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Equine Infectious Anemia

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Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of Livestock

Abstract

Equine infectious anemia (EIA), a persistent infectious disease of horses and all other equids, is caused by a macrophage tropic lentivirus, the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), which is a positive-sense, single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. The disease, also known as “swamp fever,” is distributed worldwide. The clinical signs of EIA vary greatly and can be represented in three forms, namely, acute, chronic, and clinically inapparent infection. Pathological changes include generalized lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, evidence of anemia and icterus, etc. Contaminated blood by human interventions plays a major role in the transmission of EIA, in addition to the vector-mediated transmission by tabanids and stable flies. The most reliable serological test used to date is the Coggins test, which is an agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test and is considered the gold standard. ELISAs and Western blot are also described. There is no treatment or effective prophylactic measures for EIA, and control of the disease depends entirely on the proper identification followed by quarantine or euthanasia of the EIAV-positive animals. The article describes the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, and pathological lesions of the disease. The diagnosis of the disease as well as treatment, development of vaccines, and control and containment measures are discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, Government of India, CCS National Institute of Animal Health, Baghpat, 250609, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Praveen Malik

  2. ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India

    Harisankar Singha

  3. Maxwell H Gluck Equine Research Centre, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0099, USA

    Sanjay Sarkar

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  1. Praveen Malik
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  2. Harisankar Singha
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  3. Sanjay Sarkar
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Correspondence to Praveen Malik , Harisankar Singha or Sanjay Sarkar .

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  1. INSERM, Paris, France

    Jagadeesh Bayry

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Malik, P., Singha, H., Sarkar, S. (2017). Equine Infectious Anemia. In: Bayry, J. (eds) Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases of Livestock. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47426-7_8

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