Abstract
Recent interest in environmentally friendly bio-based polymers coupled with an increased food safety awareness has resulted in various packaging technology advances, including the incorporation of different kinds of nanofillers into biodegradable biopolymers to improve their overall properties for improving shelf life and preventing microbial growth. Among the different nanofillers that have recently emerged, graphene’s invention has catalyzed a multitude of novel material applications in different fields. Graphene has functionalized different biopolymers and has improved their mechanical, thermal, electrical, as well as, gas, and water vapor barrier properties, for potentially replacing petrochemical-based packaging materials that pose a great threat to the environment. The objective of this chapter is to provide comprehensive understanding of the different types of nanoreinforcement that are available for biodegradable packaging application, especially focusing on graphene oxide (GO), a graphene derivative nanofiller that is being extensively studied for packaging reinforcement. This chapter aims to draw a clear picture of synthesis and chemistry of bonding between graphene derivatives and biodegradable biopolymers suitable for packaging applications, like starch, cellulose, poly(lactic acid), and others. The methodology behind the chemical and physical changes during synthesis will be discussed, based on different spectroscopic characterization techniques, and the influence of chemical changes on resulting properties will also be highlighted. This chapter will also briefly go over other nanomaterials like clay, cellulose nanofibers, starch nanocrystals, and their usage in different biopolymers for packaging application. This will help to explain the synergy resulting from addition of nanomaterials, the use of different characterization techniques as well as the improvement in different properties.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Affdl JCH, Kardos JL (1976) The Halpin-Tsai equations: a review. Polym Eng Sci 16:344–352. doi:10.1002/pen.760160512
Akhavan O, Ghaderi E (2010) Toxicity of graphene and graphene oxide nanowalls against bacteria. ACS Nano 4:5731–5736
Alemdar A, Sain M (2008) Biocomposites from wheat straw nanofibers: morphology, thermal and mechanical properties. Compos Sci Technol 68:557–565
Alexandre B, Langevin D, Médéric P et al (2009) Water barrier properties of polyamide 12/montmorillonite nanocomposite membranes: structure and volume fraction effects. J Membr Sci 328:186–204
An J, Zhang M, Wang S, Tang J (2008) Physical, chemical and microbiological changes in stored green asparagus spears as affected by coating of silver nanoparticles-PVP. LWT-Food Sci Technol 41:1100–1107
Angles MN, Dufresne A (2000) Plasticized starch/tunicin whiskers nanocomposites. 1. Structural analysis. Macromolecules 33:8344–8353
Angles MN, Dufresne A (2001) Plasticized starch/tunicin whiskers nanocomposite materials. 2. Mechanical behavior. Macromolecules 34:2921–2931
Ashori A (2014) Effects of graphene on the behavior of chitosan and starch nanocomposite films. Polym Eng Sci 54:2258–2263
Ashori A, Bahrami R (2014) Modification of physico-mechanical properties of chitosan-tapioca starch blend films using nano graphene. Polym-Plast Technol Eng 53:312–318
Avella M, De Vlieger JJ, Errico ME et al (2005) Biodegradable starch/clay nanocomposite films for food packaging applications. Food Chem 93:467–474
Azeredo H, Mattoso LHC, Wood D et al (2009) Nanocomposite edible films from mango puree reinforced with cellulose nanofibers. J Food Sci 74:N31–N35
Azizi Samir MAS, Alloin F, Dufresne A (2005) Review of recent research into cellulosic whiskers, their properties and their application in nanocomposite field. Biomacromolecules 6:612–626
Barrett J (2014) Physical and biochemical strategies for improving the yield and material properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoate Biopolymers
Barrett JSF, Abdala AA, Srienc F (2014) Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) Elastomers and their Graphene nanocomposites. Macromolecules 47:3926–3941. doi:10.1021/ma500022x
Bharadwaj RK, Mehrabi AR, Hamilton C et al (2002) Structure–property relationships in cross-linked polyester–clay nanocomposites. Polymer 43:3699–3705
Bin Y, Mine M, Koganemaru A et al (2006) Morphology and mechanical and electrical properties of oriented PVA–VGCF and PVA–MWNT composites. Polymer 47:1308–1317
Boehm H-P (2010) Graphene—how a laboratory curiosity suddenly became extremely interesting. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:9332–9335
Brodie BC (1859) On the atomic weight of graphite. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 149:249–259
Brody AL (2006) Nano and food packaging technologies converge
Cabedo L, Giménez E, Lagaron JM et al (2004) Development of EVOH-kaolinite nanocomposites. Polymer 45:5233–5238. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2004.05.018
Cabedo L, Luis Feijoo J, Pilar Villanueva M et al (2006) Optimization of biodegradable nanocomposites based on a PLA/PCL blends for food packaging applications. In: Macromolecular Symposia. Wiley Online Library, pp 191–197
Cao Y, Feng J, Wu P (2010) Preparation of organically dispersible graphene nanosheet powders through a lyophilization method and their poly(lactic acid) composites. Carbon 48:3834–3839
Celzard A, Mareche JF, Furdin G, Puricelli S (2000) Electrical conductivity of anisotropic expanded graphite-based monoliths. J Phys D Appl Phys 33:3094
Chen B, Evans JRG (2005) Thermoplastic starch–clay nanocomposites and their characteristics. Carbohyd Polym 61:455–463. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.06.020
Chen P, Zhang L (2006) Interaction and properties of highly exfoliated soy protein/montmorillonite nanocomposites. Biomacromolecules 7:1700–1706
Chen G, Weng W, Wu D et al (2004) Preparation and characterization of graphite nanosheets from ultrasonic powdering technique. Carbon 42:753–759
Chen W, Tao X, Xue P, Cheng X (2005) Enhanced mechanical properties and morphological characterizations of poly(vinyl alcohol)–carbon nanotube composite films. Appl Surf Sci 252:1404–1409
Chen Y, Cao X, Chang PR, Huneault MA (2008) Comparative study on the films of poly(vinyl alcohol)/pea starch nanocrystals and poly(vinyl alcohol)/native pea starch. Carbohyd Polym 73:8–17
Chiu W-M, Chang Y-A, Kuo H-Y et al (2008) A study of carbon nanotubes/biodegradable plastic polylactic acid composites. J Appl Polym Sci 108:3024–3030. doi:10.1002/app.27796
Chung DDL (2016) A review of exfoliated graphite. J Mater Sci 51:554–568
Cyras VP, Manfredi LB, Ton-That M-T, Vázquez A (2008) Physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposite films. Carbohyd Polym 73:55–63. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2007.11.014
Dai J, Wang G, Ma L, Wu C (2015) Study on the surface energies and dispersibility of graphene oxide and its derivatives. J Mater Sci 50:3895–3907
Damm C, Münstedt H, Rösch A (2007) Long-term antimicrobial polyamide 6/silver-nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 42:6067–6073
De Azeredo HMC (2009) Nanocomposites for food packaging applications. Food Res Int 42:1240–1253. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2009.03.019
de Carvalho AJF, Curvelo AAS, Agnelli JAM (2001) A first insight on composites of thermoplastic starch and kaolin. Carbohyd Polym 45:189–194. doi:10.1016/S0144-8617(00)00315-5
de Moura MR, Aouada FA, Avena-Bustillos RJ et al (2009) Improved barrier and mechanical properties of novel hydroxypropyl methylcellulose edible films with chitosan/tripolyphosphate nanoparticles. J Food Eng 92:448–453
de Souza Lima MM, Borsali R (2004) Rodlike cellulose microcrystals: structure, properties, and applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 25:771–787
Dean K, Yu L (2005) Biodegradable protein-nanoparticles composites. Biodegradable polymers for industrial applications. Woodhead Publishing Ltd, Cambridge, UK, pp 289–312
Dervishi E, Biris AR, Watanabe F et al (2011) Few-layer nano-graphene structures with large surface areas synthesized on a multifunctional Fe:Mo:MgO catalyst system. J Mater Sci 47:1910–1919. doi:10.1007/s10853-011-5980-z
Dreyer DR, Park S, Bielawski CW, Ruoff RS (2010) The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem Soc Rev 39:228–240
Dubief D, Samain E, Dufresne A (1999) Polysaccharide microcrystals reinforced amorphous poly(β-hydroxyoctanoate) nanocomposite materials. Macromolecules 32:5765–5771
Dufresne A, Dupeyre D, Vignon MR (2000) Cellulose microfibrils from potato tuber cells: processing and characterization of starch–cellulose microfibril composites. J Appl Polym Sci 76:2080–2092
Dufresne A, Vignon MR (1998) Improvement of starch film performances using cellulose microfibrils. Macromolecules 31:2693–2696
Dujardin E, Blaseby M, Mann S (2003) Synthesis of mesoporous silica by sol–gel mineralisation of cellulose nanorod nematic suspensions. J Mater Chem 13:696–699
Duncan TV, Pillai K (2014) Release of engineered nanomaterials from polymer nanocomposites: diffusion, dissolution, and desorption. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7:2–19
Faghihi S, Gheysour M, Karimi A, Salarian R (2014) Fabrication and mechanical characterization of graphene oxide-reinforced poly(acrylic acid)/gelatin composite hydrogels. J Appl Phys 115:083513
Fang M, Wang K, Lu H et al (2010) Single-layer graphene nanosheets with controlled grafting of polymer chains. J Mater Chem 20:1982–1992
Favier V, Cavaille JY, Canova GR, Shrivastava SC (1997) Mechanical percolation in cellulose whisker nanocomposites. Polym Eng Sci 37:1732–1739
Guan G, Lu J, Jiang H (2016) Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of graphene nanosheets and films obtained from low-temperature expandable graphite. J Mater Sci 51:926–936
Guo J, Liu J, Yang B et al (2015) Biodegradable junctionless transistors with extremely simple structure. Electron Device Lett IEEE 36:908–910
He L, Wang H, Xia G et al (2014) Chitosan/graphene oxide nanocomposite films with enhanced interfacial interaction and their electrochemical applications. Appl Surf Sci 314:510–515
He Y, Zhang N, Gong Q et al (2012) Alginate/graphene oxide fibers with enhanced mechanical strength prepared by wet spinning. Carbohyd Polym 88:1100–1108
Helbert W, Cavaille JY, Dufresne A (1996) Thermoplastic nanocomposites filled with wheat straw cellulose whiskers. Part I: processing and mechanical behavior. Polym Compos 17:604–611
Hu AW, Fu ZH (2003) Nanotechnology and its application in packaging and packaging machinery. Packag Eng 24:22–24
Hu W, Peng C, Luo W et al (2010) Graphene-based antibacterial paper. ACS nano 4:4317–4323
Huang H-D, Liu C-Y, Li D et al (2014) Ultra-low gas permeability and efficient reinforcement of cellulose nanocomposite films by well-aligned graphene oxide nanosheets. J Mater Chem A 2:15853–15863
Huang L, Li D-Q, Lin Y-J et al (2005) Controllable preparation of Nano-MgO and investigation of its bactericidal properties. J Inorg Biochem 99:986–993
Huang M, Yu J, Ma X (2006) High mechanical performance MMT-urea and formamide-plasticized thermoplastic cornstarch biodegradable nanocomposites. Carbohyd Polym 63:393–399
Hubbe MA, Rojas OJ, Lucia LA, Sain M (2008) Cellulosic nanocomposites: a review. BioResources 3:929–980
Jang BZ, Zhamu A (2008) Processing of nanographene platelets (NGPs) and NGP nanocomposites: a review. J Mater Sci 43:5092–5101
Jayasena B, Reddy CD, Subbiah S (2013) Separation, folding and shearing of graphene layers during wedge-based mechanical exfoliation. Nanotechnology 24:205301. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/24/20/205301
Jeon GW, An J-E, Jeong YG (2012) High performance cellulose acetate propionate composites reinforced with exfoliated graphene. Compos B Eng 43:3412–3418
Jiang B, Liu C, Zhang C et al (2007) The effect of non-symmetric distribution of fiber orientation and aspect ratio on elastic properties of composites. Compos B Eng 38:24–34
Jones P, Clarke-Hill C, Shears P et al (2004) Radio frequency identification in the UK: opportunities and challenges. Int J Retail Distrib Manag 32:164–171
Kang S, Pinault M, Pfefferle LD, Elimelech M (2007) Single-walled carbon nanotubes exhibit strong antimicrobial activity. Langmuir 23:8670–8673
Kaplan DL (1998) Introduction to biopolymers from renewable resources. In: Kaplan DDL (ed) Biopolymers from renewable resources. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 1–29
Kim I-H, Jeong YG (2010) Polylactide/exfoliated graphite nanocomposites with enhanced thermal stability, mechanical modulus, and electrical conductivity. J Polym Sci, Part B: Polym Phys 48:850–858
Kim JY, Han SI, Hong S (2008) Effect of modified carbon nanotube on the properties of aromatic polyester nanocomposites. Polymer 49:3335–3345
Krishnan D, Kim F, Luo J et al (2012) Energetic graphene oxide: challenges and opportunities. Nano today 7:137–152
Kuan C-F, Kuan H-C, Ma C-CM, Chen C-H (2008) Mechanical and electrical properties of multi-wall carbon nanotube/poly(lactic acid) composites. J Phys Chem Solids 69:1395–1398. doi:10.1016/j.jpcs.2007.10.060
Kumar R, Münstedt H (2005) Silver ion release from antimicrobial polyamide/silver composites. Biomaterials 26:2081–2088
Kumar B, Castro M, Feller JF (2012) Poly(lactic acid)–multi-wall carbon nanotube conductive biopolymer nanocomposite vapour sensors. Sens Actuators B: Chem 161:621–628. doi:10.1016/j.snb.2011.10.077
Kvien I, Oksman K (2007) Orientation of cellulose nanowhiskers in polyvinyl alcohol. Appl Phys A 87:641–643
Lau AK-T, Hui D (2002) The revolutionary creation of new advanced materials—carbon nanotube composites. Compos B Eng 33:263–277
Le T, Lakafosis V, Lin Z et al (2012) Inkjet-printed graphene-based wireless gas sensor modules. In: 2012 IEEE 62nd electronic components and technology conference, 1003–1008
Lerf A, He H, Forster M, Klinowski J (1998) Structure of graphite oxide revisited||. J Phys Chem B 102:4477–4482
Liau SY, Read DC, Pugh WJ et al (1997) Interaction of silver nitrate with readily identifiable groups: relationship to the antibacterialaction of silver ions. Lett Appl Microbiol 25:279–283
Li H, Li F, Wang L et al (2009) Effect of nano-packing on preservation quality of Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. inermis (Bunge) Rehd). Food Chem 114:547–552
Li R, Liu C, Ma J (2011) Studies on the properties of graphene oxide-reinforced starch biocomposites. Carbohyd Polym 84:631–637
Liu X, Sun Q, Wang H et al (2005) Microspheres of corn protein, zein, for an ivermectin drug delivery system. Biomaterials 26:109–115. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.02.013
Liu L, Shen Z, Liang S et al (2014) Graphene for reducing bubble defects and enhancing mechanical properties of graphene/cellulose acetate composite films. J Mater Sci 49:321–328
Ljungberg N, Bonini C, Bortolussi F et al (2005) New nanocomposite materials reinforced with cellulose whiskers in atactic polypropylene: effect of surface and dispersion characteristics. Biomacromolecules 6:2732–2739
Lu Y, Weng L, Zhang L (2004) Morphology and properties of soy protein isolate thermoplastics reinforced with chitin whiskers. Biomacromolecules 5:1046–1051
Luduena LN, Alvarez VA, Vazquez A (2007) Processing and microstructure of PCL/clay nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng, A 460:121–129
Luecha J, Hsiao A, Brodsky S et al (2011) Green microfluidic devices made of corn proteins. Lab Chip 11:3419–3425
Luecha J, Sozer N, Kokini JL (2010) Synthesis and properties of corn zein/montmorillonite nanocomposite films. J Mater Sci 45:3529–3537. doi:10.1007/s10853-010-4395-6
Luo PG, Stutzenberger FJ (2008) Nanotechnology in the detection and control of microorganisms. Adv Appl Microbiol 63:145–181
Ma X, Yu J, Wang N (2008) Glycerol plasticized-starch/multiwall carbon nanotube composites for electroactive polymers. Compos Sci Technol 68:268–273. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2007.03.016
Ma T, Chang PR, Zheng P, Ma X (2013) The composites based on plasticized starch and graphene oxide/reduced graphene oxide. Carbohyd Polym 94:63–70
Mahmoudian S, Wahit MU, Imran M et al (2012) A facile approach to prepare regenerated cellulose/graphene nanoplatelets nanocomposite using room-temperature ionic liquid. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 12:5233–5239
Mark JE (1996) Ceramic-reinforced polymers and polymer-modified ceramics. Polym Eng Sci 36:2905–2920
Mirzadeh A, Kokabi M (2007) The effect of composition and draw-down ratio on morphology and oxygen permeability of polypropylene nanocomposite blown films. Eur Polymer J 43:3757–3765. doi:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2007.06.014
Mittal V (2007) Polypropylene-layered silicate nanocomposites: filler matrix interactions and mechanical properties. J Thermoplast Compos Mater 20:575–599
Mittal V (2008) Mechanical and gas permeation properties of compatibilized polypropylene–layered silicate nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 107:1350–1361
Nachay K (2007) Analyzing nanotechnology. Food Technol 61:34–36
Nie L, Liu C, Wang J et al (2015) Effects of surface functionalized graphene oxide on the behavior of sodium alginate. Carbohyd Polym 117:616–623
Novoselov KS, Geim AK, Morozov SV et al (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306:666–669
Pan Y, Wu T, Bao H, Li L (2011) Green fabrication of chitosan films reinforced with parallel aligned graphene oxide. Carbohyd Polym 83:1908–1915
Paralikar SA, Simonsen J, Lombardi J (2008) Poly(vinyl alcohol)/cellulose nanocrystal barrier membranes. J Membr Sci 320:248–258
Park S, Ruoff RS (2009) Chemical methods for the production of graphenes. Nat Nanotechnol 4:217–224
Park H-M, Li X, Jin C-Z et al (2002) Preparation and properties of biodegradable thermoplastic starch/clay hybrids. Macromol Mater Eng 287:553–558
Petersson L, Oksman K (2006) Preparation and properties of biopolymer-based nanocomposite films using microcrystalline cellulose. In: ACS symposium series. Oxford University Press, pp 132–150
Petersen K, Væggemose Nielsen P, Bertelsen G et al (1999) Potential of biobased materials for food packaging. Trends Food Sci Technol 10:52–68. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(99)00019-9
Pinto AM, Cabral J, Tanaka DAP et al (2013a) Effect of incorporation of graphene oxide and graphene nanoplatelets on mechanical and gas permeability properties of poly(lactic acid) films. Polym Int 62:33–40
Pinto AM, Moreira S, Gonçalves IC et al (2013b) Biocompatibility of poly(lactic acid) with incorporated graphene-based materials. Colloids Surf, B 104:229–238
Podsiadlo P, Choi S-Y, Shim B et al (2005) Molecularly engineered nanocomposites: layer-by-layer assembly of cellulose nanocrystals. Biomacromol 6:2914–2918
Pötschke P, Abdel-Goad* M, Pegel S et al (2009) Comparisons among electrical and rheological properties of melt-mixed composites containing various carbon nanostructures. J Macromol Sci Part A 47:12–19
Potts JR, Dreyer DR, Bielawski CW, Ruoff RS (2011) Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Polymer 52:5–25
Qi L, Xu Z, Jiang X et al (2004) Preparation and antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles. Carbohyd Res 339:2693–2700
Qian C, Sun J, Yang J, Gao Y (2015) Flexible organic field-effect transistors on biodegradable cellulose paper with efficient reusable ion gel dielectrics. RSC Adv 5:14567–14574
Ray SS, Bandyopadhyay J, Bousmina M (2007) Thermal and thermomechanical properties of poly [(butylene succinate)-co-adipate] nanocomposite. Polym Degrad Stab 92:802–812
Ray SS, Yamada K, Okamoto M, Ueda K (2003) New polylactide-layered silicate nanocomposites. 2. Concurrent improvements of material properties, biodegradability and melt rheology. Polymer 44:857–866
Rhim J-W, Ng PKW (2007) Natural biopolymer-based nanocomposite films for packaging applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 47:411–433. doi:10.1080/10408390600846366
Rhim J-W, Lee J-H, Kwak H-S (2005) Mechanical and water barrier properties of soy protein and clay mineral composite films. Food Sci Biotechnol 14:112–116
Rouf TB, Kokini JL (2016) Biodegradable biopolymer–graphene nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 51:9915–9945
Ruan D, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Xia X (2004) Structure and properties of regenerated cellulose/tourmaline nanocrystal composite films. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42:367–373
Ruiz-Garcia L, Lunadei L (2011) The role of RFID in agriculture: applications, limitations and challenges. Comput Electron Agric 79:42–50
Samir MASA, Alloin F, Sanchez J-Y, Dufresne A (2004) Cellulose nanocrystals reinforced poly(oxyethylene). Polymer 45:4149–4157
Sanchez-Garcia MD, Gimenez E, Lagaron JM (2008) Morphology and barrier properties of solvent cast composites of thermoplastic biopolymers and purified cellulose fibers. Carbohyd Polym 71:235–244
Sarac A, Absi N, Dauzère-Pérès S (2010) A literature review on the impact of RFID technologies on supply chain management. Int J Prod Econ 128:77–95
Shokrieh MM, Esmkhani M, Shahverdi HR, Vahedi F (2013) Effect of graphene nanosheets (GNS) and graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) on the Mechanical properties of epoxy nanocomposites. Sci Adv Mater 5:260–266
Shukla R, Cheryan M (2001) Zein: the industrial protein from corn. Ind Crops Prod 13:171–192
Si H, Luo H, Xiong G et al (2014) One-step in situ biosynthesis of graphene oxide-bacterial cellulose nanocomposite hydrogels. Macromol Rapid Commun 35:1706–1711
Sinclair RG (1996) The case for polylactic acid as a commodity packaging plastic. J Macromol Sci Part A 33:585–597. doi:10.1080/10601329608010880
Singh V, Joung D, Zhai L et al (2011) Graphene based materials: past, present and future. Prog Mater Sci 56:1178–1271
Song K, Zhao X, Xu Y, Liu H (2013) Modification of graphene oxide via photo-initiated grafting polymerization. J Mater Sci 48:5750–5755
Sriupayo J, Supaphol P, Blackwell J, Rujiravanit R (2005) Preparation and characterization of α-chitin whisker-reinforced chitosan nanocomposite films with or without heat treatment. Carbohyd Polym 62:130–136
Stanier DC, Patil AJ, Sriwong C et al (2014) The reinforcement effect of exfoliated graphene oxide nanoplatelets on the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of natural rubber. Compos Sci Technol 95:59–66
Staudenmaier L (1898) Verfahren zur darstellung der graphitsäure. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 31:1481–1487
Svagan AJ, Hedenqvist MS, Berglund L (2009) Reduced water vapour sorption in cellulose nanocomposites with starch matrix. Compos Sci Technol 69:500–506
Szabó T, Berkesi O, Forgó P et al (2006) Evolution of surface functional groups in a series of progressively oxidized graphite oxides. Chem Mater 18:2740–2749. doi:10.1021/cm060258
Terzopoulou Z, Kyzas GZ, Bikiaris DN (2015) Recent advances in nanocomposite materials of graphene derivatives with polysaccharides. Materials 8:652–683
Thakur S, Karak N (2013) Bio-based tough hyperbranched polyurethane–graphene oxide nanocomposites as advanced shape memory materials. RSC Adv 3:9476–9482
Thellen C, Orroth C, Froio D et al (2005) Influence of montmorillonite layered silicate on plasticized poly(l-lactide) blown films. Polymer 46:11716–11727. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2005.09.057
Tian M, Qu L, Zhang X et al (2014) Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of regenerated cellulose/graphene composite fibers. Carbohyd Polym 111:456–462
Uyama H, Kuwabara M, Tsujimoto T et al (2003) Green nanocomposites from renewable resources: plant oil-clay hybrid materials. Chem Mater 15:2492–2494
Vanderroost M, Ragaert P, Devlieghere F, De Meulenaer B (2014) Intelligent food packaging: the next generation. Trends Food Sci Technol 39:47–62
Villmow T, Pötschke P, Pegel S et al (2008) Influence of twin-screw extrusion conditions on the dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in a poly(lactic acid) matrix. Polymer 49:3500–3509. doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2008.06.010
Wang B, Sain M (2007) Isolation of nanofibers from soybean source and their reinforcing capability on synthetic polymers. Compos Sci Technol 67:2521–2527
Wang H, Qiu Z (2011) Crystallization behaviors of biodegradable poly(l-lactic acid)/graphene oxide nanocomposites from the amorphous state. Thermochim Acta 526:229–236
Wang H, Qiu Z (2012) Crystallization kinetics and morphology of biodegradable poly(l-lactic acid)/graphene oxide nanocomposites: influences of graphene oxide loading and crystallization temperature. Thermochim Acta 527:40–46
Weiss J, Takhistov P, McClements DJ (2006) Functional materials in food nanotechnology. J Food Sci 71:R107–R116. doi:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00195.x
William S, Hummers JR, Offeman RE, others (1958) Preparation of graphitic oxide. J Am Chem Soc 80:1339
Xu Y, Zhou J, Hanna MA (2005) Melt-intercalated starch acetate nanocomposite foams as affected by type of organoclay 1. Cereal Chem 82:105–110
Yadav M, Rhee KY, Jung IH, Park SJ (2013) Eco-friendly synthesis, characterization and properties of a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/graphene oxide nanocomposite film. Cellulose 20:687–698
Yadav M, Rhee KY, Park SJ (2014) Synthesis and characterization of graphene oxide/carboxymethylcellulose/alginate composite blend films. Carbohyd Polym 110:18–25
Yang J-H, Lin S-H, Lee Y-D (2012) Preparation and characterization of poly(l-lactide)–graphene composites using the in situ ring-opening polymerization of PLLA with graphene as the initiator. J Mater Chem 22:10805–10815
Yasmin A, Luo J-J, Daniel IM (2006) Processing of expanded graphite reinforced polymer nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 66:1182–1189
Yoon JT, Jeong YG, Lee SC, Min BG (2009) Influences of poly(lactic acid)-grafted carbon nanotube on thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of poly(lactic acid). Polym Adv Technol 20:631–638. doi:10.1002/pat.1312
Yoon S-Y, Deng Y (2006) Clay–starch composites and their application in papermaking. J Appl Polym Sci 100:1032–1038
Yoon OJ, Jung CY, Sohn IY et al (2011) Nanocomposite nanofibers of poly(d, l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) and graphene oxide nanosheets. Compos A Appl Sci Manuf 42:1978–1984
Yu J, Cui G, Wei M, Huang J (2007) Facile exfoliation of rectorite nanoplatelets in soy protein matrix and reinforced bionanocomposites thereof. J Appl Polym Sci 104:3367–3377. doi:10.1002/app.25969
Zeng H, Gao C, Wang Y et al (2006) In situ polymerization approach to multiwalled carbon nanotubes-reinforced nylon 1010 composites: mechanical properties and crystallization behavior. Polymer 47:113–122
Zhang X, Liu X, Zheng W, Zhu J (2012) Regenerated cellulose/graphene nanocomposite films prepared in DMAC/LiCl solution. Carbohyd Polym 88:26–30
Zheng W, Lu X, Wong S-C (2004) Electrical and mechanical properties of expanded graphite-reinforced high-density polyethylene. J Appl Polym Sci 91:2781–2788
Zheng P, Ma T, Ma X (2013) Fabrication and properties of starch-grafted graphene nanosheet/plasticized-starch composites. Ind Eng Chem Res 52:14201–14207
Zhou X, Shin E, Wang KW, Bakis CE (2004) Interfacial damping characteristics of carbon nanotube-based composites. Compos Sci Technol 64:2425–2437. doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.06.001
Zimmermann T, Pöhler E, Geiger T (2004) Cellulose fibrils for polymer reinforcement. Adv Eng Mater 6:754–761
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rouf, T.B., Kokini, J.L. (2018). Natural Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposite Films for Packaging Applications. In: Jawaid, M., Swain, S. (eds) Bionanocomposites for Packaging Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67319-6_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67319-6_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-67318-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-67319-6
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)