic efficacy of the guidelines and compliance. Oral Oncol. 2008;44(9):851–6.
McLeod NM, Saeed NR, Ali EA. Oral cancer: delays in referral and diagnosis persist. Br Dent J. 2005;198(11):681–4.
McNamara KK, Martin BD, Evans EW, Kalmar JR. The role of direct visual fluorescent examination (VELscope) in routine screening for potentially malignant oral mucosal lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;114(5):636–43.
Mehanna HM, Rattay T, Smith J, McConkey CC. Treatment and follow-up of oral dysplasia – a systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck. 2009;31(12):1600–9.
Mehanna H, Paleri V, West CM, Nutting C. Head and neck cancer – part 1: epidemiology, presentation, and prevention. BMJ. 2010;341:c4684.
Mehrotra R, Singh M, Thomas S, Nair P, Pandya S, Nigam NS, Shukla P. A cross-sectional study evaluating chemiluminescence and autofluorescence in the detection of clinically innocuous precancerous and cancerous oral lesions. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141(2):151–6.
Mello FW, Miguel AFP, Dutra KL, Porporatti AL, Warnakulasuriya S, Guerra ENS, Rivero ERC. Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Pathol Med. 2018.
Merchant AT, Pitiphat W. Total, direct, and indirect effects of paan on oral cancer. Cancer Causes Control: CCC. 2015;26(3):487–91.
Merletti F, Boffetta P, Ciccone G, Mashberg A, Terracini B. Role of tobacco and alcoholic beverages in the etiology of cancer of the oral cavity oropharynx in Torino, Italy. Cancer Res. 1989;49(17):4919–24.
Meurman JH. Infectious and dietary risk factors of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(6):411–3.
Mignogna MD, Lo Muzio L, Lo Russo L, Fedele S, Ruoppo E, Bucci E. Clinical guidelines in early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma arising in oral lichen planus: a 5-year experience. Oral Oncol. 2001;37(3):262–7.
Mignogna MD, Fedele S, Lo Russo L, Ruoppo E, Lo Muzio L. Costs and effectiveness in the care of patients with oral and pharyngeal cancer: analysis of a paradox. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2002a;11(3):205–8.
Mignogna MD, Lo Russo L, Fedele S, Ruoppo E, Califano L, Lo Muzio L. Clinical behaviour of malignant transforming oral lichen planus. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2002b;28(8):838–43.
Mignogna MD, Fedele S, Lo Russo L. Dysplasia/neoplasia surveillance in oral lichen planus patients: a description of clinical criteria adopted at a single centre and their impact on prognosis. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(8):819–24.
Min A, Zhu C, Peng S, Rajthala S, Costea DE, Sapkota D. MicroRNAs as important players and biomarkers in oral carcinogenesis. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:186904.
Moazzez R, Thompson H, Palmer RM, Wilson RF, Proctor GB, Wade WG. Effect of rinsing with ethanol-containing mouthrinses on the production of salivary acetaldehyde. Eur J Oral Sci. 2011;119(6):441–6.
Moharamzadeh K, Franklin KL, Brook IM, van Noort R. Biologic assessment of antiseptic mouthwashes using a three-dimensional human oral mucosal model. J Periodontol. 2009;80(5):769–75.
Mohd Bakri M, Mohd Hussaini H, Rachel Holmes A, David Cannon R, Mary Rich A. Revisiting the association between candidal infection and carcinoma, particularly oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Microbiol. 2010;2.
Montazeri Z, Nyiraneza C, El-Katerji H, Little J. Waterpipe smoking and cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Tob Control. 2017;26(1):92–7.
Monteiro LS, Salazar F, Pacheco JJ, Martins M, Warnakulasuriya S. Outcomes of invitational and opportunistic oral cancer screening initiatives in Oporto, Portugal. J Oral Pathol Med. 2015;44(2):145–52.
Moore C, Kuhns JG, Greenberg RA. Thickness as prognostic aid in upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Arch Surg. 1986;121(12):1410–4.
Moore KA, Ford PJ, Farah CS. “I have quality of life…but…”: exploring support needs important to quality of life in head and neck cancer. Eur J Oncol Nurs. 2014a;18(2):192–200.
Moore KA, Ford PJ, Farah CS. Support needs and quality of life in oral cancer: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2014b;12(1):36–47.
Moyer VA. Screening for oral cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(1):55–60.
Moyer VA, U. S. P. S. T. Force. Screening for oral cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(1):55–60.
Mucke T, Holzle F, Kesting MR, Loeffelbein DJ, Robitzky LK, Hohlweg-Majert B, Tannapfel A, Wolff KD. Tumor size and depth in primary malignant melanoma in the oral cavity influences survival. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;67(7):1409–15.
Muller P, Hepke B, Meldau U, Raabe G. Tissue damage in the rabbit oral mucosa by acute and chronic direct toxic action of different alcohol concentrations. Exp Pathol. 1983;24(2–3):171–81.
Munshi T, Heckman CJ, Darlow S. Association between tobacco waterpipe smoking and head and neck conditions: a systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(10):760–6.
Murrah VA, Batsakis JG. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and verrucous hyperplasia. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1994;103(8 Pt 1):660–3.
Murti PR, Bhonsle RB, Pindborg JJ, Daftary DK, Gupta PC, Mehta FS. Malignant transformation rate in oral submucous fibrosis over a 17-year period. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1985;13(6):340–1.
Myers JN, Greenberg JS, Mo V, Roberts D. Extracapsular spread. A significant predictor of treatment failure in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue. Cancer. 2001;92(12):3030–6.
Nagler R, Bahar G, Shpitzer T, Feinmesser R. Concomitant analysis of salivary tumor markers – a new diagnostic tool for oral cancer. Clin Cancer Res: Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2006;12(13):3979–84.
Napier SS, Speight PM. Natural history of potentially malignant oral lesions and conditions: an overview of the literature. J Oral Pathol Med. 2008;37(1):1–10.
Nasher AT, Al-Hebshi NN, Al-Moayad EE, Suleiman AM. Viral infection and oral habits as risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in Yemen: a case-control study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2014;118(5):566–72, e561.
Nason RW, Binahmed A, Pathak KA, Abdoh AA, Sandor GKB. What is the adequate margin of surgical resection in oral cancer? Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;107(5):625–9.
Natarajan E, Eisenberg E. Contemporary concepts in the diagnosis of oral cancer and precancer. Dent Clin N Am. 2011;55(1):63–88.
National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. 2016. http://seer.cancer.gov/.
Navone R, Burlo P, Pich A, Pentenero M, Broccoletti R, Marsico A, Gandolfo S. The impact of liquid-based oral cytology on the diagnosis of oral squamous dysplasia and carcinoma. Cytopathology. 2007;18(6):356–60.
Negri E, Boffetta P, Berthiller J, Castellsague X, Curado MP, Dal Maso L, Daudt AW, Fabianova E, Fernandez L, Wunsch-Filho V, Franceschi S, Hayes RB, Herrero R, Koifman S, Lazarus P, Lence JJ, Levi F, Mates D, Matos E, Menezes A, Muscat J, Eluf-Neto J, Olshan AF, Rudnai P, Shangina O, Sturgis EM, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Talamini R, Wei Q, Winn DM, Zaridze D, Lissowska J, Zhang ZF, Ferro G, Brennan P, La Vecchia C, Hashibe M. Family history of cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Int J Cancer. 2009;124(2):394–401.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: head and neck cancers. V 1.2018.
Neville BW, Day TA. Oral cancer and precancerous lesions. CA Cancer J Clin. 2002;52(4):195–215.
Nguyen P, Bashirzadeh F, Hodge R, Agnew J, Farah CS, Duhig E, Clarke B, Perry-Keene J, Botros D, Masters IB, Fielding D. High specificity of combined narrow band imaging and autofluorescence mucosal assessment of patients with head and neck cancer. Head Neck. 2013;35(5):619–25.
Ni Riordain R, McCreary C. Oral cancer – current knowledge, practices and implications for training among an Irish general medical practitioner cohort. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(11):958–62.
NIDCR. Detecting oral cancer: a guide for health care professionals. Bethesda: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research; 2013.
Nordsmark M, Bentzen SM, Rudat V, Brizel D, Lartigau E, Stadler P, Becker A, Adam M, Molls M, Dunst J, Terris DJ, Overgaard J. Prognostic value of tumor oxygenation in 397 head and neck tumors after primary radiation therapy. An international multi-center study. Radiother Oncol. 2005;77(1):18–24.
Nummi KP, Salaspuro M, Vakevainen S. The use of alcohol-containing mouthwash leads to the production of carcinogenic acetaldehyde in the oral cavity. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011;46:43.
O’Sullivan B, Brierley JD, D’Cruz AK, Fey M, Pollock R, Vermorken JB, Huang SH. UICC manual of clinical oncology. Wiley. 2015, London.
Obe G, Ristow H. Acetaldehyde, but not ethanol, induces sister chromatid exchanges in chinese hamster cells in-vitro. Mutat Res. 1977;56(2):211–3.
Ochsenius G, Ormeno A, Godoy L, Rojas R. A retrospective study of 232 cases of lip cancer and pre cancer in Chilean patients. Clinical-histological correlation. Rev Med Chil. 2003;131(1):60–6.
Oh ES, Laskin DM. Efficacy of the ViziLite system in the identification of oral lesions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;65(3):424–6.
Olsson H, Asklow B, Johansson E, Slotte C. Rinsing with alcohol-free or alcohol-based chlorhexidine solutions after periodontal surgery. A double-blind, randomized, cross-over, pilot study. Swed Dent J. 2012;36(2):91–9.
Onizawa K, Nishihara K, Yamagata K, Yusa H, Yanagawa T, Yoshida H. Factors associated with diagnostic delay of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2003;39(8):781–8.
Oral Cancer Foundation. Oral, head & neck cancer awareness month. 2015. Retrieved Sept 2015, from http://oralcancerfoundation.org/events/oral-cancer-awareness-month.html.
Oral Health Foundation. Mouth cancer awareness month. 2018. Retrieved July 2018, from http://www.dentalhealth.org/Pages/Category/mouth-cancer-action-month.
Pantanowitz L, Khammissa RAG, Lemmer J, Feller L. Oral HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma. J Oral Pathol Med: Off Publ Int Assoc Oral Pathol Am Acad Oral Pathol. 2013;42(3):201–7.
Parkinson EK. Senescence as a modulator of oral squamous cell carcinoma development. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(12):840–53.
Parkinson EK, James EL, Prime SS. Senescence-derived extracellular molecules as modulators of oral cancer development: a mini-review. Gerontology. 2016;62(4):417–24.
Partridge M, Costea DE, Huang X. The changing face of p53 in head and neck cancer. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007;36(12):1123–38.
Patrikidou A, Vahtsevanos K, Charalambidou M, Valeri R-M, Xirou P, Antoniades K. Non-AIDS Kaposi’s sarcoma in the head and neck area. Head Neck. 2009;31(2):260–8.
Patton LL, Ashe TE, Elter JR, Southerland JH, Strauss RP. Adequacy of training in oral cancer prevention and screening as self-assessed by physicians, nurse practitioners, and dental health professionals. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2006;102(6):758–64.
Paudyal P, Flohr FD, Llewellyn CD. A systematic review of patient acceptance of screening for oral cancer outside of dental care settings. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(10):956–62.
Pavia M, Pileggi C, Nobile CG, Angelillo IF. Association between fruit and vegetable consumption and oral cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83(5):1126–34.
Pavlova I, Williams M, El-Naggar A, Richards-Kortum R, Gillenwater A. Understanding the biological basis of autofluorescence imaging for oral cancer detection: high-resolution fluorescence microscopy in viable tissue. Clin Cancer Res: Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2008;14(8):2396–404.
Pelucchi C, Talamini R, Negri E, Levi F, Conti E, Franceschi S, La Vecchia C. Folate intake and risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2003;14(11):1677–81.
Pentenero M, Gandolfo S, Carrozzo M. Importance of tumor thickness and depth of invasion in nodal involvement and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review of the literature. Head Neck. 2005;27(12):1080–91.
Petrou SP, Pinkstaff DM, Wu KJ, Bregg KJ. Leukoplakia of the bladder. 2003. Retrieved 12 May 2018, from http://web.archive.org/web/20170910173607/http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/464488_print
Petti S. Pooled estimate of world leukoplakia prevalence: a systematic review. Oral Oncol. 2003;39(8):770–80.
Petti S. Lifestyle risk factors for oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4–5):340–50.
Pfaffe T, Cooper-White J, Beyerlein P, Kostner K, Punyadeera C. Diagnostic potential of saliva: current state and future applications. Clin Chem. 2011;57(5):675–87.
Piazza C, Dessouky O, Peretti G, Cocco D, De Benedetto L, Nicolai P. Narrow-band imaging: a new tool for evaluation of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Review of the literature. Acta otorhinolaryngol Ital: Organo Ufficiale Soc Ital Otorinolaringol Chir Cervico-Fac. 2008;28(2):49–54.
Pickering CR, Zhang J, Yoo SY, Bengtsson L, Moorthy S, Neskey DM, Zhao M, Ortega Alves MV, Chang K, Drummond J, Cortez E, Xie TX, Zhang D, Chung W, Issa JP, Zweidler-McKay PA, Wu X, El-Naggar AK, Weinstein JN, Wang J, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Wheeler DA, Myers JN, Frederick MJ. Integrative genomic characterization of oral squamous cell carcinoma identifies frequent somatic drivers. Cancer Discov. 2013;3(7):770–81.
Piemonte ED, Lazos JP, Brunotto M. Relationship between chronic trauma of the oral mucosa, oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39(7):513–7.
Pinera-Marques K, Lorenco SV, Silva LF, Sotto MN, Carneiro PC. Actinic lesions in fishermen’s lower lip: clinical, cytopathological and histopathologic analysis. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2010;65(4):363–7.
Pinkston JA, Cole P. Incidence rates of salivary gland tumors: results from a population-based study. Otolaryngol – Head Neck Surg: Off J Am Acad Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg. 1999;120(6):834–40.
Pintos J, Black MJ, Sadeghi N, Ghadirian P, Zeitouni AG, Viscidi RP, Herrero R, Coutlee F, Franco EL. Human papillomavirus infection and oral cancer: a case-control study in Montreal, Canada. Oral Oncol. 2008;44(3):242–50.
Pitchers M, Martin C. Delay in referral of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma to secondary care correlates with a more advanced stage at presentation, and is associated with poorer survival. Br J Cancer. 2006;94(7):955–8.
Pitiyage G, Tilakaratne WM, Tavassoli M, Warnakulasuriya S. Molecular markers in oral epithelial dysplasia: review. J Oral Pathol Med: Off Publ Int Assoc Oral Pathol Am Acad Oral Pathol. 2009;38(10):737–52.
Pitiyage GN, Slijepcevic P, Gabrani A, Chianea YG, Lim KP, Prime SS, Tilakaratne WM, Fortune F, Parkinson EK. Senescent mesenchymal cells accumulate in human fibrosis by a telomere-independent mechanism and ameliorate fibrosis through matrix metalloproteinases. J Pathol. 2011;223(5):604–17.
Poeta ML, Manola J, Goldwasser MA, Forastiere A, Benoit N, Califano JA, Ridge JA, Goodwin J, Kenady D, Saunders J, Westra W, Sidransky D, Koch WM. TP53 mutations and survival in squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(25):2552–61.
Poggi P, Baena RRY, Rizzo S, Rota MT. Mouthrinses with alcohol: cytotoxic effects on human gingival fibroblasts in vitro. J Periodontol. 2003;74(5):623–9.
Poh CF, Zhang L, Anderson DW, Durham JS, Williams PM, Priddy RW, Berean KW, Ng S, Tseng OL, MacAulay C, Rosin MP. Fluorescence visualization detection of field alterations in tumor margins of oral cancer patients. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(22):6716–22.
Poh CF, Anderson DW, Durham JS, Chen J, Berean KW, MacAulay CE, Rosin MP. Fluorescence visualization-guided surgery for early-stage oral cancer. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;142(3):209–16.
Poling JS, Ma XJ, Bui S, Luo Y, Li R, Koch WM, Westra WH. Human papillomavirus (HPV) status of non-tobacco related squamous cell carcinomas of the lateral tongue. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(4):306–10.
Pollaers K, Kujan O, Johnson NW, Farah CS. Oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Oceania: incidence, mortality, trends and gaps in public databases as presented to the Global Oral Cancer Forum. Transl Res Oral Oncol. 2017;2:1–8.
Pollaers K, Hinton-Bayre A, Friedland P, Farah CS. AJCC 8th edition oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma staging – is it an improvement on the AJCC 7th edition? Oral Oncol. 2018;82:23–8.
Prime SS, Cirillo N, Hassona Y, Lambert DW, Paterson IC, Mellone M, Thomas GJ, James EN, Parkinson EK. Fibroblast activation and senescence in oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med. 2017;46(2):82–8.
Pukkala E, Martinsen JI, Lynge E, Gunnarsdottir HK, Sparen P, Tryggvadottir L, Weiderpass E, Kjaerheim K. Occupation and cancer – follow-up of 15 million people in five Nordic countries. Acta Oncol. 2009;48(5):646–790.
Queyrat L. Erythroplasie de gland. Bull Soc Bull Franc Derm Syph. 1911;22:378–82.
RACGP. Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice. 8th ed. East Melbourne: Royal Australian College of General Practitioners; 2012. p. 68.
Radoi L, Luce D. A review of risk factors for oral cavity cancer: the importance of a standardized case definition. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2013;41(2):97–109, e178–191.
Rana M, Zapf A, Kuehle M, Gellrich NC, Eckardt AM. Clinical evaluation of an autofluorescence diagnostic device for oral cancer detection: a prospective randomized diagnostic study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2012;21(5):460–6.
Reece RW, Koontz WW Jr. Leukoplakia of the urinary tract: a review. J Urol. 1975;114(2):165–71.
Reichart PA, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral lichenoid contact lesions induced by areca nut and betel quid chewing: a mini review. J Investig Clin Dent. 2012;3(3):163–6.
Rena W, Lia Y, Liua C, Qianga C, Zhang L, Gaoa L, Wangb Z, Zhia K. Surgical management of squamous cell carcinoma of the lower lip: an experience of 109 cases. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2014;19(4):e398–402.
Rennie JS, MacDonald DG. Quantitative histological analysis of the epithelium of the ventral surface of hamster tongue in experimental iron deficiency. Arch Oral Biol. 1982;27(5):393–7.
Rennie JS, MacDonald DG, Dagg JH. Quantitative analysis of human buccal epithelium in iron deficiency anaemia. J Oral Pathol. 1982;11(1):39–46.
Rethman MP, Carpenter W, Cohen EE, Epstein J, Evans CA, Flaitz CM, Graham FJ, Hujoel PP, Kalmar JR, Koch WM, Lambert PM, Lingen MW, Oettmeier BW Jr, Patton LL, Perkins D, Reid BC, Sciubba JJ, Tomar SL, Wyatt AD Jr, Aravamudhan K, Frantsve-Hawley J, Cleveland JL, Meyer DM. Evidence-based clinical recommendations regarding screening for oral squamous cell carcinomas. J Am Dent Assoc. 2010;141(5):509–20.
Rettig EM, D’Souza G. Epidemiology of head and neck cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2015;24(3):379–96.
Riaz N, Morris LG, Lee W, Chan TA. Unraveling the molecular genetics of head and neck cancer through genome-wide approaches. Genes Dis. 2014;1(1):75–86.
Ribeiro AS, Salles PR, da Silva TA, Mesquita RA. A review of the nonsurgical treatment of oral leukoplakia. Int J Dent. 2010;2010:1–10.
Richards-Kortum R, Sevick-Muraca E. Quantitative optical spectroscopy for tissue diagnosis. Annu Rev Phys Chem. 1996;47:555–606.
Robertson AG, Soutar DS, Paul J, Webster M, Leonard AG, Moore KP, McManners J, Yosef HM, Canney P, Errington RD, Hammersley N, Singh R, Vaughan D. Early closure of a randomized trial: surgery and postoperative radiotherapy versus radiotherapy in the management of intra-oral tumours. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 1998;10(3):155–60.
Roblyer D, Kurachi C, Stepanek V, Williams MD, El-Naggar AK, Lee JJ, Gillenwater AM, Richards-Kortum R. Objective detection and delineation of oral neoplasia using autofluorescence imaging. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2009;2(5):423–31.
Rodrigues F, Lehmann M, do Amaral VS, Reguly ML, de Andrade HHR. Genotoxicity of three mouthwash products, Cepacol (R) Periogard (R), and Plax (R), in the drosophila wing-spot test. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2007;48:644–9.
Rogers SN, Vedpathak SV, Lowe D. Reasons for delayed presentation in oral and oropharyngeal cancer: the patients perspective. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;49(5):349–53.
Roland N, Paleri V, editors. Head and neck cancer: multidisciplinary management guidelines. London: ENT UK; 2011.
Rosin MP, Cheng X, Poh C, Lam WL, Huang Y, Lovas J, Berean K, Epstein JB, Priddy R, Le ND, Zhang L. Use of allelic loss to predict malignant risk for low-grade oral epithelial dysplasia. Clin Cancer Res: Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2000;6(2):357–62.
Russell JO, Hoschar AP, Scharpf J. Papillary squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: a clinicopathologic series. Am J Otolaryngol. 2011;32(6):557–63.
Rusthoven K, Ballonoff A, Raben D, Chen C. Poor prognosis in patients with stage I and II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2008;112(2):345–51.
Rytkonen AE, Hirvikoski PP, Salo TA. Lymphoepithelial carcinoma: two case reports and a systematic review of oral and sinonasal cases. Head Neck Pathol. 2011;5(4):327–34.
Saintigny P, Zhang L, Fan Y-H, El-Naggar AK, Papadimitrakopoulou VA, Feng L, Lee JJ, Kim ES, Ki Hong W, Mao L. Gene expression profiling predicts the development of oral cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2011;4(2):218–29.
Salaspuro M. Interrelationship between alcohol, smoking, acetaldehyde and cancer. Novartis Found Symp. 2007;285:80–9; discussion 89–96, 198–199.
Sandoval M, Font R, Manos M, Dicenta M, Quintana MJ, Bosch FX, Castellsague X. The role of vegetable and fruit consumption and other habits on survival following the diagnosis of oral cancer: a prospective study in Spain. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2009;38(1):31–9.
Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thomas G, Muwonge R, Thara S, Mathew B, Rajan B. Effect of screening on oral cancer mortality in Kerala, India: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9475):1927–33.
Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Thara S, Muwonge R, Thomas G, Anju G, Mathew B. Long term effect of visual screening on oral cancer incidence and mortality in a randomized trial in Kerala, India. Oral Oncol. 2013;49(4):314–21.
Sankaranarayanan R, Ramadas K, Amarasinghe H, Subramanian S, Johnson N. Oral cancer: prevention, early detection, and treatment. In: Gelband H, Jha P, Sankaranarayanan R, Horton S, editors. Cancer: disease control priorities, vol. 3. Third ed. Washington, DC: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank; 2015.
Sapkota A, Gajalakshmi V, Jetly DH, Roychowdhury S, Dikshit RP, Brennan P, Hashibe M, Boffetta P. Indoor air pollution from solid fuels and risk of hypopharyngeal/laryngeal and lung cancers: a multicentric case-control study from India. Int J Epidemiol. 2008;37(2):321–8.
Sato F, Oze I, Kawakita D, Yamamoto N, Ito H, Hosono S, Suzuki T, Kawase T, Furue H, Watanabe M, Hatooka S, Yatabe Y, Hasegawa Y, Shinoda M, Ueda M, Tajima K, Tanaka H, Matsuo K. Inverse association between toothbrushing and upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk in a Japanese population. Head Neck. 2011;33(11):1628–37.
Schildt EB, Eriksson M, Hardell L, Magnuson A. Oral snuff, smoking habits and alcohol consumption in relation to oral cancer in a Swedish case-control study. Int J Cancer. 1998;77(3):341–6.
Schwimmer E. Die idiopathischen Schleimhautplaques der Mundhöhle (Leukoplakia buccalis). Arch Dermat Syph. 1877;9:570–611.
Sciubba JJ. Oral cancer. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2001;2(4):239–51.
Scott SE, Grunfeld EA, Main J, McGurk M. Patient delay in oral cancer: a qualitative study of patients’ experiences. Psychooncology. 2006;15(6):474–85.
Scott SE, Weinman J, Grunfeld EA. Developing ways to encourage early detection and presentation of oral cancer: what do high-risk individuals think? Psychol Health. 2011;26(10):1392–405.
Scully C. Oral cancer aetiopathogenesis; past, present and future aspects. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16(3):e306–11.
Scully C, Bagan J. Oral squamous cell carcinoma overview. Oral Oncol. 2009a;45(4–5):301–8.
Scully C, Bagan JV. Oral squamous cell carcinoma: overview of current understanding of aetiopathogenesis and clinical implications. Oral Dis. 2009b;15(6):388–99.
Scully C, Porter SR, Speight PM, Eveson JW, Gale D. Adenosquamous carcinoma of the mouth: a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1999;28(2):125–8.
Sedghizadeh PP, Billington WD, Paxton D, Ebeed R, Mahabady S, Clark GT, Enciso R. Is p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma associated with favorable prognosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Oncol. 2016;54:15–27.
Seitz HK, Stickel F. Molecular mechanisms of alcohol-mediated carcinogenesis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007;7(8):599–612.
Seitz HK, Stickel F. Acetaldehyde as an underestimated risk factor for cancer development: role of genetics in ethanol metabolism. Genes Nutr. 2010;5(2):121–8.
Seoane J, Pita-Fernandez S, Gomez I, Vazquez I, Lopez-Cedrun JL, De Agustin D, Varela-Centelles P. Proliferative activity and diagnostic delay in oral cancer. Head Neck. 2010;32(10):1377–84.
Seoane-Leston J, Velo-Noya J, Warnakulasuriya S, Varela-Centelles P, Gonzalez-Mosquera A, Villa-Vigil MA, Rodriguez-Lozano F, Diz-Dios P. Knowledge of oral cancer and preventive attitudes of Spanish dentists. Primary effects of a pilot educational intervention. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(3):e422–6.
Shafer WG, Waldron CA. Erythroplakia of the oral cavity. Cancer. 1975;36(3):1021–8.
Shah JP, Cendon RA, Farr HW, Strong EW. Carcinoma of the oral cavity. Factors affecting treatment failure at the primary site and neck. Am J Surg. 1976;132(4):504–7.
Shah HV, Williams RW, Irvine GH. Fast-track referrals for oral lesions: a prospective study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2006;44(3):207–8.
Shapiro S, Castellana JV, Sprafka JM. Alcohol-containing mouthwashes and oropharyngeal cancer: a spurious association due to underascertainment of confounders? Am J Epidemiol. 1996;144(12):1091–5.
Shear M, Pindborg JJ. Verrucous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa. Cancer. 1980;46(8):1855–62.
Shield KD, Ferlay J, Jemal A, Sankaranarayanan R, Chaturvedi AK, Bray F, Soerjomataram I. The global incidence of lip, oral cavity, and pharyngeal cancers by subsite in 2012. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017;67(1):51–64.
Shim SJ, Cha J, Koom WS. Clinical outcomes for T1-2 N0-1 oral tongue cancer patients underwent surgery with and without postoperative radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol. 2010;5:43.
Shin D, Vigneswaran N, Gillenwater A, Richards-Kortum R. Advances in fluorescence imaging techniques to detect oral cancer and its precursors. Future Oncol (London, England). 2010;6(7):1143–54.
Shridhar K, Walia GK, Aggarwal A, Gulati S, Geetha AV, Prabhakaran D, Dhillon PK, Rajaraman P. DNA methylation markers for oral pre-cancer progression: a critical review. Oral Oncol. 2016;53:1–9.
Simanowski UA, Suter P, Stickel F, Maier H, Waldherr R, Smith D, Russell RM, Seitz HK. Esophageal epithelial hyperproliferation following long-term alcohol consumption in rats – effects of age and salivary gland function. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1993;85(24):2030–3.
Simard EP, Torre LA, Jemal A. International trends in head and neck cancer incidence rates: differences by country, sex and anatomic site. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(5):387–403.
Simpson RHW, Skalova A, Di Palma S, Leivo I. Recent advances in the diagnostic pathology of salivary carcinomas. Virchows Arch: Int J Pathol. 2014;465(4):371–84.
Singh P, Warnakulasuriya S. The two-week wait cancer initiative on oral cancer; the predictive value of urgent referrals to an oral medicine unit. Br Dent J. 2006;201(11):717–20; discussion 714.
Siriwardena BS, Tilakaratne A, Amaratunga EA, Tilakaratne WM. Demographic, aetiological and survival differences of oral squamous cell carcinoma in the young and the old in Sri Lanka. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(8):831–6.
Sitheeque MA, Samaranayake LP. Chronic hyperplastic candidosis/candidiasis (candidal leukoplakia). Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14(4):253–67.
Slaughter DP, Southwick HW, Smejkal W. Field cancerization in oral stratified squamous epithelium; clinical implications of multicentric origin. Cancer. 1953;6(5):963–8.
Song X, Xia R, Li J, Long Z, Ren H, Chen W, Mao L. Common and complex Notch1 mutations in Chinese oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2014;20(3):701–10.
Soufi HE, Kameswaran M, Malatani T. Khat and oral cancer. J Laryngol Otol. 1991;105(8):643–5.
Sousa FA, Paradella TC, Brandao AA, Rosa LE. Oral lichen planus versus epithelial dysplasia: difficulties in diagnosis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2009;75(5):716–20.
Speight PM, Zakrzewska J, Downer MC. Screening for oral cancer and precancer. Eur J Cancer B Oral Oncol. 1992;28B(1):45–8.
Speight P, Warnakulasuriya S, Ogden G. Early detection and prevention of oral cancer: a management strategy for dental practice. BDA Occasional Paper (6). 2010.
Speight PM, Epstein J, Kujan O, Lingen MW, Nagao T, Ranganathan K, Vargas P. Screening for oral cancer-a perspective from the Global Oral Cancer Forum. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2017;123(6):680–7.
Spiro RH, Huvos AG, Wong GY, Spiro JD, Gnecco CA, Strong EW. Predictive value of tumor thickness in squamous carcinoma confined to the tongue and floor of the mouth. Am J Surg. 1986;152(4):345–50.
Statistics, A. B. o. National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2008.
Statistics, A. B. o. Apparent consumption of alcohol, Australia, 2008–09. Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics; 2010.
Stich HF, Hornby AP, Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Krishnan Nair M. Response of oral leukoplakias to the administration of vitamin A. Cancer Lett. 1988a;40(1):93–101.
Stich HF, Rosin MP, Hornby AP, Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Nair MK. Remission of oral leukoplakias and micronuclei in tobacco/betel quid chewers treated with beta-carotene and with beta-carotene plus vitamin A. Int J Cancer. 1988b;42(2):195–9.
Stransky N, Egloff AM, Tward AD, Kostic AD, Cibulskis K, Sivachenko A, Kryukov GV, Lawrence MS, Sougnez C, McKenna A, Shefler E, Ramos AH, Stojanov P, Carter SL, Voet D, Cortes ML, Auclair D, Berger MF, Saksena G, Guiducci C, Onofrio RC, Parkin M, Romkes M, Weissfeld JL, Seethala RR, Wang L, Rangel-Escareno C, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Melendez-Zajgla J, Winckler W, Ardlie K, Gabriel SB, Meyerson M, Lander ES, Getz G, Golub TR, Garraway LA, Grandis JR. The mutational landscape of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Science. 2011;333(6046):1157–60.
Strong K, Wald N, Miller A, Alwan A. Current concepts in screening for noncommunicable disease: World Health Organization Consultation Group report on methodology of noncommunicable disease screening. J Med Screen. 2005;12(1):12–9.
Sujatha D, Hebbar PB, Pai A. Prevalence and correlation of oral lesions among tobacco smokers, tobacco chewers, areca nut and alcohol users. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012;13(4):1633–7.
Sun Y, Kuyama K, Burkhardt A, Yamamoto H. Clinicopathological evaluation of carcinoma cuniculatum: a variant of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Pathol Med. 2012;41(4):303–8.
Szymanska K, Levi JE, Menezes A, Wunsch-Filho V, Eluf-Neto J, Koifman S, Matos E, Daudt AW, Curado MP, Villar S, Pawlita M, Waterboer T, Boffetta P, Hainaut P, Brennan P. TP53 and EGFR mutations in combination with lifestyle risk factors in tumours of the upper aerodigestive tract from South America. Carcinogenesis. 2010;31(6):1054–9.
Talamini R, Franceschi S, Barra S, Lavecchia C. The role of alcohol in oral and pharyngeal cancer in non-smokers, and of tobacco in non-drinkers. Int J Cancer. 1990;46(3):391–3.
Talamini R, Vaccarella S, Barbone F, Tavani A, La Vecchia C, Herrero R, Munoz N, Franceschi S. Oral hygiene, dentition, sexual habits and risk of oral cancer. Br J Cancer. 2000;83(9):1238–42.
Tan NCW, Herd MK, Brennan PA, Puxeddu R. The role of narrow band imaging in early detection of head and neck cancer. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2012;50(2):132–6.
Tanaka T, Ishigamori R. Understanding carcinogenesis for fighting oral cancer. J Oncol. 2011;2011:603740.
Taoudi Benchekroun M, Saintigny P, Thomas SM, El-Naggar AK, Papadimitrakopoulou V, Ren H, Lang W, Fan YH, Huang J, Feng L, Lee JJ, Kim ES, Hong WK, Johnson FM, Grandis JR, Mao L. Epidermal growth factor receptor expression and gene copy number in the risk of oral cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila). 2010;3(7):800–9.
Teppo H, Alho OP. Relative importance of diagnostic delays in different head and neck cancers. Clin Otolaryngol. 2008;33(4):325–30.
Theruvathu JA, Jaruga P, Nath RG, Dizdaroglu M, Brooks PJ. Polyamines stimulate the formation of mutagenic 1,N-2-propanodeoxyguanosine adducts from acetaldehyde. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005;33(11):3513–20.
Thompson LDR. Squamous cell carcinoma variants of the head and neck. Curr Diagn Pathol. 2003;9(6):384–96.
Thompson CF, St John MA, Lawson G, Grogan T, Elashoff D, Mendelsohn AH. Diagnostic value of sentinel lymph node biopsy in head and neck cancer: a meta-analysis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270(7):2115–22.
Thomson PJ. Field change and oral cancer: new evidence for widespread carcinogenesis? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2002;31(3):262–6.
Thumfart W, Weidenbecher M, Waller G, Pesch HG. Chronic mechanical trauma in the aetiology of oro-pharyngeal carcinoma. J Maxillofac Surg. 1978;6(3):217–21.
Thurlow JK, Pena Murillo CL, Hunter KD, Buffa FM, Patiar S, Betts G, West CML, Harris AL, Parkinson EK, Harrison PR, Ozanne BW, Partridge M, Kalna G. Spectral clustering of microarray data elucidates the roles of microenvironment remodeling and immune responses in survival of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol: Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28(17):2881–8.
Tilakaratne WM, Klinikowski MF, Saku T, Peters TJ, Warnakulasuriya S. Oral submucous fibrosis: review on aetiology and pathogenesis. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(6):561–8.
Tillonen J, Homann N, Rautio M, Jousimies-Somer H, Salaspuro M. Role of yeasts in the salivary acetaldehyde production from ethanol among risk groups for ethanol-associated oral cavity cancer. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999;23(8):1409–15.
Tornesello ML, Perri F, Buonaguro L, Ionna F, Buonaguro FM, Caponigro F. HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers: from pathogenesis to new therapeutic approaches. Cancer Lett. 2014;351(2):198–205.
Torres-Rendon A, Stewart R, Craig GT, Wells M, Speight PM. DNA ploidy analysis by image cytometry helps to identify oral epithelial dysplasias with a high risk of malignant progression. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(6):468–73.
Towle R, Truong D, Hogg K, Robinson WP, Poh CF, Garnis C. Global analysis of DNA methylation changes during progression of oral cancer. Oral Oncol. 2013;49(11):1033–42.
Tramacere I, Negri E, Bagnardi V, Garavello W, Rota M, Scotti L, Islami F, Corrao G, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers. Part 1: overall results and dose-risk relation. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(7):497–503.
Troeltzsch M, Knosel T, Eichinger C, Probst F, Troeltzsch M, Woodlock T, Mast G, Ehrenfeld M, Otto S. Clinicopathologic features of oral squamous cell carcinoma: do they vary in different age groups? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;72(7):1291–300.
Trullenque-Eriksson A, Munoz-Corcuera M, Campo-Trapero J, Cano-Sanchez J, Bascones-Martinez A. Analysis of new diagnostic methods in suspicious lesions of the oral mucosa. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2009;14(5):E210–6.
Tsai ST, Wong TY, Ou CY, Fang SY, Chen KC, Hsiao JR, Huang CC, Lee WT, Lo HI, Huang JS, Wu JL, Yen CJ, Hsueh WT, Wu YH, Yang MW, Lin FC, Chang JY, Chang KY, Wu SY, Liao HC, Lin CL, Wang YH, Weng YL, Yang HC, Chang JS. The interplay between alcohol consumption, oral hygiene, ALDH2 and ADH1B in the risk of head and neck cancer. Int J Cancer. 2014;135:2424–36.
Tsourounakis I, Palaiologou-Gallis AA, Stoute D, Maney P, Lallier TE. Effect of essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthwashes on gingival fibroblast survival and migration. J Periodontol. 2013;84(8):1211–20.
Turati F, Garavello W, Tramacere I, Pelucchi C, Galeone C, Bagnardi V, Corrao G, Islami F, Fedirko V, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C, Negri E. A meta-analysis of alcohol drinking and oral and pharyngeal cancers: results from subgroup analyses. Alcohol Alcohol. 2013;48(1):107–18.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Final Recommendation Statement: Oral Cancer: Screening. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. November 2013. http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/oral-cancer-screening1.
van der Meij EH, van der Waal I. Lack of clinicopathologic correlation in the diagnosis of oral lichen planus based on the presently available diagnostic criteria and suggestions for modifications. J Oral Pathol Med. 2003;32(9):507–12.
van der Meij EH, Reibel J, Slootweg PJ, van der Wal JE, de Jong WF, van der Waal I. Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the histologic assessment of oral lichen planus. J Oral Pathol Med. 1999;28(6):274–7.
van der Meij EH, Schepman KP, van der Waal I. The possible premalignant character of oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: a prospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;96(2):164–71.
van der Waal I. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa; terminology, classification and present concepts of management. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4–5):317–23.
van der Waal I. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa; present concepts of management. Oral Oncol. 2010;46(6):423–5.
van der Waal I, Scully C. Oral cancer: comprehending the condition, causes, controversies, control and consequences. 4. Potentially malignant disorders of the oral and oropharyngeal mucosa. Dent Update. 2011;38(2):138–40.
van der Waal I, de Bree R, Brakenhoff R, Coebergh JW. Early diagnosis in primary oral cancer: is it possible? Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2011;16(3):e300–5.
Vieira RAMAR, Minicucci EM, Marques MEA, Marques SA. Actinic cheilitis and squamous cell carcinoma of the lip: clinical, histopathological and immunogenetic aspects. An Bras Dermatol. 2012;87:105–14.
Villa A, Villa C, Abati S. Oral cancer and oral erythroplakia: an update and implication for clinicians. Aust Dent J. 2011;56(3):253–6.
Vu AN, Farah CS. Efficacy of narrow band imaging for detection and surveillance of potentially malignant and malignant lesions in the oral cavity and oropharynx: a systematic review. Oral Oncol. 2014;50(5):413–20.
Vu A, Farah CS. Narrow band imaging: clinical applications in oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Dis. 2016;22(5):383–90.
Vu AN, Matias M, Farah CS. Diagnostic accuracy of narrow band imaging for the detection of oral potentially malignant disorders. Oral Dis. 2015;21(4):519–29.
Wade J, Smith H, Hankins M, Llewellyn C. Conducting oral examinations for cancer in general practice: what are the barriers? Fam Pract. 2010;27(1):77–84.
Wagnieres GA, Star WM, Wilson BC. In vivo fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging for oncological applications. Photochem Photobiol. 1998;68(5):603–32.
Wang YP, Chen HM, Kuo RC, Yu CH, Sun A, Liu BY, Kuo YS, Chiang CP. Oral verrucous hyperplasia: histologic classification, prognosis, and clinical implications. J Oral Pathol Med. 2009;38(8):651–6.
Wang R, Jing G, Lv J, Song H, Li C, Wang X, Xia W, Wu Y, Ren G, Guo W. Interferon-alpha-2b as an adjuvant therapy prolongs survival of patients with previously resected oral muscosal melanoma. Genet Mol Res. 2015;14(4):11944–54.
Warnakulasuriya S. Causes of oral cancer – an appraisal of controversies. Br Dent J. 2009a;207(10):471–5.
Warnakulasuriya S. Global epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol. 2009b;45(4–5):309–16.
Warnakulasuriya S, Ariyawardana A. Malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia: a systematic review of observational studies. J Oral Pathol Med. 2016;45(3):155–66.
Warnakulasuriya KA, Johnson NW. Sensitivity and specificity of OraScan (R) toluidine blue mouthrinse in the detection of oral cancer and precancer. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996;25(3):97–103.
Warnakulasuriya S, Johnson NW, van der Waal I. Nomenclature and classification of potentially malignant disorders of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2007;36(10):575–80.
Weaver A, Fleming SM, Smith DB. Mouthwash and oral cancer – carcinogen or coincidence. J Oral Surg. 1979;37(4):250–3.
Weidner N, Matthews K, Regezi JA. Oral cavity and jaws. In: Weidner N, Cote RJ, Suster S, Weiss LM, editors. Modern surgical durgical pathology. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2009.
Welfare, A. I. o. H. a. Australia’s health, 2008. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare; 2008.
Welk A, Rosin M, Ludtke C, Schwahn C, Kramer A, Daeschlein G. The peritoneal explant test for evaluating tissue tolerance to mouthrinses. Skin Pharmacol Physiol. 2007;20(3):162–6.
West R, Alkhatib MN, McNeill A, Bedi R. Awareness of mouth cancer in Great Britain. Br Dent J. 2006;200(3):167–9; discussion 151.
Widran J, Sanchez R, Gruhn J. Squamous metaplasia of the bladder: a study of 450 patients. J Urol. 1974;112(4):479–82.
Wight AJ, Ogden GR. Possible mechanisms by which alcohol may influence the development of oral cancer – a review. Oral Oncol. 1998;34(6):441–7.
Wilson JMG, Jungner G. Principles and practice of screening for disease, Public Health Paper Number 34. Geneva: WHO; 1968.
Winn DM, Ziegler RG, Pickle LW, Gridley G, Blot WJ, Hoover RN. Diet in the etiology of oral and pharyngeal cancer among women from the southern United States. Cancer Res. 1984;44(3):1216–22.
Winn DM, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Austin DF, Greenberg RS, Prestonmartin S, Schoenberg JB, Fraumeni JF. Mouthwash use and oral conditions in the risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Cancer Res. 1991;51(11):3044–7.
Winn DM, Diehl SR, Brown LM, Harty LC, Bravo-Otero E, Fraumeni JF Jr, Kleinman DV, Hayes RB. Mouthwash in the etiology of oral cancer in Puerto Rico. Cancer Causes Control: CCC. 2001;12(5):419–29.
Wong DT. Towards a simple, saliva-based test for the detection of oral cancer ‘oral fluid (saliva), which is the mirror of the body, is a perfect medium to be explored for health and disease surveillance’. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2006;6(3):267–72.
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of cancer. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research; 2007.
World Health Organization. Report of a meeting of investigators on the histological definition of precancerous lesions. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1973.
World Health Organization (TobReg). Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation. Tobacco free intiative. TobReg – advisory note. Waterpipe tobacco smoking: health effects, research needs and recommended actions by regulators. Geneva: World Health Organization Press; 2005.
World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems 10th revision (ICD-10). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016.
Woolgar JA. Histopathological prognosticators in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol. 2006;42(3):229–39.
Woolgar JA, Triantafyllou A. Pitfalls and procedures in the histopathological diagnosis of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and a review of the role of pathology in prognosis. Oral Oncol. 2009;45(4–5):361–85.
Wynder EL, Kabat G, Rosenberg S, Levenstein M. Oral cancer and mouthwash use. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1983;70(2):255–60.
Wyss A, Hashibe M, Chuang S-C, Lee Y-CA, Zhang Z-F, Yu G-P, Winn DM, Wei Q, Talamini R, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, Sturgis EM, Smith E, Shangina O, Schwartz SM, Schantz S, Rudnai P, Purdue MP, Eluf-Neto J, Muscat J, Morgenstern H, Michaluart P Jr, Menezes A, Matos E, Mates IN, Lissowska J, Levi F, Lazarus P, La Vecchia C, Koifman S, Herrero R, Hayes RB, Franceschi S, Wunsch-Filho V, Fernandez L, Fabianova E, Daudt AW, Dal Maso L, Curado MP, Chen C, Castellsague X, de Carvalho MB, Cadoni G, Boccia S, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Olshan AF. Cigarette, cigar, and pipe smoking and the risk of head and neck cancers: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(5):679–90.
Wyss AB, Hashibe M, Lee YA, Chuang SC, Muscat J, Chen C, Schwartz SM, Smith E, Zhang ZF, Morgenstern H, Wei Q, Li G, Kelsey KT, McClean M, Winn DM, Schantz S, Yu GP, Gillison ML, Zevallos JP, Boffetta P, Olshan AF. Smokeless tobacco use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis of US studies in the INHANCE Consortium. Am J Epidemiol. 2016;184(10):703–16.
Xie S, Bredell M, Yang H, Shen S, Yang H. Basaloid squamous cell carcinoma of the maxillary gingiva: a case report and review of the literature. Oncol Lett. 2014;8(3):1287–90.
Yang S-W, Lee Y-S, Chang L-C, Chien H-P, Chen T-A. Clinical appraisal of endoscopy with narrow-band imaging system in the evaluation and management of homogeneous oral leukoplakia. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec. 2012;74(2):102–9.
Yang Y, Li Y-x, Yang X, Jiang L, Zhou Z-j, Zhu Y-q. Progress risk assessment of oral premalignant lesions with saliva miRNA analysis. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:129.
Yeung CA. Oral cancer: cancer referral guidelines. Br Dent J. 2015;219(4):147.
Young TB, Ford CN, Brandenburg JH. An epidemiologic study of oral cancer in a statewide network. Am J Otolaryngol. 1986;7(3):200–8.
Yuen AP, Lam KY, Wei WI. A comparison of the prognostic significance of tumor diameter, length, width, thickness, area, volume, and clinicopathological features of oral tongue carcinoma. Am J Surg. 2000;180(2):139–43.
Zafereo ME, Xu L, Dahlstrom KR, Viamonte CA, El-Naggar AK, Wei Q, Li G, Sturgis EM. Squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity often overexpresses p16 but is rarely driven by human papillomavirus. Oral Oncol. 2016;56:47–53.
Zamora-Perez AL, Mariaud-Schmidt RP, Fuentes-Lerma MG, Guerrero-Velazquez C, Gomez-Meda BC, Lopez-Verdin S, Zuniga-Gonzalez GM. Increased number of micronuclei and nuclear anomalies in buccal mucosa cells from people exposed to alcohol-containing mouthwash. Drug Chem Toxicol. 2013;36(2):255–60.
Zavras AI, Douglass CW, Joshipura K, Wu T, Laskaris G, Petridou E, Dokianakis G, Segas J, Lefantzis D, Nomikos P, Wang YF, Diehl SR. Smoking and alcohol in the etiology of oral cancer: gender-specific risk profiles in the south of Greece. Oral Oncol. 2001;37(1):28–35.
Zhang L, Michelsen C, Cheng X, Zeng T, Priddy R, Rosin MP. Molecular analysis of oral lichen planus. A premalignant lesion? Am J Pathol. 1997;151(2):323–7.
Zhang L, Cheng X, Li Y, Poh C, Zeng T, Priddy R, Lovas J, Freedman P, Daley T, Rosin MP. High frequency of allelic loss in dysplastic lichenoid lesions. Lab Investig. 2000;80(2):233–7.
Zhang Y, Sun J, Lin C-C, Abemayor E, Wang MB, Wong DTW. The emerging landscape of salivary diagnostics. Periodontol. 2016;70(1):38–52.
Zheng TZ, Boyle P, Hu HF, Duan J, Jian PJ, Ma DQ, Shui LP, Niu SR, Scully C, MacMahon B. Dentition, oral hygiene, and risk of oral cancer: a case-control study in Beijing, People’s Republic of China. Cancer Causes Control. 1990;1(3):235–41.
Zhong LP, Zhang CP, Ren GX, Guo W, William WN Jr, Sun J, Zhu HG, Tu WY, Li J, Cai YL, Wang LZ, Fan XD, Wang ZH, Hu YJ, Ji T, Yang WJ, Ye WM, Li J, He Y, Wang YA, Xu LQ, Wang BS, Kies MS, Lee JJ, Myers JN, Zhang ZY. Randomized phase III trial of induction chemotherapy with docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil followed by surgery versus up-front surgery in locally advanced resectable oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(6):744–51.
Zhu LK, Ding YW, Liu W, Zhou YM, Shi LJ, Zhou ZT. A clinicopathological study on verrucous hyperplasia and verrucous carcinoma of the oral mucosa. J Oral Pathol Med. 2012;41(2):131–5.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Farah, C.S., Kujan, O., Prime, S., Zain, R.B. (2019). Oral Mucosal Malignancies. In: Farah, C., Balasubramaniam, R., McCullough, M. (eds) Contemporary Oral Medicine. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72303-7_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72303-7_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72301-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-72303-7
eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine