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Microglial Function in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Injury and Recovery

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Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Regeneration and Repair

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ((SSTSR))

Abstract

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10–15% of all strokes and is a major cause of disability and mortality. Introduction of blood components (e.g., thrombin, heme, and platelets) following ICH initiates neuroinflammatory responses mainly mediated by microglia, which are the resident immune cells in the central nervous system. Microglia have been shown to have dual roles in ICH, both beneficial and detrimental. The beneficial role involves phagocytosis of cellular debris and red blood cells after the hemorrhagic incident, while the detrimental role involves the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines resulting in neuroinflammation. These dual and contradictory roles of microglia are thought to be implemented by two distinct phenotypes: classically-activated microglia and alternatively-activated microglia. We discuss herein the role of microglia in ICH with particular emphasis on its role in brain injury and recovery after ICH.

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Abbreviations

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma-2

Bcl-xl:

B-cell lymphoma-extra large

CD36:

Cluster of differentiation 36

CD47:

Cluster of differentiation 47

CEBP α:

CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha

CNS:

Central nervous system

CX3CR-1:

CX3C chemokine receptor-1

CXCL2:

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 2

HO:

Heme oxygenase

ICH:

Intracerebral hemorrhage

IL:

Interleukin

KO:

Knock-out

MHCII:

Major histocompatibility complex II

mTOR:

Mechanistic target of rapamycin

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

Nrf2:

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2

PAR-1:

Protease activated receptor-1

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PPAR-γ:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SIRPα:

Signal-regulatory protein α

TGF-β1:

Transforming growth factor-beta 1

TLR:

Toll-like receptors

TNF-α:

Tumor necrosis factor-α

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Acknowledgement

This work is supported by NIH R01 NS20989

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Yeoudio St. Mary’s Hospital, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea

    A-Hyun Cho M.D., Ph.D.

  2. Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

    A-Hyun Cho M.D., Ph.D., Neethu Michael Ph.D. & Mark J. Fisher M.D.

  3. UCI MIND, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

    David H. Cribbs Ph.D.

  4. Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

    Mark J. Fisher M.D.

  5. Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA

    Mark J. Fisher M.D.

  6. Department of Neurology, UC Irvine Medical Center, 101 The City Drive South, Shanbrom Hall, Room 121, Orange, CA, 92868, USA

    Mark J. Fisher M.D.

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  1. A-Hyun Cho M.D., Ph.D.
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  2. Neethu Michael Ph.D.
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  3. David H. Cribbs Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Mark J. Fisher M.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, AHSP, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Paul A. Lapchak

  2. Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA

    John H. Zhang

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Cho, AH., Michael, N., Cribbs, D.H., Fisher, M.J. (2018). Microglial Function in Intracerebral Hemorrhage Injury and Recovery. In: Lapchak, P., Zhang, J. (eds) Cellular and Molecular Approaches to Regeneration and Repair. Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66679-2_23

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66679-2_23

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