Skip to main content

New Mothers with Disturbing Thoughts: Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and of Psychosis in Postpartum

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Bio-Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology

Abstract

Psychiatric symptoms in postpartum tend to vary in severity and presentation. As a result, they may be challenging to adequately recognize and treat. In this chapter, we will focus on postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder and postpartum psychosis. Both of these psychiatric illnesses can have intrusive thoughts of hurting the child as a central theme. It is imperative to promptly identify them, determine severity of presentation, and assist women in obtaining treatment. If symptoms remain undetected, serious and sometimes lethal consequences for both mother and child could follow.

A case for each disorder is presented. Neither woman had significant previous psychiatric illness, which created additional diagnostic and treatment challenges.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 10th rev. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Grigoriadis S, Romans S. Postpartum psychiatric disorders: what do we know and where do we go? Curr Psychiat Rev. 2006;2(1):151–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Forray A, Focseneanu M, Pittman B, McDougle CJ, Epperson CN. Onset and exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnancy and the postpartum period. J Clin Psychiatry. 2010;71(8):1061–8.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Brandes M, Soares CN, Cohen LS. Postpartum onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: diagnosis and management. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2004;7(2):99–110.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Speisman BB, Storch EA, Abramowitz JS. Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2011;40(6):680–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sichel DA, Cohen LS, Dimmock JA, Rosenbaum JF. Postpartum obsessive compulsive disorder: a case series. J Clin Psychiatry. 1993;54(4):156–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Zambaldi CF, Cantilino A, Montenegro AC, Paes JA, de Albuquerque TL, Sougey EB. Postpartum obsessive-compulsive disorder: prevalence and clinical characteristics. Compr Psychiatry. 2009;50(6):503–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Uguz F, Akman C, Kaya N, Cilli AS. Postpartum-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder: incidence, clinical features, and related factors. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(1):132–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Fairbrother N, Woody SR. New mothers’ thoughts of harm related to the newborn. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2008;11(3):221–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Russell EJ, Fawcett JM, Mazmanian D. Risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder in pregnant and postpartum women: a meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(4):377–85.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Kitamura T, Yoshida K, Okano T, Kinoshita K, Hayashi M, Toyoda N, et al. Multicentre prospective study of perinatal depression in Japan: incidence and correlates of antenatal and postnatal depression. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2006;9(3):121–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Wenzel A, Haugen EN, Jackson LC, Brendle JR. Anxiety symptoms and disorders at eight weeks postpartum. J Anxiety Disord. 2005;19(3):295–311.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Wenzel A, Gorman LL, O’Hara MW, Stuart S. The occurrence of panic and obsessive compulsive symptoms in women with postpartum dysphoria: a prospective study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2001;4(1):5–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Navarro P, Garcia-Esteve L, Ascaso C, Aguado J, Gelabert E, Martin-Santos R. Non-psychotic psychiatric disorders after childbirth: prevalence and comorbidity in a community sample. J Affect Disord. 2008;109(1–2):171–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Abramowitz JS, Schwartz SA, Moore KM, Luenzmann KR. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in pregnancy and the puerperium: a review of the literature. J Anxiety Disord. 2003;17(4):461–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Abramowitz J, Schwartz S, Moore K. Obsessional thoughts in postpartum females and their partners: content, severity, and relationship with depression. J Clin Psychol Med Settings. 2003;10(3):157–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Stewart DE, Klompenhouwer JL, Kendell RE, van Hulst AM. Prophylactic lithium in puerperal psychosis. The experience of three centres. Br J Psychiatry. 1991;158:393–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chaudron LH, Pies RW. The relationship between postpartum psychosis and bipolar disorder: a review. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(11):1284–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Jones I, Craddock N. Familiality of the puerperal trigger in bipolar disorder: results of a family study. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158(6):913–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Brockington IF. Motherhood and mental health. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kendell RE, Chalmers JC, Platz C. Epidemiology of puerperal psychoses. Br J Psychiatry. 1987;150(5):662–73.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Robertson E, Jones I, Haque S, Holder R, Craddock N. Risk of puerperal and non-puerperal recurrence of illness following bipolar affective puerperal (post-partum) psychosis. Br J Psychiatry. 2005;186:258–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. O’Hara MW, Wisner KL. Perinatal mental illness: definition, description and aetiology. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014;28(1):3–12.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Doucet S, Dennis CL, Letourneau N, Blackmore ER. Differentiation and clinical implications of postpartum depression and postpartum psychosis. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2009;38(3):269–79.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Spinelli MG. Postpartum psychosis: detection of risk and management. Am J Psychiatry. 2009;166(4):405–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Brockington IF, Cernik K, Schofield E, Downing A, Francis A, Keelan C. Puerperal psychosis: phenomena and diagnosis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38(7):829–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Sit D, Rothschild AJ, Wisner KL. A review of postpartum psychosis. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006;15(4):352–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Wisner KL, Peindl K, Hanusa BH. Symptomatology of affective and psychotic illnesses related to childbearing. J Affect Disord. 1994;30(2):77–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Connell M. The postpartum psychosis defense and feminism: more or less justice for women? Case W Res L Rev. 2002;53(1):143.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Nau LN, McNiel DE, Binder RL. Postpartum psychosis and the courts. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2012;40(3):318–25.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Parry B. Postpartum psychiatric syndromes. In: Kaplan H, Sadock B, editors. Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Doucet S, Jones I, Letourneau N, Dennis CL, Blackmore ER. Interventions for the prevention and treatment of postpartum psychosis: a systematic review. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2011;14(2):89–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Fairbrother N, Abramowitz JS. New parenthood as a risk factor for the development of obsessional problems. Behav Res Ther. 2007;45(9):2155–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Abramowitz JS, Khandker M, Nelson CA, Deacon BJ, Rygwall R. The role of cognitive factors in the pathogenesis of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: a prospective study. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44(9):1361–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Barr LC, Goodman WK, Price LH. The serotonin hypothesis of obsessive compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1993;8 Suppl 2:79–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Leckman JF, Goodman WK, North WG, Chappell PB, Price LH, Pauls DL, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxytocin in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Comparison with Tourette’s syndrome and healthy controls. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(10):782–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Bergink V, Gibney SM, Drexhage HA. Autoimmunity, inflammation, and psychosis: a search for peripheral markers. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;75(4):324–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bergink V, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP, Koorengevel KM, Kupka R, Kushner SA. First-onset psychosis occurring in the postpartum period: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011;72(11):1531–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Sharma V, Smith A, Khan M. The relationship between duration of labour, time of delivery, and puerperal psychosis. J Affect Disord. 2004;83(2–3):215–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Sharma V. Role of sleep loss in the causation of puerperal psychosis. Med Hypotheses. 2003;61(4):477–81.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Sandyk R. Postpartum psychosis and the pineal gland. Int J Neurosci. 1992;62(1–2):101–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Cookson JC. Post-partum mania, dopamine, and estrogens. Lancet. 1982;18 (2 (8299)):672.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Lord C, Rieder A, Hall GB, Soares CN, Steiner M. Piloting the perinatal obsessive-compulsive scale (POCS): development and validation. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(8):1079–84.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Vesna Pirec MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pirec, V., Grabowski, A. (2017). New Mothers with Disturbing Thoughts: Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and of Psychosis in Postpartum. In: Paarlberg, K., van de Wiel, H. (eds) Bio-Psycho-Social Obstetrics and Gynecology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40404-2_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40404-2_4

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40402-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-40404-2

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics