Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Depressive Disorders

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy

  • 43 Accesses

Abstract

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) first came into use as antidepressants in the 1950s and 1960s but were soon replaced as first-line drugs by tricyclic antidepressants and then later by drugs like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, there is a strong feeling among many prominent health professionals that the MAOIs are effective antidepressants (and anxiolytics in some cases) that are underutilized because of concerns about potential adverse effects, including food-drug and drug-drug interactions, even though these are often avoidable and/or manageable. In this review, we discuss various aspects of MAOIs including pharmacology, clinical applications, pharmacokinetics/metabolism, adverse effects, food-drug and drug-drug interactions and combinations with other drugs for pharmacotherapy. Several of the MAOIs are multifaceted, and their actions in addition to inhibition of MAO are discussed briefly, as are the concerns about the underutilization, current availability and inadequate education about these drugs in academic settings.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agnew PC, Baran ID, Klapman HJ, et al. A clinical evaluation of four antidepressant drugs (Nardil, Tofranil, Marplan, and Deprol). Am J Psychiatry. 1961;118:160–2. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.118.2.160.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amsterdam JD. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety and efficacy of selegiline transdermal system without dietary restrictions in patients with major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(2):208–14. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v64n0216.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amsterdam JD, Kim TT. Relative effectiveness of monoamine oxidase inhibitor and tricyclic antidepressant combination therapy for treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2019;39(6):649–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Amsterdam JD, Shults J. MAOI efficacy and safety in advanced stage treatment-resistant depression – a retrospective study. J Affect Disord. 2005;89:183–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azzaro AJ, Ziemniak J, Kemper E, et al. Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of selegiline following treatment of healthy subjects with the selegiline transdermal system (6 mg/24h): a comparison with oral selegiline capsules. J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;47:1256–67.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bach AW, Lan NC, Johnson DL, et al. cDNA cloning of human liver monoamine oxidase a and B: molecular basis of differences in enzymatic properties. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988;85:4934–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baker GB, Dewhurst WG. Biochemical theories of affective disorders. In: Dewhurst WG, Baker GB, editors. Pharmacotherapy of affective disorders. Theory and practice. Beckenham: Croom Helm Ltd.; 1985. p. 1–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker GB, Wong JT-F, Yeung JM, et al. Effects of the antidepressant phenelzine on brain levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). J Affec Disorders. 1991;21:207–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker GB, Urichuk LJ, McKenna KF, et al. Metabolism of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 1999;19:411–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baker GB, Matveychuk D, MacKenzie EM, et al. Attenuation of the effects of oxidative stress by the MAO-inhibiting antidepressant and carbonyl scavenger phenelzine. Chem Biol Interact. 2019;304:139–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bakish D, Bradwejn J, Nair N, McClure J, Remick R, Bulger L. A comparison of moclobemide, amitriptyline and placebo in depression: a Canadian multicentre study. Psychopharmacology. 1992;106(Suppl):S98–S101. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02246248.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28(5):403–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew AA. An evaluation of tranylcypromine (“Parnate”) in the treatment of depression. Med J Aust. 1962;49(1):655–62. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1962.tb27021.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumhackl U, Biziere K, Fischbach R, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of moclobemide compared with imipramine in depressive disorder (DSM-III): an Austrian double-blind, multicentre study. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 1989;6:78–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benson CA, Wong G, Tenorio G, et al. The MAO inhibitor phenelzine can improve functional outcomes in mice with established clinical signs in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Behav Brain Res. 2013;252:302–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Binda C, Newton-Vinson P, Hubalek F, et al. Structure of human monoamine oxidase B, a drug target for the treatment of neurological disorders. Nature Struct Biol. 2002;9(1):22–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birkenhager TK, van den Broek WW, Mulder PG, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of tranylcypromine versus phenelzine: a double-blind study in antidepressant-refractory depressed patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65(11):1505–10.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birkmayer W, Riederer P, Linauer W, et al. L-Deprenyl plus L-phenylalanine in the treatment of depression. J Neural Transm. 1984;59:81–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bodkin JA, Amsterdam J. Transdermal selegiline in major depression: a double-blind, placebo controlled parallel-group study in outpatients. Am J Psychiatry. 2002;159(11):1869–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonnet U. Moclobemide: therapeutic use and clinical studies. CNS Drug Rev. 2003;9(1):97–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • British Medical Research Council. Clinical trial of the treatment of depressive illness. Report to the Medical Research Council by its clinical Psychiatry committee. Br Med J. 1965;1(5439):881–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5439.881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley N, Isbister GK, Dawson AH. Serotonin syndrome. Br Med J. 2014;348:g1626.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chamberlain SR, Metastasio A, Stokes PRA, et al. The use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in psychiatric practice. Royal College of Psychiatrists. 2020;PS03/20:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Park J, Butler B, et al. Mitigation of sensory and motor deficits by acrolein scavenger phenelzine in a rat model of spinal cord contusive injury. J Neurochem. 2016;138(2):328–38.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chiuccariello L, House S, Miler L, et al. Elevated monoamine oxidase A binding during major depressive episodes is associated with greater severity and reversed neurovegetative symptoms. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;39:973–80.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chiuccariello L, Cooke RG, Miler L, et al. Monoamine oxidase-A occupancy by moclobemide and phenelzine: implications for the development of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016:1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chockalingam R, Gott BM, Conway CR. Tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors: are they too old for a new look? In: Macaluso M, Preskorn S, editors. Handbook of experimental pharmacology: antidepressants, vol. 250. Heidelburg: Springer; 2018. p. 37–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chouinard G, Saxena B, Nair NP, et al. Brofaromine in depression; a Canadian multicenter placebo trial and a review of standard drug comparative studies. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1993;16(Suppl 2):551–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cipriani A, Williams T, Nikolakopoulou A, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: a network meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2018;48(12):1975–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Classen W, Laux G. Psychometric alterations in treatment with the MAO-A-inhibitor moclobemide. J Neural Transm. 1990;Suppl 32:185–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clineschmidt BV, Horita A. The monoamine oxidase catalyzed degradation of phenelzine-1-14C, an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase – I. Studies in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol. 1969;18(5):1011–20.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Danish University Antidepressant Group (DUAG). Moclobemide: a reversible MAO-A-inhibitor showing weaker antidepressant effect than clomipramine in a controlled multicenter study. J Affect Disord. 1993;28(2):105–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(93)90039-m.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson JR, McLeod MN, Kurland AA, et al. Antidepressant drug therapy in psychotic depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1977;131:493–6. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.131.5.493.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson JRT, Giller EL, Zisook S, et al. An efficacy study of isocarboxazid and placebo in depression, and its relationship to depressive nosology. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45:120–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Lima MS, Hotopf M. A comparison of active drugs for the treatment of dysthymia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;3:CD004047.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dierick M, Cattiez P, Franck G, et al. Moclobemide versus clomipramine in the treatment of depression: a double-blind multicentre study in Belgium. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1990;360:50–1. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb05328.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunkley EJC, Isbister GK, Sibbritt D, et al. The hunter serotonin toxicity criteria: simple and accurate diagnostic decision rules for serotonin toxicity. QJ Med. 2003;96(9):635–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Entzeroth M, Ratty AK. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors – revisiting a therapeutic principle. Open J Depress. 2017;6(2):31–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans L, George T, O’Sullivan B, Mitchell P, Johnson G, Adena M. An Australian multicentre study of moclobemide versus amitriptyline in the treatment of depression. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1992;26(3):454–8. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048679209072070.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fawcett J, Kravitz HM, Zajecka JM, et al. CNS stimulant potentiation of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in treatment-refractory depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1991;11(20):127–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feiger AD, Rickels K, Rynn MA, et al. Selegiline transdermal system for the treatment of major depressive disorder: an 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose titration trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67(9):1354–61. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v67n0905.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg SS. Combining stimulants with monoamine oxidase inhibitors. A review of uses and one possible additional indication. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004;65:1520–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedorowicz JG, Swartz KL. The role of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in current psychiatric practice. J Psychiatr Pract. 2004;10(4):239–48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fowler JS, Logan J, Volkow ND, et al. Evidence that formulations of the selective MAO-B inhibitor, selegiline, which bypass first-pass metabolism, also inhibit MAO-A in the human brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2015;40:650–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fulton B, Benfield P. Moclobemide. An update of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs. 1996;52(3):450–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gachoud JP, Dick P, Kohler M. Comparison of the efficacy and tolerability of moclobemide and maprotiline in depressed patients treated by general practitioners. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17(Suppl 1):S29–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199417001-00005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Georgotas A, McCue RE, Hapworth W, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of MAOIs versus TCAs in treating depression in the elderly. Biol Psychiatry. 1986;21(12):1155–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(86)90222-2.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillman PK. Tricyclic antidepressant pharmacology and therapeutic drug interactions updated. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;151:737–48.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gillman PK. Advances pertaining to the pharmacology and interactions of irreversible nonselective monoamine oxidase inhibitors. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011a;31(1):66–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillman PK. CNS toxicity involving methylene blue: the exemplar for understanding and predicting drug interactions that precipitate serotonin toxicity. J Psychopharmacol. 2011b;25(3):429–36.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillman PK. A reassessment of the safety profile of monoamine oxidase inhibitors: elucidating tired old tyramine myths. J Neural Transm. 2018;125:1707–17.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gillman PK. Overview: MAOI and TCA interactions. PsychoTropical Commen. 2019 (updated Sept. 28, 2020). https://psychotropical.com/overview_maoi_and_tca_interactions/

  • Gillman PK, Feinberg SS, Fachtmann LJ. Revitalizing monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a call for action. CNS Spectr. 2020;25:452–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glick BS. Double-blind study of tranylcypromine and phenelzine in depression. Dis Nerv Syst. 1964;25:617–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfries CG. Clinical trial with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor tranylcypromine on a psychiatric clientele. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1963;39(3):463–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1963.tb07476.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grady MM, Stahl SM. Practical guide for prescribing MAOIs: debunking myths and removing barriers. CNS Spectr. 2012;17:2–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gram LF, Guentert TW, Grange S, et al. Moclobemide, a substrate of CYP2C19 and an inhibitor of CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP1A2: a panel study. Clin Pharmacol Therap. 1995;57(6):670–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenblatt M, Grosser GH, Wechsler H. Differential response of hospitalized depressed patients to somatic therapy. Am J Psychiatry. 1964;120:935–43. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.120.10.935.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guelfi JD, Payan C, Fermanian J, et al. Moclobemide versus clomipramine in endogenous depression. A double-blind randomised clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;160:519–24. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.4.519.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamilton M. The effect of treatment on the melancholias (depressions). Br J Psychiatry. 1982;140:223–30. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.140.3.223.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hampson DR, Baker GB, Coutts RT. A comparison of the neurochemical and pharmacological properties of the stereoisomers of tranylcypromine. Cell Mol Biol. 1986;32:333–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris S, Johnson S, Duncan JW, et al. Evidence revealing deregulation of the KLF11-Mao A pathway in association with chronic stress and depressive disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014;40:1373–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heinonen EH, Myllyla V, Sotaniemi K, et al. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of selegiline. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 1989;126:93–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henkel V, Mergi R, Allgaier AK, et al. Treatment of depression with atypical features: a meta-analytic approach. Psychiatry Res. 2006;141(1):89–101.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himmelhoch JM, Fuchs CZ, Symons BJ. A double-blind study of tranylcypromine treatment of major anergic depression. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1982;170(10):628–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Himmelhoch JM, Thase ME, Mallinger AG, Houck P. Tranylcypromine versus imipramine in anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148(7):910–6. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.148.7.910.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Imlah NW, Fahy PT, Harrington JA. A comparison of two antidepressant drugs. Psychopharmacologia. 1964;6(6):472–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00429573.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizaki J, Mimura M. Dysthymia and apathy: diagnosis and treatment. Depress Res Treat. 2011;2011:893905.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Israel JA. Combining stimulants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors: a reexamination of the literature and a report of a new treatment combination. Primary Care Companion CNS Disord. 2015;17(6) https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.15br01836.

  • Jauch R, Griesser E, Oesterhelt G, et al. Biotransformation of moclobemide in humans. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1990;360:87–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jessen L, Kovalick LJ, Azzaro AJ. The selegiline transdermal system (Emsam): a therapeutic option for the treatment of major depressive disorder. Pharm Therap. 2008;33(4):212–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson S, Stockmeier CA, Meyer JH, et al. The reduction of R1, a novel repressor protein for monoamine oxidase A, in major depressive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011;36:2139–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston JP. Some observations upon a new inhibitor of monoamine oxidase in brain tissue. Biochem Pharmacol. 1968;17(7):1285–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jouvent R, Le Houezec J, Payan C, et al. Dimensional assessment of onset of action of antidepressants: a comparative study of moclobemide vs. clomipramine in depressed patients with blunted affect and psychomotor retardation. Psychiatry Res. 1998;79(3):267–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(98)00046-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kallem RR, Jillela B, Ravula AR, et al. Highly sensitive LC-MS/MS-ESI method for determination of phenelzine in human plasma and its application to a human pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B. 2016;1022:126–32.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay DW, Garside RF, Fahy TJ. A double-blind trial of phenelzine and amitriptyline in depressed out-patients. A possible differential effect of the drugs on symptoms. Br J Psychiatry. 1973;123(572):63–7. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.123.1.63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayser A, Robinson DS, Nies A, Howard D. Response to phenelzine among depressed patients with features of hysteroid dysphoria. Am J Psychiatry. 1985;142(4):486–8. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.142.4.486.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kayser A, Robinson DS, Yingling K, Howard DB, Corcella J, Laux D. The influence of panic attacks on response to phenelzine and amitriptyline in depressed outpatients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1988;8(4):246–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy SH, Holt A, Baker GB. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, Ruiz P, editors. Kaplan & Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, 9th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2009. pp. 3154–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiani C. Tranylcypromine: its pharmacology, safety and efficacy. Am J Psychiatry Residents’ J. 2020;15(4):3–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim T, Xu C, Amsterdam JD. Relative effectiveness of tricyclic antidepressant versus monoamine oxidase inhibitor monotherapy for treatment-resistant depression. J Affect Disord. 2019;250:199–203.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knoll J, Magyar K. Some puzzling pharmacological effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Adv Biochem Psychopharmacol. 1972;5:393–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kok RM, Vink D, Heeren DJ, et al. Lithium augmentation compared with phenelzine in treatment-resistant depression in the elderly: an open, randomized, controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(8):1177–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kragh-Sorensen P, Muller B, Andersen JV, et al. Moclobemide versus clomipramine in depressed patients in general practice. A randomized, double-blind, parallel, multicenter study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1995;15(4 Suppl 2):24S–30S. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004714-199508001-00005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krings-Ernst I, Ulrich A, Adli M. Antidepressant treatment with MAO-inhibitors during general and regional anesthesia: a review and case report of spinal anesthesia for lower extremity surgery without discontinuation of tranylcypromine. Int J Clin Pharmacol Therapeut. 2013;51(10):763–70.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapierre YD, Joffe R, McKenna K, et al. Moclobemide versus fluoxetine in the treatment of major depressive disorder in adults. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1997;22(2):118–26.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen JK, Gjerris A, Holm P, et al. Moclobemide in depression: a randomized, multicentre trial against isocarboxazid and clomipramine emphasizing atypical depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1991;84(6):564–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1991.tb03196.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen JK, Krogh-Neilsen L, Brosen K. The monoamine oxidase inhibitor isocarboxazid is a relevant treatment option in treatment-resistant depression – experience-based strategies in Danish psychiatry. Health Care Curr Rev. 2016;4:2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laux G, Beckmann H, Classen W, Becker T. Moclobemide and maprotiline in the treatment of inpatients with major depressive disorder. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1989;28:45–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laux G, Classen W, Sofic E, et al. Clinical, biochemical and psychometric findings with the new MAO-A-inhibitors moclebemide and brofaromine in patients with major depressive disorder. J Neural Transm Suppl. 1990;32:189–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lecrubier Y, Guelfi JD. Efficacy of reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase-a in various forms of depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 1990;360:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb05319.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lecrubier Y, Pedarriosse AM, Payan C, et al. Moclobemide versus clomipramine in nonmelancholic, nonpsychotic major depression. A Study group. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995;92(4):260–5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09580.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leitch A, Seager CP. A trial of four anti-depressant drugs. Psychopharmacologia. 1963;4:72–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00429366.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liebowitz MR, Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, et al. Antidepressant specificity in atypical depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1988;45(2):129–37. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800260037004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lonnqvist J, Sintonen H, Syvalahti E, et al. Antidepressant efficacy and quality of life in depression: a double-blind study with moclobemide and fluoxetine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1994;89(6):363–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01530.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Munoz F, Alamo C. Monoaminergic neurotransmission: the history of the discovery of antidepressants from 1950s until today. Curr Pharm Des. 2009;15:1563–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lotufo-Neto F, Trivedi M, Thase ME. Meta-analysis of the reversible inhibitors of monoamine oxidase type A moclobemide and brofaromine for the treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1999;20(3):226–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luft B. Antidepressant switching strategies. Graylands Hospital Drug Bulletin. 2013;20(1):ISSN 1323-1251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyles GA, Holt A, Marshall CM. Further studies on the metabolism of methylamine by semicarbazide-senstive amine oxidase activities in human plasma, umbilical artery and rat aorta. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1990;42(5):332–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie EM. Neurochemical and neuroprotective aspects of phenelzine and it active metabolite β-phentlethylidenehydrazine. PhD Thesis, University of Alberta, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallinger AG, Frank E, Thase ME, et al. Revisiting the effectiveness of standard antidepressants in bipolar disorder: are monoamine oxidase inhibitors superior? Psychopharmacol Bull. 2009;42:64–74.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann JJ, Aarons SF, Wilner PJ, et al. A controlled study of the antidepressant efficacy and side effects of (-)-deprenyl. A selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46:45–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin ME. A Comparative trial of imipramine and phenelzine in the treatment of depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1963;109(459):279–85. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.109.459.279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matveychuk D, MacKenzie EM, Kumpula D, et al. Overview of the neuroprotective effects of the MAO-inhibiting antidepressant phenelzine. Cell Mol Neurobiol. 2021; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-021-01078-3.

  • McGrath PJ, Quitkin FM, Harrison W, et al. Treatment of melancholia with tranylcypromine. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:288–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath PJ, Stewart W, Harrison W, et al. Treatment of tricyclic refractory depression with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1987;23:169–72.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath PJ, Stewart JW, Nunes EV, et al. A double-blind crossover trial of imipramine and phenelzine for outpatients with treatment-refractory depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1993;150(1):118–23. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.150.1.118.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meister R, von Wolff A, Mohr H, et al. Comparative safety of pharmacologic treatments for persistent depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0153380.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendlewicz J, Youdim MBH. Anti-depressant potentiation of 5-hydroxytryptophan by L-deprenyl, an MAO “type B” inhibitor. J Neural Transm. 1978;43:279–86.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendlewicz J, Youdim MBH. L-Deprenil, a selective monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor, in the treatment of depression: a double blind evaluation. Br J Psychiatry. 1983;142:508–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JM. A concise guide to monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Curr Psychiatr Ther. 2017;16(12):15–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JM. A concise guide to monoamine oxidase inhibitors: how to avoid drug interactions. Curr Psychiatr Ther. 2018;17(1):22–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JM, Cummings MA, Proctor G. Augmentation of phenelzine with aripiprazole and quetiapine in a treatment-resistant patient with psychotic unipolar depression: case report and literature review. CNS Spectr. 2017;22:391–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH, Ginovart N, Boovariwala A, et al. Elevated monoamine oxidase A levels in the brain: an explanation for the monoamine imbalance of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63(11):1209–16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JH, Wilson AA, Sagrati S, et al. Brain monoamine oxidase A binding in major depressive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2009;66(12):1304–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moll E, Neumann N, Schmid-Burgk W, et al. Safety and efficacy during long-term treatment with moclobemide. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1994;17(Suppl 1):S74–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moriguchi S, Wilson AA, Miler L, et al. Monoamine oxidase B total distribution volume in the prefrontal cortex of major depressive disorder. JAMA Psychiat. 2019;76(6):634–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nair NP, Ahmed SK, Kin NM. Biochemistry and pharmacology of reversible inhibitors of MAO-A agents: focus on moclobemide. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 1993;18(5):214–25.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nair NP, Amin M, Holm P, et al. Moclobemide and nortriptyline in elderly depressed patients. A randomized, multicentre trial against placebo. J Affect Disord. 1995;33(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(94)00047-d.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nibuya M, Morinobu S, Duman RS. Regulation of BDNF and trkB mRNA in rat brain by chronic ECS and antidepressant treatments. J Neurosci. 1995;15:7539–47.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nierenberg AA, Keck PE. Management of monoamine oxidase inhibitor-associated insomnia with trazodone. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1989;9:42–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen WA, van de Putte JJ, Dijken WA, et al. L-5HTP in depression resistant to re-uptake inhibitors. An open comparative study with tranylcypromine. Br J Psychiatry. 1985;147:16–22. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.147.1.16.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nolen WA, van de Putte JJ, Dijken WA, et al. Treatment strategy in depression. II. MAO inhibitors in depression resistant to cyclic antidepressants: two controlled crossover studies with tranylcypromine versus L-5-hydroxytryptophan and nomifensine. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1988;78(6):676–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb06403.x.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Carroll AM, Fowler CJ, Phillips JP, et al. The deamination of dopamine by human brain monoamine oxidase. Specificity for the two enzyme forms in seven brain regions. Naunyn Schmiedeberg’s Arch Pharmacol. 1983;322(3):198–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paslawski T, Knaus E, Iqbal N, et al. β-Phenylethylidenehydrazine, a novel inhibitor of GABA transaminase. Drug Devel Res. 2001;54:35–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philipp M, Kohnen R, Benkert O. A comparison study of moclobemide and doxepin in major depression with special reference to effects on sexual dysfunction. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;7(3–4):149–53. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199300730-00005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pierre JM, Gitlin MJ. Bupropion-tranylcypromine combination in treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:450–1.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polnak JF, Finegan A, Ji H, et al. Monoamine oxidase inhibitor switching strategies: no adverse events associated with outpatient cross-taper or inpatient rapid switch. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017;38(1):92–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Popov N, Matthies JW. Some effects of monoamine oxidase inhibitors on the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid in rat brain. J Neurochem. 1969;16(3):899–907.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, et al. Phenelzine versus imipramine in the treatment of probable atypical depression: defining syndrome boundaries of selective MAOI responders. Am J Psychiatry. 1988;145(3):306–11. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.3.306.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quitkin FM, McGrath PJ, Stewart JW, et al. Phenelzine and imipramine in mood reactive depressives. Further delineation of the syndrome of atypical depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989;46(9):787–93. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810090029005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quitkin FM, McGrath PJ, Stewart JW, et al. Atypical depression, panic attacks, and response to imipramine and phenelzine. A replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1990;47(10):935–41. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810220051006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quitkin FM, Harrison W, Stewart JW, et al. Response to phenelzine and imipramine in placebo nonresponders with atypical depression. A new application of the crossover design. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1991;48(4):319–23. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810280035005.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quitkin FM, Stewart JW, McGrath PJ, et al. Columbia atypical depression: a subgroup of depressives with better response to MAOI than to tricyclic antidepressants or placebo. Br J Psychiatry. 1993;21(Suppl):30–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin A, Schulterbrandt JG, Reatig N, Crook TH, Odle D. Depression subtypes and response to phenelzine, diazepam, and a placebo. Results of a nine hospital collaborative study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1974;30(1):66–75. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1974.01760070050008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravaris CL, Nies A, Robinson DS, et al. A multiple-dose, controlled study of phenelzine in depression-anxiety states. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1976;33(3):347–50. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1976.01770030057008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravaris CL, Robinson DS, Ives JO, et al. Phenelzine and amitriptyline in the treatment of depression. A comparison of present and past studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37(9):1075–80. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1980.01780220113013.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Razani J, White KL, White J, et al. The safety and efficacy of combined amitriptyline and tranylcypromine antidepressant treatment. A controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1983;40(6):657–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1983.04390010067008.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rees L, Davies B. A controlled trial of phenelzine (“Nardil”) in the treatment of severe depressive illness. J Ment Sci. 1961;107:560–6. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.107.448.560.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynaert C, Parent M, Mirel J, et al. Moclobemide versus fluoxetine for a major depressive episode. Psychopharmacology. 1995;118(2):183–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02245838.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richmond PW, Roberts AH. A comparative trial of imipramine, amitriptyline, isocarboxazid and tranylcypromine in out-patient depressive illness. Br J Psychiatry. 1964;110:846–50. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.110.469.846.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ricken R, Ulrich S, Schlattmann P, et al. Tranylcypromine in mind (Part II): review of clinical pharmacology and meta-analysis of controlled studies in depression. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27:714–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riederer P, Muller T. Use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in chronic neurodegeneration. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2017;13(2):233–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riederer P, Lachenmayer L, Laux G. Clinical applications of MAO-inhibitors. Curr Med Chem. 2004;11:2033–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rimon R, Jaaskelainen J, Kaartinen P, et al. Moclobemide versus imipramine in depressed out-patients: a double-blind multi-centre study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;7(3–4):141–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199300730-00004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson DS, Nies A, Ravaris CL, Lamborn KR. The monoamine oxidase inhibitor, phenelzine, in the treatment of depressive-anxiety states. A controlled clinical trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1973;29(3):407–13. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1973.04200030093015.

  • Robinson D, Cooper TB, Jindal SP, et al. Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of phenelzine: lack of evidence for acetylation pathway in humans. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1985;5:337–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowan PR, Paykel ES, Parker RR. Phenelzine and amitriptyline: effects on symptoms of neurotic depression. Br J Psychiatry. 1982;140:475–83. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.140.5.475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salonen JS, Nyman L, Boobis AR, et al. Comparative studies on the cytochrome P450 -associated metabolism and interaction potential of selegiline between human liver-derived in vitro systems. Drug Metab Dispos. 2003;31(9):1093–102.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schildkraut JJ, Klerman GL, Hammond R, Friend DG. Excretion of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) in depressed patients treated with antidepressant drugs. J Psychiatr Res. 1964;2:257–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(64)90012-3.

  • Schlessinger A, Geier E, Fan H, et al. Structure-based discovery of prescription drugs that interact with the norepinephrine transporter, NET. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2011;108:15810–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan DV, Ballenger J, Jacobsen G. Treatment of endogenous anxiety with phobic, hysterical, and hypochondriacal symptoms. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1980;37(1):51–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman KI, Hermann N, Walker SE. Current place of monoamine oxidase inhibitors in the treatment of depression. CNS Drugs. 2013;27:789–97.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh IN, Gilmer LK, Miller DM, et al. Phenelzine mitochondrial functional preservation and neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury related to scavenging of the lipid-peroxidation derived aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2013;33(4):593–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sogaard J, Lane R, Latimer P, et al. A 12-week study comparing moclobemide and sertraline in the treatment of outpatients with atypical depression. J Psychopharmacol. 1999;13(4):406–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/026988119901300412.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Song M-S, Matveychuk D, MacKenzie EM, et al. An update on amine oxidase inhibitors: multifaceted drugs. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013;44:118–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spear FG, Hall P, Stirland JD. A comparison of subjective responses to imipramine and tranylcypromine. Br J Psychiatry. 1964;110:53–5. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.110.464.53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stein DJ, Cameron A, Amrein R, et al. Moclobemide is effective and well tolerated in the long-term pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder with or without comorbid anxiety disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(4):161–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szoko E, Tabi T, Riederer P, et al. Pharmacological aspects of the neuroprotective effects of irreversible MAO-B inhibitors, selegiline and rasagaline, in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm. 2018;125:1735–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Szuba MP, Hornig-Rohan M, Amsterdam JD. Rapid conversion from one monoamine oxidase inhibitor to another. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 1997;58(7):307–10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabi T, Vecsel L, Youdim MB, et al. Selegiline: a molecule with innovative potential. J Neural Transm. 2020;127:831–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tariot PN, Murphy DL, Sunderland T, et al. Rapid antidepressant effect of addition of lithium to tranylcypromine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1986;6(3):165–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tatton W, Chalmers-Redman R, Tatton N. Neuroprotection by deprenyl and other propargylamines: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase rather than monoamine oxidase-B. J Neural Transm. 2003;110:509–15.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thase ME, Mallinger AG, McKnight D, Himmelhoch JM. Treatment of imipramine-resistant recurrent depression, IV: a double-blind crossover study of tranylcypromine for anergic bipolar depression. Am J Psychiatry. 1992;149(2):195–8. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.149.2.195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thase ME, Trivedi MH, Rush AJ. MAOIs in the contemporary treatment of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1995;12(3):185–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/0893-133X(94)00058-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas SJ, Shin M, Mcinnis MG, et al. Combination therapy with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and other antidepressants or stimulants: strategies for the management of treatment-resistant depression. Pharmacotherapy. 2015;35(4):433–49.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tipton KF, Spires IP. Oxidation of 2-phenylethylhydrazine by monoamine oxidase. Biochem Pharmacol. 1972;21(2):268–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • UK Moclobemide Study Group. A multicentre comparative trial of moclobemide, imipramine and placebo in major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1994;9(2):109–13. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199400920-00007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich S, Ricken R, Adli M. Tranylcypromine in mind (Part I): review of pharmacology. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27:697–713.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich S, Ricken R, Buspanavich P, et al. Efficacy and adverse effects of tranylcypromine and tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of depression. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2020;40:63–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Haelst IMM, van Klei WA, Doodeman HJ, et al. Antidepressive treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors and the occurrence of intraoperative hemodynamic events: a retrospective observational cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012;73(8):1103–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez GH, Tondo L, Undurraga J, et al. Overview of antidepressant treatment of bipolar depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16:1673–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Versiani M, Oggero U, Alterwain P, et al. A double-blind comparative trial of moclobemide v. imipramine and placebo in major depressive episodes. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;155(Suppl 6):72–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Versiani M, Nardi AE, Mundim FD, et al. The long-term treatment of social phobia with moclobemide. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;11(Suppl 3):83–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Serotonin syndrome. Ochsner J. 2013;13(4):533–40.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Volz H-P, Gleiter CH, Waldmeier PC, et al. Brofaromine – a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. J Neural Transm. 1996;103:217–45.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldmeier P, Amrein R, Schmid-Burgk W. Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of brofaromine and moclobemide in animals and humans. In: Kennedy SH, editor. Clinical advances in monoamine oxidase inhibitor therapies. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1994. p. 33–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • White K, Simpson G. Combined MAOI-tricyclic antidepressant treatment: a reevaluation. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1981;1:264–82.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White K, Razani J, Cadow B, et al. Tranylcypromine vs nortriptyline vs placebo in depressed outpatients: a controlled trial. Psychopharmacology. 1984;82(3):258–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00427786.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams R, Edwards RA, Newburn GM, Mullen R, Menkes DB, Segkar C. A double-blind comparison of moclobemide and fluoxetine in the treatment of depressive disorders. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;7(3–4):155–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004850-199300730-00006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams T, McCaul M, Schwarzer G, et al. Pharmacological treatments for social anxiety disorder in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Acta Neuropsychiatr. 2020;32(4):169–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wood PL, Khan MA, Moskal JR, et al. Aldehyde load in ischemia-reperfusion brain injury: neuroprotection by neutralization of reactive aldehydes with phenelzine. Brain Res. 2006;1122(1):184–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youdim MBH, Collins GGS, Sandler M, et al. Human brain monoamine oxidase, multiple forms and selective inhibitors. Nature. 1972;236:225–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Youdim MB, Edmondson D, Tipton KF. The therapeutic potential of monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2006;7:295–309.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Davidson JR. Post-traumatic stress disorder: an evaluation of existing pharmacotherapies and new strategies. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8(12):1861–187.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to CIHR (GBB, AH, DM) and the Offices of the Provost and the Vice President (Research) (GBB), the Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta (GBB, DM, AH) for funding. The technical and secretarial support of Ms. Tricia Kent is gratefully acknowledged.

Conflicts of Interest

Dr. Meyer has patents to detect MAO in brain and blood in mood and commonly associated disorders and is developing natural health products to counter temporary elevation in MAO-A in the early postpartum. Dr. Baker is an advisor for NeuraWell Therapeutics about MAOIs, but that company has had no input into the preparation of this manuscript. The other authors have no conflicts to declare.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) and Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Jeffrey H. Meyer & Apitharani Santhirakumar

  2. Neurochemical Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada

    Dmitriy Matveychuk, Andrew Holt & Glen B. Baker

Authors
  1. Jeffrey H. Meyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dmitriy Matveychuk
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Andrew Holt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Apitharani Santhirakumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Glen B. Baker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Glen B. Baker .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept Psychiatry , Psychosomatics & Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Medical School Clinical Neurochemistry, Würzburg, Germany

    Peter Riederer

  2. Inst für Psychologische Medizin, Haag, Bayern, Germany

    Gerd Laux

  3. Fujita Health University School Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan

    Toshiharu Nagatsu

  4. Center Translational Res Neurol Diseases, Dalian Med Uni Shanghai Inst Health Sc Center Translational Res Neurol Diseases, Dalian, China

    Weidong Le

  5. Würzburg, Bayern, Germany

    Christian Riederer

Section Editor information

  1. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany

    Gerd Laux Dipl.-Psych.

  2. Institute for Psychological Medicine (IPM), Soyen, Germany

    Gerd Laux Dipl.-Psych.

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany

    Hans-Jürgen Möller

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Meyer, J.H., Matveychuk, D., Holt, A., Santhirakumar, A., Baker, G.B. (2021). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors in Depressive Disorders. In: Riederer, P., Laux, G., Nagatsu, T., Le, W., Riederer, C. (eds) NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_98-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56015-1_98-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-56015-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-56015-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation