Abstract
Abiotic stress, one of the main factors affecting crop yield, is characterized by a rapid burst of redox molecules, especially belonging to reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species. These molecules can act as molecular cues that trigger the defense mechanisms leading to maintaining the cellular redox balance. However, when the stress persists over time, a high concentration of ROS and RNS can overwhelm the capacity of protection of the antioxidant systems, thereby perturbing cellular redox homeostasis. This situation can induce a nitro-oxidative stress that ultimately causes cell damage and compromises plant survival. Therefore, understanding how plants cope with the changing environment can be essential for improving crops. In this regard, cysteine residues appear to be crucial to perceive the environmental signals and to orchestrate plant responses, which are usually mediated by redox posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as S-nitrosylation and S-glutathionylation. Increasing evidence suggests that these redox PTMs could be key players in maintaining the cellular redox homeostasis by regulating the antioxidant systems. However, although hundreds of proteins, including some main antioxidants, have been reported to be targets of S-nitrosylation and/or S-glutathionylation under physiological and/or abiotic stress, there is still little information on the specific impact of these changes on the protein function and their physiological relevance. In this book chapter, we will explore recent knowledge concerning the involvement of these modifications in response to abiotic stress, with special attention to characterizing these modified proteins at the molecular level.
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Acknowledgments
JC Begara-Morales would like to thank the Alfonso Martin Escudero Foundation for funding his postdoctoral fellowship. This study was supported by an ERDF grant cofinanced by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (project BIO2015-66390-P; MINECO/FEDER) and the Junta de Andalucía (groups BIO286 and BIO192) in Spain.
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Begara-Morales, J.C. et al. (2016). Protein S-Nitrosylation and S-Glutathionylation as Regulators of Redox Homeostasis During Abiotic Stress Response. In: Gupta, D., Palma, J., Corpas, F. (eds) Redox State as a Central Regulator of Plant-Cell Stress Responses. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44081-1_17
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