Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Common and Emerging Dermatophytoses in Animals: Well-Known and New Threats

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Emerging and Epizootic Fungal Infections in Animals

Abstract

Zoophilic dermatophytes are frequently responsible for superficial mycoses in mammals worldwide. They comprise approximately ten specialized parasitic fungi belonging to genera Trichophyton and Microsporum. Due to contagious nature of the disease, the majority of species possess potential to cause outbreaks at least in their principal host(s) and at the same time have the capability to infect a wide spectrum of mammals, including humans. The purpose of this chapter is to trace the current changes in the epidemiology of animal-infecting dermatophytes that show large geographic differences and dynamically alter over time. Emphasis is given not only to the most important and widespread dermatophyte species representing global issue for both animal and human medicine (Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and T. verrucosum) but also to newly emerging pathogens such as T. benhamiae, an agent of epidemic dermatophytosis in Europe frequently affecting guinea pigs and their breeders or owners. The methods for identification and molecular typing of dermatophytes are summarized due to their importance for outbreak detection and epidemiological surveillance. Strategies for management and prevention of outbreaks are also presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abarca M, Castellá G, Martorell J et al (2017) Trichophyton erinacei in pet hedgehogs in Spain: occurrence and revision of its taxonomic status. Med Mycol 55:164–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abastabar M, Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Shidfar MR et al (2013) A molecular epidemiological survey of clinically important dermatophytes in Iran based on specific RFLP profiles of beta-tubulin gene. Iran J Public Health 42:1049–1057

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Rahman SM, Sugita T, González GM et al (2010) Divergence among an international population of Trichophyton tonsurans isolates. Mycopathologia 169:1–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Achterman RR, White TC (2011) Dermatophyte virulence factors: identifying and analyzing genes that may contribute to chronic or acute skin infections. Int J Microbiol 2012:358305

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aghamirian MR, Ghiasian SA (2011) Dermatophytes as a cause of epizoonoses in dairy cattle and humans in Iran: epidemiological and clinical aspects. Mycoses 54:e52–e56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Agnetti F, Righi C, Scoccia E et al (2014) Trichophyton verrucosum infection in cattle farms of Umbria (Central Italy) and transmission to humans. Mycoses 57:400–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahdy AM, Sayed-Ahmed MZ, Younis EE et al (2016) Prevalence and potential risk factors of dermatophytosis in Arabian horses in Egypt. J Equine Vet Sci 37:71–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmadi B, Mirhendi H, Makimura K et al (2016) Phylogenetic analysis of dermatophyte species using DNA sequence polymorphism in calmodulin gene. Med Mycol 54:500–514

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ajello L, Cheng S-L (1967) The perfect state of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Sabouraudia 5:230–234

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ani F, Younes F, Al-Rawashdeh O (2002) Ringworm infection of cattle and horses in Jordan. Acta Vet Brno 71:55–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Duboon A, Muhsin T, Al-Rubaiy K (1999) Tinea capitis in Basrah, Iraq. Mycoses 42:331–333

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali-Shtayeh M, Arda H, Hassouna M et al (1988) Keratinophilic fungi on the hair of cows, donkeys, rabbits, cats, and dogs from the West Bank of Jordan. Mycopathologia 104:109–121

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aljabre S, Richardson M, Scott E et al (1993) Adherence of arthroconidia and germlings of anthropophilic and zoophilic varieties of Trichophyton mentagrophytes to human corneocytes as an early event in the pathogenesis of dermatophytosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 18:231–235

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alteras I, Cojocaru I (1969) Human infection by Trichophyton mentagrophytes from rabbits. Mycoses 12:543–544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alteras I, Feuerman EJ (1979) Two outbreaks of Microsporum canis ringworm in Israel. Mycopathologia 67:169–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ameen M (2010) Epidemiology of superficial fungal infections. Clin Dermatol 28:197–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ansari S, Hedayati MT, Zomorodian K et al (2016) Molecular characterization and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of 316 clinical isolates of dermatophytes in Iran. Mycopathologia 181:89–95

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anzawa K, Kawasaki M, Mochizuki T et al (2010) Successful mating of Trichophyton rubrum with Arthroderma simii. Med Mycol 48:629–634

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arabatzis M, Xylouri E, Frangiadaki I et al (2006) Rapid detection of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii in rabbit skin specimens by PCR–RFLP. Vet Dermatol 17:322–326

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldo A, Tabart J, Vermout S et al (2008) Secreted subtilisins of Microsporum canis are involved in adherence of arthroconidia to feline corneocytes. J Med Microbiol 57:1152–1156

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldo A, Mathy A, Tabart J et al (2010) Secreted subtilisin Sub3 from Microsporum canis is required for adherence to but not for invasion of the epidermis. Br J Dermatol 162:990–997

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balogun R, Jegede H, Jibril A, Kwanashie C, Kazeem H (2017) Prevalence and distribution of dermatophytes among domestic horses in Kwara state, Nigeria. Sokoto J Vet Sci 15:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baudet EARF (1932) Recherches experimentales sur les Trichophyton animaux a cultures favifornes. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 10:520–541

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beguin H, Pyck N, Hendrickx M et al (2012) The taxonomic status of Trichophyton quinckeanum and T. interdigitale revisited: a multigene phylogenetic approach. Med Mycol 50:871–882

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beguin H, Goens K, Hendrickx M et al (2013) Is Trichophyton simii endemic to the Indian subcontinent? Med Mycol 51:444–448

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bernhardt A, Sedlacek L, Wagner S et al (2013) Multilocus sequence typing of Scedosporium apiospermum and Pseudallescheria boydii isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. J Cyst Fibros 12:592–598

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchi MV, Laisse CJ, Vargas TP et al (2017) Intra-abdominal fungal pseudomycetoma in two cats. Rev Iberoam Micol 34:112–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blank F (1955) Dermatophytes of animal origin transmissible to man. Am J Med Sci 229:302–316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bond R (2010) Superficial veterinary mycoses. Clin Dermatol 28:226–236

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley FA, Bickford A, Walker RL (1993) Diagnosis of favus (avian dermatophytosis) in Oriental breed chickens. Avian Dis 37:1147–1150

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brasch J, Beck-Jendroschek V, Voss K et al (2016) Arthroderma benhamiae strains in Germany. Morphological and physiological characteristics of the anamorphs. Hautarzt 67:700–705

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burmester A, Shelest E, Glöckner G et al (2011) Comparative and functional genomics provide insights into the pathogenicity of dermatophytic fungi. Genome Biol 12:R7

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cabañes F, Abarca ML, Bragulat MR (1997) Dermatophytes isolated from domestic animals in Barcelona, Spain. Mycopathologia 137:107–113

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cabo JG, Asensio MB, Rodriguez FG et al (1995) An outbreak of dermatophytosis in pigs caused by Microsporum canis. Mycopathologia 129:79–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cafarchia C, Romito D, Sasanelli M et al (2004) The epidemiology of canine and feline dermatophytoses in southern Italy. Mycoses 47:508–513

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cafarchia C, Romito D, Capelli G et al (2006) Isolation of Microsporum canis from the hair coat of pet dogs and cats belonging to owners diagnosed with M. canis tinea corporis. Vet Dermatol 17:327–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cafarchia C, Camarda A, Coccioli C et al (2010) Epidemiology and risk factors for dermatophytoses in rabbit farms. Med Mycol 48:975–980

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cafarchia C, Weigl S, Figueredo LA et al (2012) Molecular identification and phylogenesis of dermatophytes isolated from rabbit farms and rabbit farm workers. Vet Microbiol 154:395–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cafarchia C, Figueredo LA, Otranto D (2013a) Fungal diseases of horses. Vet Microbiol 167:215–234

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cafarchia C, Gasser RB, Figueredo LA et al (2013b) An improved molecular diagnostic assay for canine and feline dermatophytosis. Med Mycol 51:136–143

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cafarchia C, Iatta R, Latrofa MS et al (2013c) Molecular epidemiology, phylogeny and evolution of dermatophytes. Infect Genet Evol 20:336–351

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cano J, Rezusta A, Solé M et al (2005) Inter-single-sequence-repeat-PCR typing as a new tool for identification of Microsporum canis strains. J Dermatol Sci 39:17–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlotti D, Bensignor E (1999) Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum persicolor (13 cases) or Microsporum gypseum (20 cases) in dogs. Vet Dermatol 10:17–27

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chadeganipour M, Mohammadi R, Shadzi S (2016) A 10-year study of dermatophytoses in Isfahan, Iran. J Clin Lab Anal 30:103–107

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Charlent A-L (2011) Le complexe Trichophyton mentagrophytes, caractérisation mycologique et moléculaire d’un nouveau variant: Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. porcellae. Master Thesis. Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen SCA, Ellis D, Sorrell TC et al (2011) Trichophyton. In: Liu D (ed) Molecular detection of human fungal pathogens. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 357–375

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen W, Seidl HP, Ring J et al (2012) Two pediatric cases of Microsporum persicolor infection. Int J Dermatol 51:204–206

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chermette R, Ferreiro L, Guillot J (2008) Dermatophytoses in animals. Mycopathologia 166:385–405

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chinnapun D (2015) Virulence factors involved in pathogenicity of dermatophytes. Walailak J Sci Tech 12:573–580

    Google Scholar 

  • Chollet A, Cattin V, Fratti M et al (2015a) Which fungus originally was Trichophyton mentagrophytes? Historical review and illustration by a clinical case. Mycopathologia 180:1–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chollet A, Wespi B, Roosje P et al (2015b) An outbreak of Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii dermatophytosis at a veterinary school associated with an infected horse. Mycoses 58:233–238

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton Y (1978) The changing pattern of tinea capitis in London schoolchildren. Mykosen Suppl 1:104–107

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cmokova A (2015) Molecular typization of isolates from Arthroderma benhamiae complex, a zoonotic agent of epidemic dermatophytosis in Europe. Master Thesis. Charles University, Prague

    Google Scholar 

  • Cmokova A, Kolarik M, Dobiasova S et al (2017) Outbreak of children’s dermatophytosis due to highly virulent population of Trichophyton benhamiae. Mycoses 60(Suppl. 2):134

    Google Scholar 

  • Concha M, Nicklas C, Balcells E et al (2012) The first case of tinea faciei caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei isolated in Chile. Int J Dermatol 51:283–285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Connole M, Johnston L (1967) A review of animal mycoses in Australia. Vet Bull Weybridge 37:145–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Connole M, Pascoe R (1984) Recognition of Trichophyton equinum var. equinum infection of horses. Aust Vet J 61:94–94

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Constantino MFH, Torre Mendoza C (1979) Isolation of dermatophytes from clinical cases of dermatomycosis in the game fowl. Philipp J Vet Med 18:79–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Contet-Audonneau N, Leyer C (2010) Émergence d’un dermatophyte transmis par le cochon d’Inde et proche de Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei: T. mentagrophytes var. porcellae. J Mycol Med 20:321–325

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copetti MV, Santurio JM, Cavalheiro AS et al (2006) Dermatophytes isolated from dogs and cats suspected of dermatophytosis in southern Brazil. Acta Sci Vet 34:119–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtellemont L, Chevrier S, Degeilh B et al (2017) Epidemiology of Trichophyton verrucosum infection in Rennes University Hospital, France: a 12-year retrospective study. Med Mycol 55:720–724

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • d’Ovidio D, Grable S, Ferrara M et al (2014) Prevalence of dermatophytes and other superficial fungal organisms in asymptomatic guinea pigs in Southern Italy. J Small Anim Pract 55:355–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • da Costa FV, Farias MR, Bier D et al (2013) Genetic variability in Microsporum canis isolated from cats, dogs and humans in Brazil. Mycoses 56:582–588

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dąbrowska I, Dworecka-Kaszak B, Brillowska-Dąbrowska A (2014) The use of a one-step PCR method for the identification of Microsporum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection of pets. Acta Biochim Pol 61:375–378

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalis J, Kazeem H, Kwaga J et al (2014) An outbreak of ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum in a group of calves in Vom, Nigeria. Afr J Microbiol Res 8:783–787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Baere T, Summerbell R, Theelen B et al (2010) Evaluation of internal transcribed spacer 2-RFLP analysis for the identification of dermatophytes. J Med Microbiol 59:48–54

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • de Hoog GS, Dukik K, Monod M et al (2017) Toward a novel multilocus phylogenetic taxonomy for the dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 182:5–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Mendoza MH, de Mendoza JH, Alonso JM et al (2010) A zoonotic ringworm outbreak caused by a dysgonic strain of Microsporum canis from stray cats. Rev Iberoam Micol 27:62–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeBoer D, Moriello K (2006) Dermatophytosis. In: Greene C (ed) Infectious diseases of the dog and cat, 3rd edn. Elsevier, St. Louis, pp 550–565

    Google Scholar 

  • Debourgogne A, Gueidan C, de Hoog S et al (2012) Comparison of two DNA sequence-based typing schemes for the Fusarium solani species complex and proposal of a new consensus method. J Microbiol Methods 91:65–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhib I, Khammari I, Yaacoub A et al (2017) Relationship between phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Trichophyton mentagrophytes strains isolated from patients with dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 182:487–493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dhieb C, Essghaier B, El Euch D et al (2014) Phenotypical and molecular characterization of Microsporum canis strains in North-Tunisia. Pol J Microbiol 63:307–315

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Difonzo E, Palleschi G, Vannini P et al (1986) Microsporum canis epidemic in laboratory mice. Mycoses 29:591–595

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ditrich O, Otcenasek M (1982) Microsporum vanbreuseghemii and Trichophyton simii in Czechoslovakia. Ces Mykol 36:236–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobrowolska A, Dębska J, Kozłowska M et al (2011) Strains differentiation of Microsporum canis by RAPD analysis using (GACA)4 and (ACA)5 primers. Pol J Microbiol 60:145–148

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Donnelly TM, Rush EM, Lackner PA (2000) Ringworm in small exotic pets. Semin Avian Exotic Pet Med 9:82–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drake LA, Dinehart SM, Farmer ER et al (1996) Guidelines of care for superficial mycotic infections of the skin: tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea faciei, tinea manuum, and tinea pedis. J Am Acad Dermatol 34:282–286

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drira I, Neji S, Hadrich I et al (2015) Tinea manuum due to Trichophyton erinacei from Tunisia. J Mycol Med 25:200–203

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drouot S, Mignon B, Fratti M et al (2009) Pets as the main source of two zoonotic species of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex in Switzerland, Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii and Arthroderma benhamiae. Vet Dermatol 20:13–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drusin LM, Ross BG, Rhodes KH et al (2000) Nosocomial ringworm in a neonatal intensive care unit: a nurse and her cat. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21:605–607

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte A, Castro I, da Fonseca IMP et al (2010) Survey of infectious and parasitic diseases in stray cats at the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, Portugal. J Feline Med Surg 12:441–446

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Duek L, Kaufman G, Ulman Y et al (2004) The pathogenesis of dermatophyte infections in human skin sections. J Infect 48:175–180

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dvorak J, Otcenasek M, Komarek J (1965) Das Spektrum der aus Tierläsionen in Ostböhmen in den Jahren 1962–1964 isolierten Dermatophyten. Mycoses 8:126–127

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elad D, Segal E (1995) Immunogenicity in calves of a crude ribosomal fraction of Trichophyton verrucosum: a field trial. Vaccine 13:83–87

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • English M (1961) An outbreak of equine ringworm due to Trichophyton equinum. Vet Rec 73:578–580

    Google Scholar 

  • English MP (1969) Ringworm in wild mammals: further investigations. J Zool 159:515–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • English MP, Morris P (1969) Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei in hedgehog nests. Sabouraudia 7:118–121

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • English MP, Evans CD, Hewitt M et al (1962) Hedgehog ringworm. Br Med J 1:149–151

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esquenazi D, Alviano CS, de Souza W et al (2004) The influence of surface carbohydrates during in vitro infection of mammalian cells by the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. Res Microbiol 155:144–153

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fachin AL, Ferreira-Nozawa MS, Maccheroni W Jr et al (2006) Role of the ABC transporter TruMDR2 in terbinafine, 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide and ethidium bromide susceptibility in Trichophyton rubrum. J Med Microbiol 55:1093–1099

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frealle E, Rodrigue M, Gantois N et al (2007) Phylogenetic analysis of Trichophyton mentagrophytes human and animal isolates based on MnSOD and ITS sequence comparison. Microbiology 153:3466–3477

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fumeaux J, Mock M, Ninet B et al (2004) First report of Arthroderma benhamiae in Switzerland. Dermatology 208:244–250

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo M, Lanfranchi P, Poglayen G et al (2005a) Seasonal 4-year investigation into the role of the alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) as a carrier of zoophilic dermatophytes. Med Mycol 43:373–379

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gallo M, Tizzani P, Peano A et al (2005b) Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) as carrier of dermatophyte fungi. Mycopathologia 160:163–166

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Georg LK (1960) Animal ringworm in public health: diagnosis and nature. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghannoum M (2016) Azole resistance in dermatophytes: prevalence and mechanism of action. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 106:79–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ginter-Hanselmayer G, Weger W, Ilkit M et al (2007) Epidemiology of tinea capitis in Europe: current state and changing patterns. Mycoses 50(Suppl. 2):6–13

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez J, Solans C, Latre M (1988) Microsporum canis productor de dermatofitosis en conejos. Rev Iberoam Micol 5:84–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodenough AE, Stallwood B (2010) Intraspecific variation and interspecific differences in the bacterial and fungal assemblages of blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) and great tit (Parus major) nests. Microb Ecol 59:221–232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gräser Y (2014) Species identification of dermatophytes by MALDI-TOF MS. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 8:193–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gräser Y, El Fari M, Vilgalys R et al (1999a) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the family Arthrodermataceae (dermatophytes) using sequence analysis of the ribosomal ITS region. Med Mycol 37:105–114

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gräser Y, Kuijpers AFA, Presber W et al (1999b) Molecular taxonomy of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. tonsurans. Med Mycol 37:315–330

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gräser Y, Kuijpers AFA, El Fari M et al (2000a) Molecular and conventional taxonomy of the Microsporum canis complex. Med Mycol 38:143–153

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gräser Y, Kuijpers AFA, Presber W et al (2000b) Molecular taxonomy of the Trichophyton rubrum complex. J Clin Microbiol 38:3329–3336

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gräser Y, De Hoog S, Summerbell R (2006) Dermatophytes: recognizing species of clonal fungi. Med Mycol 44:199–209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gräser Y, Scott J, Summerbell R (2008) The new species concept in dermatophytes—a polyphasic approach. Mycopathologia 166:239–256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grills CE, Bryan PL, O’Moore E et al (2007) Microsporum canis: Report of a primary school outbreak. Australas J Dermatol 48:88–90

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grumbt M, Monod M, Yamada T et al (2013) Keratin degradation by dermatophytes relies on cysteine dioxygenase and a sulfite efflux pump. J Investig Dermatol 133:1550–1555

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gudding R, Lund A (1995) Immunoprophylaxis of bovine dermatophytosis. Can Vet J 36:302–306

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gugnani H, Randhawa H (1973) An epizootic of dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton simii in poultry. Sabouraudia 11:1–3

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gugnani H, Shrivastav J, Gupta N (1968) Occurrence of Arthroderma simii in soil and on hair of small mammals. Sabouraudia 6:77–80

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gugnani H, Wattal B, Sandhu R (1975) Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi recovered from small mammals in India. Mycoses 18:529–538

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillot J, Johannsen C, Guechi R et al (2016) Dermatophytes species isolated from companion animals in France. In: Proceedings of the 8th world congress of veterinary dermatology, Bordeaux, France

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta AK, Ahmad I, Borst I et al (2000) Detection of xanthomegnin in epidermal materials infected with Trichophyton rubrum. J Investig Dermatol 115:901–905

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gürtler TGR, Diniz LM, Nicchio L (2005) Tinea capitis micro-epidemic by Microsporum canis in a day care center of Vitória-Espírito. An Bras Dermatol 80:267–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadrich I, Ranque S (2015) Typing of fungi in an outbreak setting: lessons learned. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 9:314–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halsby KD, Walsh AL, Campbell C et al (2014) Healthy animals, healthy people: zoonosis risk from animal contact in pet shops, a systematic review of the literature. PLoS One 9:e89309

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamal P, Hubka V, Cmokova A et al (2016) Molecular epidemiology of dermatophytosis: results of a three year multicentric survey in the Czech Republic. Mycoses 59(Suppl. 1):14

    Google Scholar 

  • Hameed K, Riaz FC, Nawaz MA et al (2017) Trichophyton verrucosum infection in livestock in the Chitral District (Pakistan). J Infect Dev Ctries 11:326–333

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harmsen D, Schwinn A, Weig M et al (1995) Phylogeny and dating of some pathogenic keratinophilic fungi using small subunit ribosomal RNA. J Med Vet Mycol 33:299–303

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Havlickova B, Czaika V, Friedrich M (2008) Epidemiological trends in skin mycoses worldwide. Mycoses 51(Suppl. 4):2–15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayette M-P, Sacheli R (2015) Dermatophytosis, trends in epidemiology and diagnostic approach. Curr Fungal Infect Rep 9:164–179

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heidemann S, Monod M, Gräser Y (2010) Signature polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer region relevant for the differentiation of zoophilic and anthropophilic strains of Trichophyton interdigitale and other species of T. mentagrophytes sensu lato. Br J Dermatol 162:282–295

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hejtmánek M, Hejtmánková N (1989) Hybridization and sexual stimulation in Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Folia Microbiol 34:77–79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillary T, Suys E (2014) An outbreak of tinea capitis in elderly patients. Int J Dermatol 53:e101–e103

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirai A, Kano R, Nakamura Y et al (2003) Molecular taxonomy of dermatophytes and related fungi by chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene sequences. Antonie Leeuwenhoek 83:11–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hironaga M, Watanabe S (1980) Mating behavior of 334 Japanese isolates of Trichophyton mentagrophytes in relation to their ecological status. Mycologia 72:1159–1170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hironaga M, Nozaki K, Watanabe S (1980) Ascocarp production by Nannizzia otae on keratinous and non-keratinous agar media and mating behavior of N. otae and 123 Japanese isolates of Microsporum canis. Mycopathologia 72:135–141

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiruma J, Kano R, Harada K et al (2015) Occurrence of Arthroderma benhamiae genotype in Japan. Mycopathologia 179:219–223

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoppmann E, Barron HW (2007) Rodent dermatology. J Exot Pet Med 16:238–255

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hsieh C-W, Sun P-L, Wu Y-H (2010) Trichophyton erinacei infection from a hedgehog: a case report from Taiwan. Mycopathologia 170:417–421

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hubálek Z (2000) Keratinophilic fungi associated with free-living mammals and birds. In: Kushwaha RKS, Guarro J (eds) Biology of dermatophytes. Revista Iberoamericana de Micología, Bilbao, pp 93–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Hube B, Hay R, Brasch J et al (2015) Dermatomycoses and inflammation: the adaptive balance between growth, damage, and survival. J Mycol Med 25:e44–e58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubka V, Dobiasova S, Dobias R et al (2014a) Microsporum aenigmaticum sp. nov. from M. gypseum complex, isolated as a cause of tinea corporis. Med Mycol 52:387–396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hubka V, Větrovský T, Dobiášová S et al (2014b) Molecular epidemiology of dermatophytoses in the Czech Republic – two-year-study results. Čes-Slov Dermotol 89:167–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Hubka V, Nissen C, Jensen R et al (2015) Discovery of a sexual stage in Trichophyton onychocola, a presumed geophilic dermatophyte isolated from toenails of patients with a history of T. rubrum onychomycosis. Med Mycol 53:798–809

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huson DH, Bryant D (2006) Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol Biol Evol 23:254–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irinyi L, Serena C, Garcia-Hermoso D et al (2015) International Society of Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM)-ITS reference DNA barcoding database—the quality controlled standard tool for routine identification of human and animal pathogenic fungi. Med Mycol 53:313–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson CJ, Mochizuki T, Barton RC (2006) PCR fingerprinting of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale using polymorphic subrepeat loci in the rDNA nontranscribed spacer. J Med Microbiol 55:1349–1355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain N, Sharma M (2011) Distribution of dermatophytes and other related fungi in Jaipur city, with particular reference to soil pH. Mycoses 54:52–58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jang MS, Park JB, Jang JY et al (2016) Kerion celsi caused by Trichophyton erinacei from a hedgehog treated with terbinafine. J Dermatol 44(9):1070–1071.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen RH, Arendrup MC (2012) Molecular diagnosis of dermatophyte infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 25:126–134

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kac G, Bougnoux M, Feuilhade De Chauvin M et al (1999) Genetic diversity among Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolates using random amplified polymorphic DNA method. Br J Dermatol 140:839–844

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kandemir H, Ilkit M, Çürük A (2015) Xanthomegnin detection does not discriminate between Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes complexes. J Microbiol Methods 111:122–126

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane J, Sigler L, Summerbell R (1987) Improved procedures for differentiating Microsporum persicolor from Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J Clin Microbiol 25:2449–2452

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko T, Kaneko M, Makimura K (2011) Cluster analysis of Microsporum canis isolated from a patient with tinea corporis and an infected cat based on the DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1. Mycoses 54:e867–e869

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kano R, Nakamura Y, Yasuda K et al (1998) The first isolation of Arthroderma benhamiae in Japan. Microbiol Immunol 42:575–578

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kano R, Nakamura Y, Watanabe S et al (1999) Phylogenetic relation of Epidermophyton floccosum to the species of Microsporum and Trichophyton in chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) gene sequences. Mycopathologia 146:111–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kano R, Nakamura Y, Watanabe S et al (2002) Chitin synthase 1 and 2 genes of dermatophytes. Stud Mycol 47:49–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Kano R, Yamada T, Makimura K et al (2011) Arthroderma benhamiae (the teleomorph of Trichophyton mentagrophytes) mating type-specific genes. Mycopathologia 171:333–337

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kano R, Yoshida E, Yaguchi T et al (2014) Mating type gene (MAT1-2) of Trichophyton verrucosum. Mycopathologia 177:103–112

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaszubiak A, Klein S, de Hoog GS et al (2004) Population structure and evolutionary origins of Microsporum canis, M. ferrugineum and M. audouinii. Infect Genet Evol 4:179–186

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawasaki M (2011) Verification of a taxonomy of dermatophytes based on mating results and phylogenetic analyses. Med Mycol J 52:291–295

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kawasaki M, Aoki M, Ishizaki H (1995) Phylogenetic relationships of some Microsporum and Arthroderma species inferred from mitochondrial DNA analysis. Mycopathologia 130:11–21

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawasaki M, Anzawa K, Wakasa A et al (2010) Matings among three teleomorphs of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Jpn J Med Mycol 51:143–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawasaki M, Anzawa K, Ushigami T et al (2011) Multiple gene analyses are necessary to understand accurate phylogenetic relationships among Trichophyton species. Med Mycol J 52:245–254

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khettar L, Contet-Audonneau N (2012) Cochon d’Inde et dermatophytose. Ann Dermatol Venereol 139:631–635

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khosravi A, Mahmoudi M (2003) Dermatophytes isolated from domestic animals in Iran. Mycoses 46:222–225

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kieliger S, Glatz M, Cozzio A et al (2015) Tinea capitis and tinea faciei in the Zurich area–an 8-year survey of trends in the epidemiology and treatment patterns. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 29:1524–1529

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim J, Takahashi Y, Tanaka R et al (2001) Identification and subtyping of Trichophyton mentagrophytes by random amplified polymorphic DNA. Mycoses 44:157–165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura U, Yokoyama K, Hiruma M et al (2015) Tinea faciei caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (molecular type Arthroderma benhamiae) mimics impetigo: a case report and literature review of cases in Japan. Med Mycol J 56:E1–E5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kopel E, Amitai Z, Sprecher H et al (2012) Tinea capitis outbreak in a paediatric refugee population, Tel Aviv, Israel. Mycoses 55:e36–e39

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer A, Mueller R, Werckenthin C et al (2012) Dermatophytes in pet guinea pigs and rabbits. Vet Microbiol 157:208–213

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraemer A, Hein J, Heusinger A et al (2013) Clinical signs, therapy and zoonotic risk of pet guinea pigs with dermatophytosis. Mycoses 56:168–172

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kröber A, Scherlach K, Hortschansky P et al (2016) HapX mediates iron momeostasis in the pathogenic dermatophyte Arthroderma benhamiae but is dispensable for virulence. PLoS One 11:e0150701

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kupsch C, Ohst T, Pankewitz F et al (2016) The agony of choice in dermatophyte diagnostics–performance of different molecular tests and culture in the detection of T. rubrum and T. interdigitale. Clin Microbiol Infect 22:735.e711–735.e717

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kupsch C, Berlin M, Gräser Y (2017) Dermophytes and guinea pigs: an underestimated danger? Hautarzt 68:827–830

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurtdede A, Haydardedeoglu A, Alihosseini H et al (2014) Dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei in a dog: a case report. Vet Med (Praha) 59:349–351

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • L’Ollivier C, Ranque S (2017) MALDI-TOF-based dermatophyte identification. Mycopathologia 182:183–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le-Barzic C, Denaes C, Arné P et al (2017) Trichophyton erinacei, un incontournable compagnon des hérissons… Résultats d’une enquête épidémiologique dans un centre de soins en Île-de-France. J Mycol Med 27:e39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leclerc M, Philippe H, Guého E (1994) Phylogeny of dermatophytes and dimorphic fungi based on large subunit ribosomal RNA sequence comparisons. J Med Vet Mycol 32:331–341

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee WJ, Song CH, Lee S-J et al (2012) Decreasing prevalence of Microsporum canis infection in Korea: through analysis of 944 cases (1993–2009) and review of our previous data (1975–1992). Mycopathologia 173:235–239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leibner-Ciszak J, Dobrowolska A, Krawczyk B et al (2010) Evaluation of a PCR melting profile method for intraspecies differentiation of Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale. J Med Microbiol 59:185–192

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis DT, Foil CS, Hosgood G (1991) Epidemiology and clinical features of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats at Louisiana State University: 1981–1990. Vet Dermatol 2:53–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Londero A, Ramos CD, Fischman O (1969) Four epizooties of Trichophyton gallinae infection on chickens in Brasil. Mycoses 12:31–38

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund A, DeBoer DJ (2008) Immunoprophylaxis of dermatophytosis in animals. Mycopathologia 166:407–424

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lund A, Bratberg AM, Næss B et al (2014) Control of bovine ringworm by vaccination in Norway. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 158:37–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyskova P, Hubka V, Petricakova A et al (2015) Equine dermatophytosis due to Trichophyton bullosum, a poorly known zoophilic dermatophyte masquerading as T. verrucosum. Mycopathologia 180:407–419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mahmoud A-L (1995) Dermatophytes and other keratinophilic fungi causing ringworm of horses. Folia Microbiol 40:293–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maitte C, Leterrier M, Le Pape P et al (2013) Multilocus sequence typing of Pneumocystis jirovecii from clinical samples: how many and which loci should be used? J Clin Microbiol 51:2843–2849

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Makimura K, Tamura Y, Mochizuki T et al (1999) Phylogenetic classification and species identification of dermatophyte strains based on DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 regions. J Clin Microbiol 37:920–924

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mancianti F, Nardoni S, Cecchi S et al (2002) Dermatophytes isolated from symptomatic dogs and cats in Tuscany, Italy during a 15-year-period. Mycopathologia 156:13–18

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marais V, Olivier DL (1965) Isolation of Trichophyton mentagrophytes from a porcupine. Sabouraudia 4:49–52

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mariat F, Tapia G (1966) Denombrement des champignons keratinophiles d’une population de cynocephales (Papio papio). Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 41:627–634

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marples MJ (1967) Non-domestic animals in New Zealand and in Rarotonga as reservoir of the agents of ringworm. N Z Med J 66:299–302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin T, Marugán-Lobón J, Vullo R et al (2015) A Cretaceous eutriconodont and integument evolution in early mammals. Nature 526:380–384

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez DA, Oliver BG, Gräser Y et al (2012) Comparative genome analysis of Trichophyton rubrum and related dermatophytes reveals candidate genes involved in infection. MBio 3:e00259–e00212

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Rossi NM, Peres NT, Rossi A (2017) Pathogenesis of dermatophytosis: sensing the host tissue. Mycopathologia 182:215–227

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maurice MN, Kazeem HM, Kwanashie CN et al (2016) Equine dermatophytosis: a survey of its occurrence and species distribution among horses in Kaduna State, Nigeria. Scientifica 2016:8309253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAller R (1980) An epizootic in laboratory guinea pigs due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Aust Vet J 56:234–236

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNeill J, Barrie FR, Buck WR et al (2012) International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne code) adopted by the eighteenth international botanical congress, Melbourne, Australia, July 2011. Regnum vegetabile 154. Koeltz Scientific Books, Königstein

    Google Scholar 

  • Mehlig L, Garve C, Ritschel A et al (2014) Clinical evaluation of a novel commercial multiplex-based PCR diagnostic test for differential diagnosis of dermatomycoses. Mycoses 57:27–34

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menges RW, Georg LK (1956) An epizootic of ringworm among guinea pigs caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 128:395–398

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mesquita JR, Vasconcelos-Nóbrega C, Oliveira J et al (2016) Epizootic and epidemic dermatophytose outbreaks caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes from rabbits in Portugal, 2015. Mycoses 59:668–673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metin B, Heitman J (2017) Sexual reproduction in dermatophytes. Mycopathologia 182:45–55

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metin A, Subaşi Ş, Bozkurt H et al (2002) Tinea capitis in Van, Turkey. Mycoses 45:492–495

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer W, Aanensen DM, Boekhout T et al (2009) Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Med Mycol 47:561–570

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mignon B, Losson B (1997) Prevalence and characterization of Microsporum canis carriage in cats. J Med Vet Mycol 35:249–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mignon B, Tabart J, Baldo A et al (2008) Immunization and dermatophytes. Curr Opin Infect Dis 21:134–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milan R, Alois R, Josef C et al (2004) Recombinant protein and DNA vaccines derived from hsp60 Trichophyton mentagrophytes control the clinical course of trichophytosis in bovine species and guinea-pigs. Mycoses 47:407–417

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller WH, Griffin CE, Campbell KL (2013) Fungal and algal skin diseases: dermatophytosis. In: Miller WH et al (eds) Muller and Kirk’s small animal dermatology, 7th edn. Elsevier, St. Louis, pp 231–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Ming PX, Ti YLX, Bulmer GS (2006) Outbreak of Trichophyton verrucosum in China transmitted from cows to humans. Mycopathologia 161:225–228

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirhendi H, Makimura K, de Hoog GS et al (2015) Translation elongation factor 1-α gene as a potential taxonomic and identification marker in dermatophytes. Med Mycol 53:215–224

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mochizuki T, Watanabe S, Kawasaki M et al (2002) A Japanese case of tinea corporis caused by Arthroderma benhamiae. J Dermatol 29:221–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mochizuki T, Ishizaki H, Barton RC et al (2003) Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of ribosomal DNA intergenic regions is useful for differentiating strains of Trichophyton mentagrophytes. J Clin Microbiol 41:4583–4588

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mor H, Kashman Y, Winkelmann G et al (1992) Characterization of siderophores produced by different species of the dermatophytic fungi Microsporum and Trichophyton. Biometals 5:213–216

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moretti A, Boncio L, Pasquali P et al (1998) Epidemiological aspects of dermatophyte infections in horses and cattle. J Vet Med Ser B 45:205–208

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moretti A, Agnetti F, Mancianti F et al (2013) Dermatophytosis in animals: epidemiological, clinical and zoonotic aspects. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 148:563–572

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moriello KA, Coyner K, Paterson S, Mignon B (2017) Diagnosis and treatment of dermatophytosis in dogs and cats. Vet Dermatol 28:266–268

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moriello KA, Kunkle G, Deboer DJ (1994) Isolation of dermatophytes from the haircoats of stray cats from selected animal shelters in two different geographic regions in the United States. Vet Dermatol 5:57–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris P, English MP (1969) Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei in British hedgehogs. Sabouraudia 7:122–128

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morris P, English MP (1973) Transmission and course of Trichophyton erinacei infections in British hedgehogs. Sabouraudia 11:42–47

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muller A, Guaguère E, Degorce-Rubiales F et al (2011) Dermatophytosis due to Microsporum persicolor: a retrospective study of 16 cases. Can Vet J 52:385–388

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murata M, Takahashi H, Takahashi S et al (2013) Isolation of Microsporum gallinae from a fighting cock (Gallus gallus domesticus) in Japan. Med Mycol 51:144–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura Y, Kano R, Nakamura E et al (2002) Case report. First report on human ringworm caused by Arthroderma benhamiae in Japan transmitted from a rabbit. Mycoses 45:129–131

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naseri A, Fata A, Najafzadeh MJ et al (2013) Surveillance of dermatophytosis in northeast of Iran (Mashhad) and review of published studies. Mycopathologia 176:247–253

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neji S, Trabelsi H, Hadrich I et al (2016) Molecular characterization of strains of the Trichophyton verrucosum complex from Tunisia. Med Mycol 54:787–793

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nenoff P, Herrmann J, Gräser Y (2007) Trichophyton mentagrophytes sive interdigitale? A dermatophyte in the course of time. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 5:198–202

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nenoff P, Uhrlaß S, Krüger C et al (2014) Trichophyton species von Arthroderma benhamiae – a new infectious agent in dermatology. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 12:571–582

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen L-T, Schmidt HA, von Haeseler A et al (2015) IQ-TREE: a fast and effective stochastic algorithm for estimating maximum-likelihood phylogenies. Mol Biol Evol 32:268–274

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishio K, Kawasaki M, Ishizaki H (1992) Phylogeny of the genera Trichophyton using mitochondrial DNA analysis. Mycopathologia 117:127–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nweze E (2010) Dermatophytosis in Western Africa: a review. Pak J Biol Sci 13:649–656

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nweze EI (2011) Dermatophytoses in domesticated animals. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 53:94–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nweze I, Eke I (2016) Dermatophytosis in northern Africa. Mycoses 59:137–144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okoshi S, Takashio M, Hasegawa A (1966) Ringworm caused by Trichophyton simii in a captive Chimpanzee. Jpn J Med Mycol 7:204–207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oudaina W, Biougnach H, Riane S et al (2011) Epidemiology of tinea capitis in outpatients at the Children’s Hospital in Rabat (Morocco). J Mycol Med 21:1–5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Overgaauw P, van Avermaete K, Mertens C, Meijer M, Schoemaker N (2017) Prevalence and zoonotic risks of Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Cheyletiella spp. in guinea pigs and rabbits in Dutch pet shops. Vet Microbiol 205:106–109

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padhye A, Carmichael J (1968) Mating reactions of Trichophyton simii and T. mentagrophytes strains from poultry farm soil in India. Sabouraudia 6:238–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Padhye A, Thirumalachar M (1967) Isolation of Trichophyton simii and Cryptococcus neoformans from soil in India. Hindustan Antibiot Bull 9:155–157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandey V, Makin L, Vanbreusegham R (1979) Prevalence and distribution of ringworm by Trichophyton verrucosum in sheep in the high atlas of Moracco. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 54:385–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Papegaay J (1925) Over pathogene huidschimmels in Amsterdam voorkomend bij den mensch. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 69:879–890

    Google Scholar 

  • Papini R, Nardoni S, Fanelli A et al (2009) High infection rate of Trichophyton verrucosum in calves from Central Italy. Zoonoses Public Health 56:59–64

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquetti M, Gräser Y, Mialot M et al (2012) Use of microsatellite markers for typing of Microsporum canis isolates causing pseudomycetoma in cats. Mycoses 55(Suppl. 4):152–153

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasquetti M, Peano A, Soglia D et al (2013) Development and validation of a microsatellite marker-based method for tracing infections by Microsporum canis. J Dermatol Sci 70:123–129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pchelin IM, Zlatogursky VV, Rudneva MV et al (2016) Reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships in dermatomycete genus Trichophyton Malmsten 1848 based on ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region, partial 28S rRNA and beta-tubulin genes sequences. Mycoses 59:566–575

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peano A, Pasquetti M, Guillot J et al (2015) Use of eight microsatellite markers to reveal the genetic variability of Microsporum canis from different hosts and different geographic origins. In: Proceedings of the 19th congress of the international society for human and animal mycology, Sydney, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Pereira DIB, Oliveira LSS, Bueno A et al (2006) Outbreak of Trichophyton equinum var. equinum in horses in the south of Brazil. Cienc Rural 36:1849–1853

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pier A, Zancanella P (1993) Immunization of horses against dermatophytosis caused by Trichophyton equinum. Equine Pract 15:23–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Piérard-Franchimont C, Hermanns J-F, Collette C et al (2008) Hedgehog ringworm in humans and a dog. Acta Clin Belg 63:322–324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pignon C, Mayer J (2011) Zoonoses of ferrets, hedgehogs, and sugar gliders. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 14:533–549

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinter L, Jurak Z, Ukalovic M et al (1999) Epidemiological and clinical features of dermatophytoses in dogs and cats in Croatia between 1990 and 1998. Vet Arh 69:261–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Pombier E, Kim J (1975) An epizootic outbreak of ringworm in a guinea-pig colony caused by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Lab Anim 9:215–221

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Power S, Malone A (1987) An outbreak of ringworm in sheep in Ireland caused by Trichophyton verrucosum. Vet Rec 121:218–220

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Preiser G (1991) An outbreak of tinea corporis among schoolgirls. Pediatrics 88:327–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proverbio D, Perego R, Spada E et al (2014) Survey of dermatophytes in stray cats with and without skin lesions in Northern Italy. Vet Med Int 2014:565470

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Quaife R (1966) Human infection due to the hedgehog fungus, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei. J Clin Pathol 19:177–178

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quaife R, Womar S (1982) Microsporum canis isolations from show cats. Vet Rec 110:333–334

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ranjbar R, Karami A, Farshad S et al (2014) Typing methods used in the molecular epidemiology of microbial pathogens: a how-to guide. New Microbiol 37:1–15

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rashid A, Scott E, Richardson M (1995) Early events in the invasion of the human nail plate by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Br J Dermatol 133:932–940

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Makimura K, de Hoog S et al (2013) Molecular epidemiology of dermatophytosis in Tehran, Iran, a clinical and microbial survey. Med Mycol 51:203–207

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Mirhendi H, Makimura K et al (2014) Nucleotide sequence analysis of beta tubulin gene in a wide range of dermatophytes. Med Mycol 52:674–688

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Rafiei A, Makimura K et al (2016) Epidemiological aspects of dermatophytosis in Khuzestan, southwestern Iran, an update. Mycopathologia 181:547–553

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robert R, Pihet M (2008) Conventional methods for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Mycopathologia 166:295–306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romano C, Valenti L, Barbara R (1997) Dermatophytes isolated from asymptomatic stray cats. Mycoses 40:471–472

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen T (2000) Hazardous hedgehogs. South Med J 93:936–938

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouzaud C, Hay R, Chosidow O et al (2016) Severe dermatophytosis and acquired or innate immunodeficiency: a review. J Fungi 2:4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rush-Munro F, Woodgyer A, Hayter M (1977) Ringworm in guinea-pigs. Mycoses 20:292–296

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabou M, Denis J, Boulanger N et al (2018) Molecular identification of Trichophyton benhamiae in Strasbourg, France: a 9-year retrospective study. Med Mycol 56, https://doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myx100

  • Santana EM, Jantz HE, Best TL (2010) Atelerix albiventris (Erinaceomorpha: Erinaceidae). Mamm Species 42:99–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sargison N, Thomson J, Scott P et al (2002) Ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum-an emerging problem in sheep flocks. Vet Rec 150:755–756

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schauder S, Kirsch-Nietzki M, Wegener S et al (2007) Von Igeln auf Menschen: Zoophile Dermatomykose durch Trichophyton erinacei bei 8 Patienten. Hautarzt 58:62–67

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seebacher C, Bouchara J-P, Mignon B (2008) Updates on the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections. Mycopathologia 166:335–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seker E, Dogan N (2011) Isolation of dermatophytes from dogs and cats with suspected dermatophytosis in Western Turkey. Prev Vet Med 98:46–51

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shah P, Krajden S, Kane J et al (1988) Tinea corporis caused by Microsporum canis: report of a nosocomial outbreak. Eur J Epidemiol 4:33–38

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma R, Gräser Y (2011) Microsporum. In: Liu D (ed) Molecular detection of human fungal pathogens. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 285–298

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma R, De Hoog S, Presber W et al (2007) A virulent genotype of Microsporum canis is responsible for the majority of human infections. J Med Microbiol 56:1377–1385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma R, Presber W, Rajak RC et al (2008) Molecular detection of Microsporum persicolor in soil suggesting widespread dispersal in central India. Med Mycol 46:67–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi Y, Niu Q, Yu X et al (2016) Assessment of the function of SUB6 in the pathogenic dermatophyte Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Med Mycol 54:59–71

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sieklucki U, Oh SH, Hoyer LL (2014) Frequent isolation of Arthroderma benhamiae from dogs with dermatophytosis. Vet Dermatol 25:39–41

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silver S, Vinh DC, Embil JM (2008) The man who got too close to his cows. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 60:419–420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simpanya M, Baxter M (1996) Isolation of fungi from the pelage of cats and dogs using the hairbrush technique. Mycopathologia 134:129–133

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sitterle E, Frealle E, Foulet F et al (2012) Trichophyton bullosum: a new zoonotic dermatophyte species. Med Mycol 50:305–309

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skerlev M, Miklić P (2010) The changing face of Microsporum spp infections. Clin Dermatol 28:146–150

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skořepová M, Hubka V, Polášková S et al (2014) Our first experiences with Infections caused by Arthroderma benhamiae (Trichophyton sp.) Čes-Slov Dermatol 89:192–198

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith J, Marples MJ (1964) Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei. Sabouraudia 3:1–10

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snider R, Landers S, Levy ML (1993) The ringworm riddle: an outbreak of Microsporum canis in the nursery. Pediatr Infect Dis J 12:145–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparkes A, Gruffydd-Jones T, Shaw S et al (1993) Epidemiological and diagnostic features of canine and feline dermatophytosis in the United Kingdom from 1956 to 1991. Vet Rec 133:57–61

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparkes A, Werrett G, Stokes C et al (1994) Microsporum canis: inapparent carriage by cats and the viability of arthrospores. J Small Anim Pract 35:397–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spesso M, Nuncira C, Burstein V et al (2013) Microsatellite-primed PCR and random primer amplification polymorphic DNA for the identification and epidemiology of dermatophytes. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 32:1009–1015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stockdale PM (1964) The Microsporum gypseum complex (Nannizzia incurvata Stockd., N. gypsea (Nann.) comb. nov., N. fulva sp. nov.) Sabouraudia 3:114–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strachan A, Blank F (1963) On 1117 Microsporum canis infections in Montreal (1954–1961). Dermatology 126:271–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Šubelj M, Marinko JS, Učakar V (2014) An outbreak of Microsporum canis in two elementary schools in a rural area around the capital city of Slovenia, 2012. Epidemiol Infect 142:2662–2666

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama M, Summerbell R, Mikawa T (2002) Molecular phylogeny of onygenalean fungi based on small subunit (SSU) and large subunit (LSU) ribosomal DNA sequences. Stud Mycol 47:5–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Summerbell R (2002) What is the evolutionary and taxonomic status of asexual lineages in the dermatophytes? Stud Mycol 47:97–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Summerbell R, Haugland R, Li A et al (1999) rRNA gene internal transcribed spacer 1 and 2 sequences of asexual, anthropophilic dermatophytes related to Trichophyton rubrum. J Clin Microbiol 37:4005–4011

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Summerbell RC, Moore MK, Starink-Willemse M et al (2007) ITS barcodes for Trichophyton tonsurans and T. equinum. Med Mycol 45:193–200

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun PL, Hsieh HM, Ju YM et al (2010) Molecular characterization of dermatophytes of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex found in Taiwan with emphasis on their correlation with clinical observations. Br J Dermatol 163:1312–1318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symoens F, Jousson O, Planard C et al (2011) Molecular analysis and mating behaviour of the Trichophyton mentagrophytes species complex. Int J Med Microbiol 301:260–266

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Symoens F, Jousson O, Packeu A et al (2013) The dermatophyte species Arthroderma benhamiae: intraspecies variability and mating behaviour. J Med Microbiol 62:377–385

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi Y, Haritani K, Sano A et al (2002) An isolate of Arthroderma benhamiae with Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei anamorph isolated from a four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris) in Japan. Jpn J Med Mycol 43:249–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi Y, Sano A, Takizawa K et al (2003) The epidemiology and mating behavior of Arthroderma benhamiae var. erinacei in household four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) in Japan. Jpn J Med Mycol 44:31–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi H, Takahashi-Kyuhachi H, Takahashi Y et al (2008) An intrafamilial transmission of Arthroderma benhamiae in Canadian porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) in a Japanese zoo. Med Mycol 46:465–473

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takashio M (1974) Observations on African and European strains of Arthroderma benhamiae. Int J Dermatol 13:94–101

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takashio M (1977) The Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex. In: Iwata K (ed) Recent advances in medical and veterinary mycology. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, pp 271–276

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeda K, Nishibu A, Anzawa K et al (2012) Molecular epidemiology of a major subgroup of Arthroderma benhamiae isolated in Japan by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the non-transcribed spacer region of ribosomal RNA gene. Jpn J Infect Dis 65:233–239

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres-Rodriguez J, Dronda M, Rossell J et al (1992) Incidence of dermatophytoses in rabbit farms in Catalonia, Spain, and its repercussion on human health. Eur J Epidemiol 8:326–329

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uhrlaß S, Krüger C, Nenoff P (2015) Microsporum canis: Aktuelle Daten zur Prävalenz des zoophilen Dermatophyten im mitteldeutschen Raum. Hautarzt 66:855–862

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhrlaß S, Schroedl W, Mehlhorn C et al (2018) Molecular epidemiology of Trichophyton quinckeanum – a zoophilic dermatophyte on the rise. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 16:21–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vangeel I, Pasmans F, Vanrobaeys M et al (2000) Prevalence of dermatophytes in asymptomatic guinea pigs and rabbits. Vet Rec 146:440–441

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Rooij P, Detandt M, Nolard N (2016) Trichophyton mentagrophytes of rabbit origin causing family incidence of kerion: an environmental study. Mycoses 49:426–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veraldi S, Genovese G, Peano A (2018) Tinea corporis caused by Trichophyton equinum in a rider and review of the literature Infection 46:135–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Veraldi S, Guanziroli E, Schianchi R (2012) Epidemic of tinea corporis due to Trichophyton mentagrophytes of rabbit origin. Pediatr Dermatol 29:392–393

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Visset M (1973) Arthroderma simii dans les sables de La Baule, premier isolement en Europe. Bull Soc Mycol Fr 11:151–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Wakasa A, Anzawa K, Kawasaki M et al (2010) Molecular typing of Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale isolated in a university hospital in Japan based on the non-transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA gene. J Dermatol 37:431–440

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiß R, Böhm KH, Mumme J et al (1979) 13 Jahre Veterinärmedizinische Mykologische Routinediagnostik. Dermatophytennachweise in den Jahren 1965 Bis 1977. Sabouraudia 17:345–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss R, Földy I, Christoph H (1984) Trichophyton-verrucosum-Infektion bei Pferden. Tierarztl Prax 12:49–53

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzman I, Summerbell RC (1995) The dermatophytes. Clin Microbiol Rev 8:240–259

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzman I, McGinnis M, Padhye A et al (1986) The genus Arthroderma and its later synonym Nannizzia. Mycotaxon 25:505–518

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodgyer A (2004) The curious adventures of Trichophyton equinum in the realm of molecular biology: a modern fairy tale. Med Mycol 42:397–403

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Yang J, Yang F et al (2009) Recent dermatophyte divergence revealed by comparative and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial genomes. BMC Genomics 10:238

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamaguchi S, Sano A, Hiruma M et al (2014) Isolation of dermatophytes and related species from domestic dowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). Mycopathologia 178:135–143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yin W-B, Chooi YH, Smith AR et al (2013) Discovery of cryptic polyketide metabolites from dermatophytes using heterologous expression in Aspergillus nidulans. ACS Synth Biol 2:629–634

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youngchim S, Pornsuwan S, Nosanchuk JD et al (2011) Melanogenesis in dermatophyte species in vitro and during infection. Microbiology 157:2348–2356

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu J, Wan Z, Chen W et al (2004) Molecular typing study of the Microsporum canis strains isolated from an outbreak of tinea capitis in school. Mycopathologia 157:37–41

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhan P, Li D, Wang C et al (2015) Epidemiological changes in tinea capitis over the sixty years of economic growth in China. Med Mycol 53:691–698

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Ran Y, Liu Y et al (2009) Arthroderma vanbreuseghemii infection in three family members with kerion and tinea corporis. Med Mycol 47:539–544

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman K, Feldman B, Robertson J et al (2003) Dermal mass aspirate from a Persian cat. Vet Clin Pathol 32:213–217

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

VH was supported by the Charles University Grant Agency (GAUK 8615), Charles University Research Centre program No. 204069, Czech Ministry of Health (AZV 17-31269A), and the project BIOCEV (CZ.1.05/1.1.00/02.0109) provided by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of CR, and ERDF. The contribution of AC was supported by the project of Charles University Grant Agency (GAUK 600217). Vit Hubka is grateful for the support from the Czechoslovak Microscopy Society (CSMS scholarship 2016).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Vit Hubka & Adela Cmokova

  2. Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czech Republic

    Vit Hubka & Adela Cmokova

  3. First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic

    Vit Hubka

  4. Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

    Andrea Peano

  5. Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France

    Jacques Guillot

  6. Dynamyc Research Group, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France

    Jacques Guillot

Authors
  1. Vit Hubka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Andrea Peano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Adela Cmokova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jacques Guillot
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vit Hubka .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi

  2. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    G. Sybren de Hoog

  3. Department of Parasitology, Mycology and Dermatology, EnvA, Ecole nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, Maisons-Alfort, France

    Jacques Guillot

  4. Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

    Paul E. Verweij

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Hubka, V., Peano, A., Cmokova, A., Guillot, J. (2018). Common and Emerging Dermatophytoses in Animals: Well-Known and New Threats. In: Seyedmousavi, S., de Hoog, G., Guillot, J., Verweij, P. (eds) Emerging and Epizootic Fungal Infections in Animals. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72093-7_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation