Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in Later Life

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics

Abstract

This chapter aims to give a broad review of the recent empirical and theoretical literature concerning sexual orientation (SO) and gender identity (GI) in later life. Theoretical predictions have been tested and/or confirmed through attempts to apply theory to practice, where possible. This narrative literature review covers a range of fields and specialties including gerontology, sociology, psychology, economics, and health and social care research, found using a keyword search and snowball approaches of literature published in English. The research presented gives an overview of the current state of the art and introduces the most prevalent themes to date emerging from the body of literature. There follows a discussion concerning the conceptual and theoretical models and methodologies, including their practical application, which will lead into policy implications and suggestions for future research. The aim of the review was to aggregate scholarship that adds in some way to the world’s knowledge about gender identity and sexual orientation in later life.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Addis S, Davies M, Greene G, MacBride-Stewart S, Shepherd M (2009) The health, social care and housing needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender older people: a review of the literature. Health Soc Care Community 17(6):647–658

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agosto S, Reitz K, Ducheny K, Moaton T (2019) Substance use and recovery in the transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) older adult community. In: Hardacker C, Ducheny K, Houlberg M (eds) Transgender and gender nonconforming health and aging. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Aksoy CG, Carpenter CS, Frank J (2018) Sexual orientation and earnings: new evidence from the United Kingdom. ILR Rev 71(1):242–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • American Civil Liberties Union (2017) South Dakota is first state in a series of anti-LGBT bills advancing through legislatures across the country. https://www.aclu.org/news/south-dakota-becomes-first-state-year-enact-anti-lgbtlegislation. Accessed 03 Jan 2019

  • American College of Physicians (2008) The Fenway guide to lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association (1991) Avoiding heterosexual bias in language. Am Psychol 46:973–974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antonucci T, Ajrouch K, Birditt K (2014) The convoy model: explaining social relations from a multidisciplinary perspective. Gerontologist 54(1):82–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin E, Irwin J (2010) Health behaviors and health care utilization of southern lesbians. Womens Health Issues 20:178–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett C (2008) My people: a project exploring the experiences of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex seniors in aged-care services. Matrix Guild Victoria. http://www.matrixguildvic.org.au/docs/MyPeople_Exploring-Experiences-2008.pdf. Accessed 19 Sept 2018

  • Baunach DM (2012) Changing same-sex marriage attitudes in America from 1988 through 2010. Public Opin Q 76(2):364–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BBC News Magazine (2015) The challenges of being transgender and over 60. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-34454576. Accessed 03 Jan 2019

  • Beatie BE, Mackenzie CS, Chou KL (2015) Prevalence of psychiatric and medical comorbidities in HIV-positive middle-aged and older adults: findings from a nationally representative survey. J Ther Manage HIV Infect 3(1):7–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bem D (1996) Exotic becomes erotic: a developmental theory of sexual orientation. Psychol Rev 103:320–335

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bevan ET (2015) The psychobiology of transsexualism and transgenderism. A new view based on scientific evidence. Praeger, Santa Barbara

    Google Scholar 

  • Blondeel K, de Vasconcelos S, García-Moreno C, Stephenson R, Temmerman M, Toskin I (2018) Violence motivated by perception of sexual orientation and gender identity: a systematic review. Bull World Health Org 96(1):29–41. [Online]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown MT (2009) LGBT aging and rhetorical silence. Sex Res Soc Policy 6(4):65–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryman A (2016) Social research methods, 5th edn. Oxford University Press, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler J (1990) Gender trouble: feminism and the subversion of identity. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvo-Salguero A, García-Martínez AMÁ, Monteoliva A (2008) Differences between and within genders in gender role orientation according to age and level of education. Sex Roles 58(7–8):535–548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cambridge University Press (2019) The Cambridge Dictionary. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/. Accessed 10 Jan 2019

  • Carastathis GS, Cohen L, Kaczmarek E, Chang P (2017) Rejected by family for being gay or lesbian: portrayals, perceptions, and resilience. J Homosex 64(3):289–320

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centre for Policy on Ageing (UK) (2016) Diversity in older age – older lesbian, gay and bi-sexual people and older transgender people. http://www.cpa.org.uk. Accessed 16 Jan 2019

  • Chamberland L (2011) L’impact de l’homophobie et de la violence homophobe sur la persévérance et la réussite scolaires. [The impact of homophobia and homophobic violence on the perseverance and scholar success]. Fonds de recherche sur la societé et la culture, Université du Québec, Montréal

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandavarkar RV, Khan MS (2015) Older lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons in UK: reviewing issues and concerns. J Geriatr Care Res 2(1):8–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Choi S, Meyer I (2016) LGBT aging: a review of research findings, needs, and policy implications. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/LGBT-Aging-A-Review.pdf. Accessed 10 Jan 2019

  • Corliss H, Cochran SD, Mays VM (2002) Reports of parental maltreatment during childhood in a United States population-based survey of homosexual, bisexual, and heterosexual adults. Child Abuse Negl 26:1165–1178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Croghan CF, Moone RP, Olson AM (2015) Working with LGBT baby boomers and older adults: factors that signal a welcoming service environment. J Gerontol Soc Work 58(6):637–651

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crossland J (2016) Exploring the care Act’s potential for anti-discriminatory practice with lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans older people. Qual Ageing Older Adults 17(2):97–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daley A, MacDonnell JA, Brotman S, St Pierre M, Aronson J, Gillis L (2017) Providing health and social services to older LGBT adults. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr 37:143–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Daudt HML, Van Mossel C, Scott SJ (2012) Enhancing the scoping study methodology: a large, inter-professional team’s experience with Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. Med Res Methodol 13:48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davy Z, Siriwardena AN (2012) To be or not to be LGBT in primary health care: health care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. Br J Gen Pract 62(602):491–492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Pedro K, Shim-Pelayo H (2018) Prevalence of substance use among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth in military families: findings from the California healthy kids survey. Subst Use Misuse 53(8):1372–1376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries B (2014) LGBT persons in the second half of life: the intersectional influences of stigma and cohort. LGBT Health 1(1):18–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dewaele A, Cox N, Van den Berghe W, Vincke J (2011) Families of choice? Exploring the supportive networks of lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. J Appl Soc Psychol 41:312–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diamond LM (2000) Sexual identity, attractions, and behavior among young sexual-minority women over a 2-year period. Dev Psychol 36:241–250

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Giacomo E, Krausz M, Colmegna F (2018) Estimating the risk of attempted suicide among sexual minority youths: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 172(12):1145–1152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson W, Vacha-Haase T (2016) Exploring staff clinical knowledge and practice with LGBTI residents in long-term care: a grounded theory of cultural competency and training needs. Clin Gerontol 39(5):389–409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drydakis N (2017) Trans employees, transitioning, and job satisfaction. J Vocat Behav 98:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drydakis N (2018) School-age bullying, workplace bullying and job satisfaction: Experiences of LGB people in Britain. GLO Discussion Paper, No. 237, Global Labor Organization (GLO), Maastricht

    Google Scholar 

  • Drydakis N, Sidiropoulou K, Patnaik S, Selmanovic S, Bozani V (2018) Masculine vs feminine personality traits and Women’s employment outcomes. Int J Manpow 39:621–630

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne P (2019) Brexit: the likely impact on sexual orientation and gender identity rights in the United Kingdom. In: Dustin, Ferreira, Millns (eds) Gender and queer perspectives on brexit. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim E (1951) Suicide: a study in sociology (trans: Spaulding JA, Simpson G). The Free Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • El Bouhaddani S, van Domburgh L, Schaefer B (2019) Psychotic experiences among ethnic majority and minority adolescents and the role of discrimination and ethnic identity. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-019-01658-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis SJ (2009) Diversity and inclusivity at university: a survey of the experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) students in the UK. J High Educ 57(6):723–739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emlet C (2016) Social, economic, and health disparities among LGBT older adults. Generations 40(2):16–22

    Google Scholar 

  • English T, Carstensen LL (2014) Selective narrowing of social networks across adulthood is associated with improved emotional experience in daily life. Int J Behav Dev 38:195–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erosheva EA, Kim HJ, Emlet C, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI (2016) Social networks of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender older adults. Res Aging 38(1):98–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fazeli PL, Montoya JL, McDavid CN, Moore DJ (2018) Older HIV+ and HIV− adults provide similar definitions of successful aging: a mixed-methods examination. Gerontologist, [online] pp gny157-gny157

    Google Scholar 

  • Floyd FJ, Bakeman R (2006) Coming-out across the life course: implications of age and historical context. Arch Sex Behav 35:287–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI (2007) HIV/AIDS caregiving: predictors of Well-being and distress. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv 18:53–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI (2016) The future of LGBT+ aging: a blueprint for action in services, policies, and research. Generations 40(2):6–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Muraco A (2010) Aging and sexual orientation: a 25-year review of the literature. Res Aging 32(3):372–413

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Kim HJ, Emlet CA, Muraco A, Erosheva EA, Hoy-Ellis C, Goldsen J, Petry H (2011) The aging and health report: disparities and resilience among lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender older adults. Institute for Multigenerational Health, Seattle

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Emlet C, Kim HJ, Muraco A, Erosheva EA, Goldsen J, Hoy-Ellis CP (2013) The physical and mental health of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual (LGB) older adults: the role of key health indicators and risk and protective factors. Gerontologist 53:664–675

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Hoy-Ellis CP, Goldsen J, Emlet CA, Hooyman NR (2014a) Creating a vision for the future: key competencies and strategies for culturally competent practice with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults in the health and human services. J Gerontol Soc Work 57(2–4):80–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Cook-Daniels L, Kim HJ, Erosheva EA, Emlet CA, Hoy-Ellis CP, Goldsen J, Muraco A (2014b) Physical and mental health of transgender older adults: an at-risk and underserved population. Gerontologist 54(3):488–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Kim HJ, Shiu C, Goldsen J, Emlet CA (2015) Successful aging among LGBT older adults: physical and mental health-related quality of life by age group. Gerontologist 55(1):154–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Shiu C, Bryan AEB, Goldsen J, Kim HJ (2016) Health equity and aging of bisexual older adults: pathways of risk and resilience. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 72(3):468–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Kim HJ (2017) The science of conducting research with LGBT older adults: an introduction to aging with pride: national health, aging, and sexuality/gender study (NHAS). Gerontologist 57:S1–S14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Kim HJ, Bryan AEB, Shiu C, Emlet CA (2017) The cascading effects of marginalization and pathways of resilience in attaining good health among LGBT older adults. Gerontologist 57:S72–S83

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gabbay SG, Wahler JJ (2002) Lesbian Aging. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv 14(3):1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gates T, Mitchell C (2013) Workplace stigma-related experiences among lesbian, gay, and bisexual workers: implications for social policy and practice. J Work Behav Health 28(3):159–171

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gendron TL, Pendleton T, White JT (2016) Mental health counseling of LGBT elders. In: Harley DA, Teaster PB (eds) Handbook of LGBT elders. Springer, Cham, pp 455–471

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • GLAAD and Harris Poll (2017) Accelerating acceptance 2017 [Public survey]. https://www.glaad.org/files/aa/2017_GLAAD_Accelerating_Acceptance.pdf. Accessed 08 Feb 2019

  • GLAAD (2019) Transgender day of remembrance. https://www.glaad.org/tdor. Accessed 17 Jan 2019

  • Goldsen J, Bryan AEB, Kim HJ, Muraco A, Jen S, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI (2017) Who says I do: the changing context of marriage and health and quality of life for LGBT older adults. Gerontologist 57:S50–S62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldsmith SK, Pellmar TC, Kleinman AM, Bunney WE (eds) (2002) Reducing suicide: a national imperative. National Academy Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorman BK, Denney JT, Dowdy H, Medeiros RA (2015) A new piece of the puzzle: sexual orientation, gender, and physical health status. Demography 52(4):1357–1382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorman BK, Oyarvide Z (2018) Sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, and healthy aging. Generations 42(2):56–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant JM, Mottet LA, Tanis J, Harrison J, Herman JL, Keisling M (2011) Injustice at every turn: a report of the national transgender discrimination survey. National Center for Transgender Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Hafeez H, Zeshan M, Tahir MA, Jahan N, Naveed S (2017) Health care disparities among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: aliterature review. Cureus 9(4):e1184

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanke K, van Egmond MC, Crespo C, Boer D (2016) Blessing or burden? The role of appraisal for family rituals and flourishing among LGBT adults. J Fam Psychol 30(5):562–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen NB, Harrison B, Fambro S, Bodnar S, Heckman TG, Sikkema KJ (2012) The structure of coping among older adults living with HIV/AIDS and depressive symptoms. J Health Psychol 18(2):198–211

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hart-Brinsen P (2016) The social imagination of homosexuality and the rise of same-sex marriage in the United States. Socius. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023116630555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatzenbuehler M (2009) How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework. Psychol Bull 135(5):707–730

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heaphy B, Yip A, Thompson D (2004) Ageing in a non-heterosexual context. Aging Soc 24:881–902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Health Service Executive (2009) LGBT health: towards meeting the health care needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. Health Service Executive, Dublin

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckman TG, Halkitis PN (2014) Biopsychosocial aspects of HIV and aging. Behav Med 40(3):81–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Helms J, Jernigan M, Mascher J (2005) The meaning of race in psychology and how to change it: amethodological perspective. Am Psychol 60:27–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Herek GM (2006) Legal recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States: a social science perspective. Am Psychol 61:607–621

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman J (2017) The sexuality and sexual health of LGBT elders. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr 37(1):13–26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoy-Ellis CP, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI (2016) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults: linking internal minority stressors, chronic health conditions, and depression. Aging Ment Health [online] 20(11):1119–1130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Campaign (2019) New study reveals shocking rates of attempted suicide among trans adolescents. https://www.hrc.org/blog/new-study-reveals-shocking-rates-of-attempted-suicide-among-trans-adolescen. Accessed 20 Jan 2019

  • Humphreys L (1970) Tearoom trade: impersonal sex in public places. Aldine Pub., Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine (2011) (US) Committee on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health issues and research gaps and opportunities – the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people: building a foundation for better understanding. National Academies Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2015) Violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex persons in the Americas. http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/ViolenceLGBTIPersons.pdf. Accessed 16 Jan 2019

  • International Labor Organization (ILO) (2013) Discrimination at work on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity: results of pilot research. http://www.ilo.org/gb/GBSessions/GB319/lils/WCMS_221728/lang–en/index.htm. Accessed 02 Feb 2019

  • Javaid A (2018) Out of place: sexualities, sexual violence, and heteronormativity. Aggress Violent Behav 39:83–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jewkes R, Morrell R, Hearn J, Lundqvist E, Blackbeard D, Lindegger G (2015) Hegemonic masculinity: combining theory and practice in gender interventions. Cult Health Sex 17(2):S112–S127. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2015.1085094. PMID: 26680535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson JL, Bottorff JL, Browne AJ, Grewal S, Ann Hilton B, Clarke H (2004) Othering and being othered in the context of health care services. Health Commun 16(2):255–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston L (2004) Mardi Gras as tourist spectacle. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones T, Hart B, Carpenter M, Ansara G, Leonard W, Lucke J (2016) Intersex: stories and statistics from Australia. Open Book, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jones T (2018a) Trump, trans students and transnational progress. Sex Educ 18(4):479–494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones T (2018b) Intersex studies: a systematic review of international health literature, SAGE Open 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Kale Edmiston E (2018) Transgender health research must serve transgender people. BJOG 125(12):1513–1513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karpiak SE, Brennan M (2009) The emerging population of older adults with HIV and introduction to the ROAH study. In: Brennan K, Shippy C (eds) Older adults with HIV: an in-depth examination of an emerging population. Nova Science Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kastanis A, Gates G (2013a) LGBT Asian and Pacific Islanderindividuals and same-sex couples. In: The Williams Institute. UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Kastanis A, Gates G (2013b) LGBT Latino/a individuals and same-sex couples. The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Kastanis A, Wilson B (2014) Race/ethnicity, gender and socioeconomic wellbeing of individuals in same-sex couples. Williams Institute, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz-Wise SL, Rosario M, Tsappis M (2016) LGBT youth and family acceptance. Pediatr Clin North Am 63(6):1011–1025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HJ, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI (2016) Disparities in mental health quality of life between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White LGB midlife and older adults and the influence of lifetime discrimination, social connectedness, socioeconomic status, and perceived stress. Res Aging, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027516650003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HJ, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI, Bryan AEB, Muraco A (2017a) Social network types and mental health among lgbt older adults. Gerontologist 57:S84–S94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HJ, Jen S, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI (2017b) Race/ethnicity and health-related quality of life among LGBT older adults. Gerontologist 57:S30–S39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel D (1978) Adult development and aging: a gay perspective. J Soc Issues 34:113–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kimmel D (2018) The effect of sexual orientation and gender identity on relationships in later life. J Aging Life Care. [Online]. https://www.aginglifecarejournal.org/the-effect-of-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-on-relationships-in-later-life. Accessed 04 Jan 2019

  • King M, Semlyen J, Tai SS, Killaspy H, Osborn D, Popelyuk D, Nazareth I (2008) A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self-harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry 8:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King SD, Orel N (2012) Midlife and older gay men living with HIV/AIDS: the influence of resiliency and psychosocial stress factors on health needs. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv 24(4):346–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King SD, Richardson VE (2017) Mental health for older LGBT adults. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr [online] 37(1):59–75

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köllen T (2016) Sexual orientation and transgender issues in organizations. Global perspectives on LGBT workforce diversity. Springer, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger EA, Upchurch DM (2019) Are sociodemographic, lifestyle, and psychosocial characteristics associated with sexual orientation group differences in mental health disparities? Results from a national population-based study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1649-0. Accessed 17 Jan 2019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kum S (2017) Gay, gray, black, and blue: an examination of some of the challenges faced by older LGBTQ people of color. J Gay Lesbian Ment Health 21(3):228–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Landers S, Mimiaga MJ, Krinsky L (2010) The open-door project task force: a qualitative study on LGBT aging. J Gay Lesbian Soc Serv 22(3):316–336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee Y, Hong P, Harm Y (2014) Poverty among Korean immigrant older adults: examining the effects of social exclusion. J Soc Serv Res 40:385–401

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee A, Kanji Z (2017) Queering the health care system: experiences of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender community. Can J Dent Hyg 51(2):80–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenoir R (1974) Les exclus: un français sur dix [The Excluded: one in ten French]. Editions de Seuil, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Levac D, Colquhoun H, O’Brien K (2010) Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implement Sci 5(69). https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-69

  • LeVay S (2011) Gay, straight, and the reason why: the science of sexual orientation. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Leyerzapf H, Visse M, De Beer A, Abma TA (2018) Gay-friendly elderly care: creating space for sexual diversity in residential care by challenging the hetero norm. Ageing Soc 38(2):352–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lim FA, Brown DV, Jones H (2013) Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health: fundamentals for nursing education. J Nurs Educ 52(4):198–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow A (1943) A theory of human motivation. Psychol Rev 50(4):370–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCann E, Sharek D, Higgins A, Sheerin F, Glacken M (2013) Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender older people in Ireland: mental health issues. Aging Ment Health 17(3):358–365

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConnell EA, Birkett M, Mustanski B (2016) Families matter: social support and mental health trajectories among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth. J Adolesc Health 59(6):674–680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer I (2003) Prejudice, social stress and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull 129:674–697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer I, Luo F, Wilson BDM, Stone DM (2019) Suicide attempts among youth. LGBT Health 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1089/lgbt.2018.0194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michala L, Liao LM, Wood D, Conway GS, Creighton SM (2014) Practice changes in childhood surgery for ambiguous genitalia? J Pediatr Urol 10(5):934–939

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Michelson MR (2018) The power of visibility: advances in LGBT rights in the United States and Europe. J Polit 81(1):e1–e5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nguyen AL, Seal D, Bruce O, Dalton M, Palmer A, Pardini M, Quiroga B, Ryu J, Soliman S, Welty JC, Younus I (2019) Caregiving preferences and advance care planning among older adults living with HIV. AIDS Care 31(2):243–249

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orel N (2017) Families and support systems of LGBT elders. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr 37(1):89–109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ott MQ, Corliss HL, Wypij D, Rosario M, Austin SB (2011) Stability and change in self-reported sexual orientation identity in young people: application of mobility metrics. Arch Sex Behav 40:519–532

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oxford English Dictionary (2019). https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/heterosexism. Accessed 12 Jan 2019

  • Ozturk MB, Tatli A (2016) Gender identity inclusion in the workplace: broadening diversity management research and practice through the case of transgender employees in the UK. Int J Hum Resour Manag 27(8):781–802

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pachankis JE, Goldfried MR, Ramrattan ME (2008) Extension of the rejection sensitivity construct to the interpersonal functioning of gay men. J Consult Clin Psychol 76(2):306–317

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pastrana A (2016) It takes a family: an examination of outness among black LGBT people in the United States. J Fam Issues 37(6):765–788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier MG, Tschurtz B (2011) Meeting the health care needs of LGBT patients. J Nurs Care Qual 27(2):95–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pepping CA, Lyons A, Morris EMJ (2018) Affirmative LGBT psychotherapy: outcomes of a therapist training protocol. Psychotherapy 55(1):52–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pugh S (2005) Assessing the cultural needs of older lesbians and gay men: implications for practice. Practice 17(3):207–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quigley A, Baxter L, Keeler L, MacKay-Lyons M (2019) Using the theoretical domains framework to identify barriers and facilitators to exercise among older adults living with HIV. AIDS Care 31(2):163–168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radix A, Maingi S (2018) LGBT cultural competence and interventions to help oncology nurses and other health care providers. Semin Oncol Nurs 34(1):80–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Resnick CA, Galupo M (2018) Assessing experiences with LGBT microaggressions in the workplace: development and validation of the microaggression experiences at work scale. J Homosex. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2018.1542207. [Online]. Accessed 17 Jan 2019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts ML, Schiavenato M (2017) Othering in the nursing context: a concept analysis. Nurs Open 4(3):174–181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers A, Rebbe R, Gardella C, Worlein M, Chamberlin M (2013) Older LGBT adult training panels: an opportunity to educate about issues faced by the older LGBT community. J Gerontol Soc Work 56(7):580–595

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ross LE, Salway T, Tarasoff LA, MacKay JM, Hawkins FCP (2018) Prevalence of depression and anxiety among bisexual people compared to gay, lesbian, and heterosexual individuals: asystematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Res 55(4-5):435–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothmann J, Simmonds S (2015) ‘Othering’ non-normative sexualities through objectification of ‘the homosexual’: discursive discrimination by pre-service teachers. Agenda 29(1):116–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruben MA, Fullerton M (2018) Proportion of patients who disclose their sexual orientation to healthcare providers and its relationship to patient outcomes: a meta-analysis and review. Patient Educ Couns 101(9):1549–1560. [Online]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salomaa AC, Matsick JL (2019) Carving sexuality at its joints: defining sexual orientation in research and clinical practice. Psychol Assess 31(2):167–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams RC, Vrangalova Z (2013) Mostly heterosexual as a distinct sexual orientation group: a systematic review of the empirical evidence. Dev Rev 33(1):58–88

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scherrer K (2017) Stigma and special issues for bisexual older adults. Annu Rev Gerontol Geriatr 37(1):43–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shenkman G, Ifrah K, Shmotkin D (2018) The association between negative attitudes toward aging and mental health among middle-aged and older gay and heterosexual men in Israel. Aging Ment Health 22(4):503–511. [Online]

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson P, Horne M, Brown LJ, Brown Wilson C, Dickinson T, Torkington K (2017) Old(er) care home residents and sexual/intimate citizenship. Ageing Soc 37:243–265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JA, Flowers P, Larkin M (2009) Interpretative phenomenological analysis: theory, method and research. Sage, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Snapp SD, Watson RJ, Russell ST, Diaz RM, Ryan C (2015) Social support networks for LGBT young adults: low cost strategies for positive adjustment. Fam Relat 64(3):420–430

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein G, Almack K (2012) Care near the end of life: the concerns, needs and experiences of LGBT elders. In: Ward R, Rivers I, Sutherland I (eds) Lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans ageing: biographical approaches for inclusive care and support. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Transgender Europe (2019a) Issues facing transgender people. https://tgeu.org/issues. Accessed 16 Jan 2019

  • Transgender Europe (2019b) Violence and hate speech. https://tgeu.org/issues/violence-hate-speech. Accessed 16 Jan 2019

  • Transgender Europe (2019c) Trans Murder Monitoring project. https://tgeu.org/tmm. Accessed 17 Jan 2019

  • Trans Medical Research (2019) Someone I know is transgender: What do all these gender terms mean? http://www.transmedicalresearch.org/what-is-trans#Whatgenderterms. Accessed 04 Jan 2019

  • UK Government Equalities Office (2018a) Consultation: reform of the gender recognition act 2004. https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/reform-of-the-gender-recognition-act-2004. Accessed 03 Jan 2019

  • UK Government Equalities Office (2018b) Policy paper: LGBT Action Plan 2018: Improving the lives of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender people. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/lgbt-action-plan-2018-improving-the-lives-of-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-people/lgbt-action-plan-2018-improving-the-lives-of-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-people. Accessed 01 Feb 2019

  • United Nations Human Rights Council (2011a) Human rights, sexual orientation and gender identity. HRC/RES/17/19. HRC, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Human Rights Council (2011b) Discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence against individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity. HRC, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Dept. of Health and Human Sciences (2012) Healthy people 2020 objectives. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives2020/default.aspx. Accessed 20 Jan 2019

  • Vanderwaal CJ, Sedlacek D, Lane L (2017) The impact of family rejection or acceptance among LGBT+ millennials in the seventh-day Adventist church. Journal of the north American Association of Christians in. Soc Work 44(1):72–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Veenstra G (2011) Race, gender, class, and sexual orientation: intersecting axes of inequality and self-rated health in Canada. Int J Equity Health 10(1):3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Virupaksha HG, Muralidhar D, Ramakrishna J (2016) Suicide and suicidal behavior among transgender persons. Indian J Psychol Med 38(6):505–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wathern T (2019) Encountering needs of LGBT residents. Nursing and Residential Care 21(1). https://doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2019.21.1.34

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg M (2009) LGBT-inclusive language. Urbana 98(4):50–51

    Google Scholar 

  • West K (2018) Understanding and reducing sexual prejudice in Jamaica: theoretical and practical insights from a severely anti-gay society. Annu Rev Sex Res Spec Issue 55(4–5):472–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Westwood S (2016) LGBT* ageing in the UK: spatial inequalities in older age housing/care provision. J Poverty Soc Justice 24(1):63–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willen SS, Knipper M, Abadía-Barrero CE, Davidovitch N (2017) Syndemicvulnerability and the right to health. Lancet 389(10072):964–977

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams ME, Fredriksen-Goldsen KI (2014) Same-sex partnerships and the health of older adults. J Community Psychol 42(5):558–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis P, Maegusuku-Hewett T, Raithby M, Miles P (2014) Swimming upstream: the provision of inclusive care to older lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) adults in residential and nursing environments in Wales. Ageing Soc 36(2):282–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Willis P (2017) Queer, visible, present: the visibility of older LGB adults in long-term care environments. Hous Care Support 20(3):110–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Witten T (2016) The intersectional challenges of aging and of being a gender non-conforming adult. J Am Soc Aging 40(2):63–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong C, Althoff K, Gange SJ (2014) Identifying the appropriate comparison group for HIV infected individuals. Curr Opin HIV/AIDS 9(4):379–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodford MR, Chonody J, Kulick A, Brennan DJ, Renn K (2015) The LGBQ microaggressions on campus scale: a scale development and validation study. J Homosex 62:1660–1687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Chu Y, Salmon MA (2018) Predicting perceived isolation among midlife and older LGBT adults: the role of welcoming aging service providers. Gerontologist 38(2):352–377

    Google Scholar 

  • Young Y, Frick KD, Phelan EA (2009) Can successful aging and chronic illness coexist in the same individual? A multidimensional concept of successful aging. J Am Med Dir Assoc 10:87–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimlich R (2019) LGBT teens and suicide risk: how you can help. http://www.contemporarypediatrics.com/adolescent-medicine/lgbt-teens-and-suicide-risk-how-you-can-help. Accessed 01 Feb 2019

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Economics and International Business, Faculty of Business and Law, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

    Benjamin Harvey

Authors
  1. Benjamin Harvey
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Benjamin Harvey .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. UNU-MERIT & Princeton University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Klaus F. Zimmermann

Section Editor information

  1. Economics and International Business, Lord Ashcroft International Business School, Centre for Pluralist Economics, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK

    Nick Drydakis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Harvey, B. (2020). Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in Later Life. In: Zimmermann, K. (eds) Handbook of Labor, Human Resources and Population Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_38-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_38-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-57365-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-57365-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Economics and FinanceReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation