Abstract
The nucleus is composed of multiple compartments and domains, which directly or indirectly influence many cellular processes including gene expression, RNA splicing and maturation, protein post-translational modifications, and chromosome segregation. Nuclear-replicating viruses, especially herpesviruses, have co-evolved with the cell, adopting strategies to counteract and eventually hijack this hostile environment for their own benefit. This allows them to persist in the host for the entire life of an individual and to ensure their maintenance in the target species. Herpesviruses establish latency in dividing or postmitotic cells from which they can efficiently reactivate after sometimes years of a seemingly dormant state. Therefore, herpesviruses circumvent the threat of permanent silencing by reactivating their dormant genomes just enough to escape extinction, but not too much to avoid life-threatening damage to the host. In addition, herpesviruses that establish latency in dividing cells must adopt strategies to maintain their genomes in the daughter cells to avoid extinction by dilution of their genomes following multiple cell divisions. From a biochemical point of view, reactivation and maintenance of viral genomes in dividing cells occur successfully because the viral genomes interact with the nuclear architecture in a way that allows the genomes to be transmitted faithfully and to benefit from the nuclear micro-environments that allow reactivation following specific stimuli. Therefore, spatial positioning of the viral genomes within the nucleus is likely to be essential for the success of the latent infection and, beyond that, for the maintenance of herpesviruses in their respective hosts.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to warmly thank all past and present members of my laboratory for their generous contributions to the various subjects developed in the team. A special thank is given to my collaborator, Marc Labetoulle (Université Paris-Sud, Paris), who deals with all the technical aspects of HSV-1 latency in mice, and to Vincent Maréchal (Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris), Evelyne Manet, and Henri Gruffat (Ecole Normale Supérieure, Lyon) for the helpful discussions on EBV EBNA1. I also would like to thank all our collaborators who agreed to participate to our studies and all the colleagues, specifically Roger D. Everett (Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow), who provided us with viruses, cells, and a variety of tools to perform FISH studies. I apologise to all colleagues whose works have not been cited due to space restriction constraints.
My work on HSV-1 is supported by the CNRS, INSERM, University of Lyon, French National Agency for Research (ANR VIRUCEPTION-ANR-13-BSV3-0001-01), LabEx DEVweCAN (ANR-10-LABX-61), and the FINOVI foundation.
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Lomonte, P. (2017). Herpesvirus Latency: On the Importance of Positioning Oneself. In: Osterrieder, K. (eds) Cell Biology of Herpes Viruses. Advances in Anatomy, Embryology and Cell Biology, vol 223. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53168-7_5
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