Abstract
Recent years have seen extraordinary growth in our knowledge and understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis as reflected in the development of new therapies and changing clinical practice. This chapter will review the most common forms of inflammatory arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis, the axial spondyloarthritides (radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA) and the non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA)) as well as psoriatic arthritis (PsA) to explore their epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features and treatment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abu-Amer Y, Erdmann J, Alexopoulou L, Kollias G, Ross FP, Teitelbaum SL (2000) Tumor necrosis factor receptors types 1 and 2 differentially regulate osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem 275:27307–27310
Aceves-Avila FJ, Baez-Molgado S, Medina F, Fraga A (1998) Paleopathology in osseous remains from the 16th century. A survey of rheumatic diseases. J Rheumatol 25:776–782
Alamanos Y, Voulgari PV, Drosos AA (2006) Incidence and prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis, based on the 1987 American College of rheumatology criteria: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 36:182–188
Aletaha D, Neogi T, Silman AJ, Funovits J, Felson DT, Bingham CO et al (2010) Rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria: an American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism collaborative initiative. Arthritis Rheum (9):2569–2581
Amor B, Santos RS, Nahal R, Listrat V, Dougados M (1994) Predictive factors for the long-term outcome of spondyloarthropathies. J Rheumatol 21:1883–1887
Anderson JJ, Baron G, van der Heijde D, Felson DT, Dougados M (2001) Ankylosing spondylitis assessment group preliminary definition of short-term improvement in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 44:1876–1886
Appel H, Ruiz-Heiland G, Listing J, Zwerina J, Herrmann M, Mueller R, Haibel H, Baraliakos X, Hempfing A, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J, Schett G (2009) Altered skeletal expression of sclerostin and its link to radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 60:3257–3262
Appelboom T, de Boelpaepe C, Ehrlich GE, Famaey J-P (1981) Rubens and the question of antiquity of rheumatoid arthritis. JAMA 245:483–486
Atagunduz P, Appel H, Kuon W, Wu P, Thiel A, Kloetzel PM, Sieper J (2005) Hla-b27-restricted cd8+ t cell response to cartilage-derived self peptides in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 52:892–901
Attia EA, Khafagy A, Abdel-Raheem S, Fathi S, Saad AA (2011) Assessment of osteoporosis in psoriasis with and without arthritis: correlation with disease severity. Int J Dermatol 50:30–35
Aydin SZ, Ash ZR, Tinazzi I, Castillo-Gallego C, Kwok C, Wilson C (2012) The link between enthesitis and arthritis in psoriatic arthritis: a switch to a vascular phenotype at insertions may play a role in arthritis development 72(6):992–995. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201617. Epub 2012 Aug 3
Ball J (1971) Enthesopathy of rheumatoid and ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 30:213–223
Baraliakos X, Listing J, Rudwaleit M et al (2005) Radiographic progression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis after 2 years of treatment with the tumour necrosis factor alpha antibody infliximab. Ann Rheum Dis 64:1462–1466
Baraliakos X, Borah B, Braun J, Baeten D, Laurent D, Sieper J, Emery P, McInnes IB, van Laar JM, Wordsworth P, Wollenhaupt J, Kellner H, Colin L, Vandenhende F, Radford K, Hueber W (2015) Long-term effects of secukinumab on MRI findings in relation to clinical efficacy in subjects with active ankylosing spondylitis: an observational study. Ann Rheum Dis 75:408–412
Baron R, Rawadi G, Roman-Roman S (2006) Wnt signaling: a key regulator of bone mass. Curr Top Dev Biol 76:103–127
Benjamin M, Toumi H, Suzuki D, Redman S, Emery P, McGonagle D (2007) Microdamage and altered vascularity at the enthesis-bone interface provides an anatomic explanation for bone involvement in the hla-b27-associated spondylarthritides and allied disorders. Arthritis Rheum 56:224–233
Bergman GJ, Hochberg MC, Boers M, Wintfeld N, Kielhorn A, Jansen JP (2010) Indirect comparison of tocilizumab and other biologic agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Semin Arthritis Rheum 39(6):425–441
Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Markusse HM, van de Laar MAFJ, Westhovens R, van Denderen JC, van Zeben D, Dijkmans BAC, Peeters AJ, Jacobs P, van den Brink HR, Schouten HJA, van der Heijde DMFM, Boonen A, van der Linden S (1997) Randomised comparison of combined step-down prednisolone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 350:309–318
Borman P, Babaoglu S, Gur G, Bingol S, Bodur H (2008) Bone mineral density and bone turnover in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 27:443–447
Bottini N, Vang T, Cucca F, Mustelin T (2006) Role of ptpn22 in type 1 diabetes and other autoimmune diseases. Semin Immunol 18:207–213
Brandt J, Khariouzov A, Listing J, Haibel H, Sorensen H, Grassnickel L, Rudwaleit M, Sieper J, Braun J (2003) Six-month results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of etanercept treatment in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 48:1667–1675
Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, Zink A, Alten R, Golder W, Gromnica-Ihle E, Kellner H, Krause A, Schneider M, Sorensen H, Zeidler H, Thriene W, Sieper J (2002) Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. Lancet 359:1187–1193
Braun J, van den Berg R, Baraliakos X et al (2011) 2010 update of the ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 70:896–904
Brewerton DA, Hart FD, Nicholls A, Caffrey M, James DCO, Sturrock RD (1973) Ankylosing spondylitis and hl-a 27. Lancet 301:904–907
Brown MA, Brophy S, Bradbury L, Hamersma J, Timms A, Laval S, Cardon L, Calin A, Word- sworth BP (2003) Identification of major loci controlling clinical manifestations of ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 48:2234–2239
Burmester GR, Rigby WF, van Vollenhoven RF, Kay J, Rubbert-Roth A, Kelman A, Dimonaco S, Mitchell N (2015) Tocilizumab in early progressive rheumatoid arthritis: FUNCTION, a randomised controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(6):1081–1091
Burton PR, Clayton DG, Cardon LR, Craddock N, Celoukas P, Duncanson A (2007) Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous snps in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants. Nat Genet 39:1329–1337
Calin A, Garrett S, Whitelock H et al (1994) A new approach to defining functional ability in ankylosing spondylitis: the development of the bath ankylosing spondylitis functional index. J Rheumatol 21:2281–2285
Calin A, Dijkmans BA, Emery P, Hakala M, Kalden J, Leirisalo-Repo M, Mola EM, Salvarani C, Sanmarti R, Sany J, Sibilia J, Sieper J, van der Linden S, Veys E, Appel AM, Fatenejad S (2004) Outcomes of a multicentre randomised clinical trial of etanercept to treat ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 63:1594–1600
Chen XX, Baum W, Dwyer D, Stock M, Schwabe K, Ke HZ, Stolina M, Schett G, Bozec A (2013) Sclerostin inhibition reverses systemic, periarticular and local bone loss in arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 72(10):1732–1736
Clegg DO, Reda DJ, Weisman MH et al (1996) Comparison of sulfasalazine and placebo in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. A department of veterans affairs cooperative study. Arthritis Rheum 39:2004–2012
Cloutier JF, Veillette A (1999) Cooperative inhibition of t-cell antigen receptor signaling by a complex between a kinase and a phosphatase. J Exp Med 189:111–121
Cohen SB, Dore RK, Lane NE, Ory PA, Peterfy CG, Sharp JT, van der Heijde D, Zhou L, Tsuji W, Newmark R (2008) Denosumab treatment effects on structural damage, bone mineral density, and bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis: a twelve-month, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase ii clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 58:1299–1309
Colmegna I, Diaz-Borjon A, Fujii H, Schaefer L, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM (2008) Defective proliferative capacity and accelerated telomeric loss of hematopoietic progenitor cells in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 58:990–1000
Corli J, Flipo RM, Philippe P, Bera-Louville A, Béhal H, Wibaux C, Paccou J (2015) Tumor necrosis factor-α inhibition in ankylosing spondylitis and nonradiographic axial spondyloarthritis: treatment response, drug survival, and patient outcome. J Rheumatol 42:2376–2382
Cutolo M, Lahita RG (2005) Estrogens and arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 31:19–27
D’Epiro S, Marocco C, Salvi M, Mattozzi C, Luci C, Macaluso L, Giancristoforo S, Campoli M, Scarnò M, Migliaccio S, Calvieri S, Richetta A (2014) Psoriasis and bone mineral density: implications for long-term patients. J Dermatol 41(9):783–787
Daoussis D, Liossis SN, Solomou EE, Tsanaktsi A, Bounia K, Karampetsou M, Yiannopoulos G, Andonopoulos AP (2010) Evidence that dkk-1 is dysfunctional in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 62:150–158
David JP, Schett G (2010) Tnf and bone. Curr Dir Autoimmun 11:135–144
Davis JC Jr, Van Der Heijde D, Braun J, Dougados M, Cush J, Clegg DO, Kivitz A, Fleischmann R, Inman R, Tsuji W (2003) Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor receptor (etanercept) for treating ankylosing spondylitis: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 48:3230–3236
de Vries-Bouwstra J, Le Cessie S, Allaart C, Breedveld F, Huizinga T (2006) Using predicted disease outcome to provide differentiated treatment of early rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 33:1747–1753
Del Puente A, Esposito A, Costa L, Benigno C, Del Puente A, Foglia F, Oriente A, Bottiglieri P, Caso F, Scarpa R (2015) Fragility fractures in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol Suppl 93:36–39
Duarte GV, Faillace C, Freire de Carvalho J (2012) Psoriatic arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 26(1):147–156. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2012.01.003
Diarra D, Stolina M, Polzer K, Zwerina J, Ominsky MS, Dwyer D, Korb A, Smolen J, Hoffmann M, Scheinecker C, van der Heide D, Landewe R, Lacey D, Richards WG, Schett G (2007) Dick- kopf-1 is a master regulator of joint remodeling. Nat Med 13:156–163
Dirven L, van den Broek M, van Groenendael JH et al (2012) Prevalence of vertebral fractures in a disease activity steered cohort of patients with early active rheumatoid arthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 13:125
Dong W, Zhang Y, Yan M, Liu H, Chen Z, Zhu P (2008) Upregulation of 78-kda glucose-regulated protein in macrophages in peripheral joints of active ankylosing spondylitis. Scand J Rheumatol 37:427–434
Dougados M, vam der Linden S, Leirisalo-Repo M, Huitfeldt B, Juhlin R, Veys E, Zeidler H, Kvien TK, Olivieri I, Dijkmans B et al (1995) Sulfasalazine in the treatment of spondylarthropa- thy. A randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 38:618–627
Dougados M, van der Heijde D, Sieper J et al (2013) Clinical and imaging efficacy of etanercept in early non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 72(Suppl 3):A87–A88
Eder L, Thavaneswaran A, Chandran V et al (2014) Tumour necrosis factor α blockers are more effective than methotrexate in the inhibition of radiographic joint damage progression among patients with psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 73:1007–1011
Fénix-Caballero S, Alegre-del Rey EJ, Castaño-Lara R et al (2013) Direct and indirect comparison of the efficacy and safety of adalimumab, etanercept, infliximab and golimumab in psoriatic arthritis. J Clin Pharm Ther 38:286–293
Fernández-Espartero C, de Miguel E, Loza E et al (2014) Validity of the ankylosing spondylitis disease activity score (ASDAS) in patients with early spondyloarthritis from the Esperanza programme. Ann Rheum Dis 73:1350–1355
Finzel S, Englbrecht M, Engelke K, Stach C, Schett G (2011) A comparative study of periarticular bone lesions in rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 70(1):122–127
François RJ, Neure L, Sieper J, Braun J (2006) Immunohistological examination of open sacroiliac biopsies of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: detection of tumour necrosis factor α in two patients with early disease and transforming growth factor β in three more advanced cases. Ann Rheum Dis 65:713–720
Franklin EC, Molman HR, Muller-Eberhard HJ, Kunkel HB (1957) An unusual protein component of high molecular weight in the serum of certain patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Exp Med 105:425–435
Frediani B, Allegri A, Falsetti P et al (2001) Bone mineral density in patients with psoriatic arthritis. J Rheumatol 28:138–143
Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Vargas-Rojas MI, Cabral AR (2007) Autoimmune inflammation from the th17 perspective. Autoimmun Rev 6:169–175
Gabriel S, Michaud K (2009) Epidemiological studies in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and comorbidity of the rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 11:229. doi:10.1186/ar2669
Gaujoux-Viala C, Smolen JS, Landewé R, Dougados M, Kvien TK, Mola EM, Scholte-Voshaar M, van Riel P, Gossec L (2010) Current evidence for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the eular recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 69:1004–1009
Ghozlani I, Ghazi M, Nouijai A, Mounach A, Rezqi A, Achemlal L, Bezza A, Maghraoui AE (2009) Prevalence and risk factors of osteoporosis and vertebral fractures in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Bone 44:772–776
Girbal-Neuhauser E, Durieux J-J, Arnaud M, Dalbon P, Sebbag M, Vincent C, Simon M, Senshu T, Masson-Bessiere C, Jolivet-Reynaud C, Jolivet M, Serre G (1999) The epitopes targeted by the rheumatoid arthritis-associated antifilaggrin autoantibodies are posttranslationally generated on various sites of (pro)filaggrin by deimination of arginine residues. J Immunol 162:585–594
Glant TT, Mikecz K, Arzoumanian A, Poole AR (1987) Proteoglycan-induced arthritis in balb/c mice. Clinical features and histopathology. Arthritis Rheum 30:201–212
Glintborg B, Østergaard M, Dreyer L et al (2011) Treatment response, drug survival, and predictors thereof in 764 patients with psoriatic arthritis treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor α therapy: results from the nationwide Danish DANBIO registry. Arthritis Rheum 63:382–390
Goie The HS, Steven MM, van der Linden SM, Cats A (1985) Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis: a comparison of the Rome, New York and modified New York criteria in patients with a positive clinical history screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. Br J Rheumatol 24:242–249
Gorman JD, Sack KE, Davis JC Jr (2002) Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor alpha. N Engl J Med 346:1349–1356
Gossec L, Smolen JS, Gaujoux-Viala C et al (2012) European league against rheumatism recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis with pharmacological therapies. Ann Rheum Dis 71:4–12
Gottlieb A, Narang K (2013) Ustekinumab in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: latest findings and clinical potential. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 5:277–285
Gregersen PK, Silver J, Winchester RJ (1987) The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 30:1205–1213
Gu MM, Yuan WT, Yang JQ, Zhang J, Xiong XY, Yao FJ, Lu ZY, Wang ZG, Huang W, Fan LA (2004) A genomewide scan for the susceptibility gene loci to ankylosing spondylitis in Chinese han population. Yi Chuan Xue Bao 31:217–220
Haibel H, Heldmann F, Braun J et al (2013) Long-term efficacy of adalimumab after drug withdrawal and retreatment in patients with active non-radiographically evident axial spondyloarthritis who experience a flare. Arthritis Rheum 65:2211–2213
Harre U, Georgess D, Bang H, Bozec A, Axmann R, Ossipova E, Jakobsson PJ, Baum W, Nimmerjahn F, Szarka E, Sarmay G, Krumbholz G, Neumann E, Toes R, Scherer HU, Catrina AI, Klareskog L, Jurdic P, Schett G (2012) Induction of osteoclastogenesis and bone loss by human autoantibodies against citrullinated vimentin. J Clin Invest 122(5):1791–1802
Harre U, Lang SC, Pfeifle R, Rombouts Y, Frühbeißer S, Amara K, Bang H, Lux A, Koeleman CA, Baum W, Dietel K, Gröhn F, Malmström V, Klareskog L, Krönke G, Kocijan R, Nimmerjahn F, Toes RE, Herrmann M, Scherer HU, Schett G (2015) Glycosylation of immunoglobulin G determines osteoclast differentiation and bone loss. Nat Commun 6:6651
Harrison MJ, Tricker KJ, Davies L, Hassell A, Dawes P, Scott DL, Knight S, Davis M, Mulherin D, Symmons DPM (2005) The relationship between social deprivation, disease outcome measures, and response to treatment in patients with stable, long-standing rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 32:2330–2336
Haschka J, Englbrecht M, Hueber AJ, Manger B, Kleyer A, Reiser M et al (2016) Relapse rates in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in stable remission tapering or stopping antirheumatic therapy: interim results from the prospective randomised controlled RETRO study. Ann Rheum Dis 75:45–51
Hetland ML, Ejbjerg B, Horslev-Petersen K et al (2009) Mri bone oedema is the strongest predictor of subsequent radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a 2-year randomised controlled trial (cimestra). Ann Rheum Dis 68:384–390
Ince G, Sarpel T, Durgun B, Erdogan S (2006) Effects of a multimodal exercise program for people with ankylosing spondylitis. Phys Ther 86:924–935
Jarvinen P (1995) Occurrence of ankylosing spondylitis in a nationwide series of twins. Arthritis Rheum 38:381–383
Jones G, Crotty M, Brooks P (2000) Interventions for psoriatic arthritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD000212
Jørgensen KT, Wiik A, Pedersen M, Hedegaard CJ, Vestergaard BF, Gislefoss RE, Kvien TK, Wohl- fahrt J, Bendtzen K, Frisch M (2008) Cytokines, autoantibodies and viral antibodies in premorbid and postdiagnostic sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis: case–control study nested in a cohort of Norwegian blood donors. Ann Rheum Dis 67:860–866
Kaltenhauser S, Pierer M, Arnold S, Kamprad M, Baerwald C, Hantzschel H, Wagner U (2007) Antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptide are associated with the drb1 shared epitope and predict joint erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 46:100–104
Kavanaugh A, McInnes I, Mease P et al (2009) Golimumab, a new human tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody, administered every four weeks as a subcutaneous injection in psoriatic arthritis: twenty-four-week efficacy and safety results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 60:976–986
Kavanaugh A, Ritchlin C, Rahman P et al (2014a) Ustekinumab, an anti-IL-12/23 p40 monoclonal antibody, inhibits radiographic progression in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: results of an integrated analysis of radiographic data from the phase 3, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled PSUMMIT-1 and PSUMMIT-2 trials. Ann Rheum Dis 73:1000–1006
Kavanaugh A, Mease PJ, Gomez-Reino JJ et al (2014b) Treatment of psoriatic arthritis in a phase 3 randomised, placebo-controlled trial with apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor. Ann Rheum Dis 73:1020–1026
Kavanaugh A, Puig L, Gottlieb AB, Ritchlin C, Li S, Wang Y, Mendelsohn AM, Song M, Zhu Y, Rahman P, McInnes IB, PSUMMIT I Study Group (2015) Maintenance of clinical efficacy and radiographic benefit through 2 years of ustekinumab therapy in patients with active psoriatic arthritis: results from the PSUMMIT 1 trial. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 67:1739–1749
Khan MA (2000) Update: the twenty subtypes of hla-b27. Curr Opin Rheumatol 12:235–238
Kidd BL, Cawley MI (1988) Delay in diagnosis of spondarthritis. Br J Rheumatol 27:230–232
Kim N, Kadono Y, Takami M, Lee J, Lee SH, Okada F, Kim JH, Kobayashi T, Odgren PR, Nakano H, Yeh WC, Lee SK, Lorenzo JA, Choi Y (2005) Osteoclast differentiation independent of the trance-rank-traf6 axis. J Exp Med 202:589–595
Kim SY, Schneeweiss S, Liu J et al (2010) Risk of osteoporotic fracture in a large population based cohort of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 12(4):R154
Kingsley GH, Kowalczyk A, Taylor H et al (2012) A randomized placebo-controlled trial of methotrexate in psoriatic arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 51:1368–1377
Klareskog L, Padyukov L, Ronnelid J, Alfredsson L (2006) Genes, environment and immunity in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 18:650–655
Klareskog L, Padyukov L, Alfredsson L (2007) Smoking as a trigger for inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Curr Opin Rheumatol 19:49–54
Kleyer A, Finzel S, Rech J, Manger B, Krieter M, Faustini F, Araujo E, Hueber AJ, Harre U, Engelke K, Schett G (2014) Bone loss before the clinical onset of rheumatoid arthritis in subjects with anticitrullinated protein antibodies. Ann Rheum Dis 73(5):854–860
Kobayashi K, Takahashi N, Jimi E, Udagawa N, Takami M, Kotake S, Nakagawa N, Kinosaki M, Yamaguchi K, Shima N, Yasuda H, Morinaga T, Higashio K, Martin TJ, Suda T (2000) Tumor necrosis factor alpha stimulates osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of the odf/rankl-rank interaction. J Exp Med 191:275–286
Kocijan R, Finzel S, Englbrecht M, Engelke K, Rech J, Schett G (2014a) Decreased quantity and quality of the periarticular and non-periarticular bone in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional HR-pQCT study. J Bone Miner Res 29(4):1005–1014
Kocijan R, Finzel S, Englbrecht M, Engelke K, Rech J, Schett G (2014b) Differences in bone structure between rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis patients relative to autoantibody positivity. Ann Rheum Dis 73(11):2022–2028
Kocijan R, Englbrecht M, Haschka J, Simon D, Kleyer A, Finzel S, Kraus S, Resch H, Muschitz C, Engelke K, Sticherling M, Rech J, Schett G (2015) Quantitative and qualitative changes of bone in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis patients. J Bone Miner Res 30:1775–1783
Kollnberger S, Bird LA, Roddis M, Hacquard-Bouder C, Kubagawa H, Bodmer HC, Breban M, McMichael AJ, Bowness P (2004) Hla-b27 heavy chain homodimers are expressed in hla-b27 transgenic rodent models of spondyloarthritis and are ligands for paired ig-like receptors. J Immunol 173:1699–1710
Lambert RG, Salonen D, Rahman P, Inman RD, Wong RL, Einstein SG, Thomson GT, Beaulieu A, Choquette D, Maksymowych WP (2007) Adalimumab significantly reduces both spinal and sacroiliac joint inflammation in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 56:4005–4014
Landewé R, Braun J, Deodhar A et al (2014) Efficacy of certolizumab pegol on signs and symptoms of axial spondyloarthritis including ankylosing spondylitis: 24-week results of a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Ann Rheum Dis 73:39–47
Lau CS, Burgos-Vargas R, Louthrenoo W, Mok MY, Wordsworth P, Zeng QY (1998) Features of spondyloarthritis around the world. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 24:753–770
Laval SH, Timms A, Edwards S, Bradbury L, Brophy S, Milicic A, Rubin L, Siminovitch KA, Weeks DE, Calin A, Wordsworth BP, Brown MA (2001) Whole-genome screening in ankylosing spondylitis: evidence of non-mhc genetic-susceptibility loci. Am J Hum Genet 68:918–926
Leadbetter EA, Rifkin IR, Hohlbaum AM, Beaudette BC, Shlomchik MJ, Marshak-Rothstein A (2002) Chromatin-igg complexes activate b cells by dual engagement of igm and toll-like receptors. Nature 416:603–607
Lu X, Gilbert L, He X, Rubin J, Nanes MS (2006) Transcriptional regulation of the osterix (osx, sp7) promoter by tumor necrosis factor identifies disparate effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nf kappa b pathways. J Biol Chem 281:6297–6306
Lundy S, Sarkar S, Tesmer L, Fox D (2007) Cells of the synovium in rheumatoid arthritis. T lymphocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 9:202
Magrey M, Khan MA (2010) Osteoporosis in ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 12:332–336
Maksymowych WP, Jhangri GS, Fitzgerald AA, LeClercq S, Chiu P, Yan A, Skeith KJ, Aaron SL, Homik J, Davis P, Sholter D, Russell AS (2002) A six-month randomized, controlled, double- blind, dose–response comparison of intravenous pamidronate (60mg versus 10mg) in the treatment of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-refractory ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Rheum 46:766–773
Manfredsdottir VF, Vikingsdottir T, Jonsson T, Geirsson AJ, Kjartansson O, Heimisdottir M, Sigurdardottir SL, Valdimarsson H, Vikingsson A (2006) The effects of tobacco smoking and rheumatoid factor seropositivity on disease activity and joint damage in early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 45:734–740
McCloskey E, Johansson H, Oden A, Kanis JA (2012) Fracture risk assessment. Clin Biochem 45(12):887–893
McInnes IB, Sieper J, Braun J et al (2014) Efficacy and safety of secukinumab, a fully human anti-interleukin-17A monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriatic arthritis: a 24-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II proof-of concept trial. Ann Rheum Dis 73:349–356
Mease PJ, Goffe BS, Metz J et al (2000) Etanercept in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis: a randomised trial. Lancet 356:385–390
Mease PJ, McInnes IB, Kirkham B, Kavanaugh A, Rahman P, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Nash P, Pricop L, Yuan J, Richards HB, Mpofu S, FUTURE 1 Study Group (2015) Secukinumab Inhibition of Interleukin-17A in patients with psoriatic arthritis. N Engl J Med 373(14):1329–1339
Mikecz K, Glant TT, Baron M, Poole AR (1988) Isolation of proteoglycan-specific t lymphocytes from patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Cell Immunol 112:55–63
Millard TP, Antoniades L, Evans AV, Smith HR, Spector TD, Barker JN (2001) Bone mineral density of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 26:446–448
Möttönen T, Hannonen P, Leirisalo-Repo M, Nissilä M, Kautiainen H, Korpela M, Laasonen L, Julkunen H, Luukkainen R, Vuori K, Paimela L, Blåfield H, Hakala M, Ilva K, Yli-Kerttula U, Puolakka K, Järvinen P, Hakola M, Piirainen H, Ahonen J, Pälvimäki I, Forsberg S, Koota K, Friman C (1999) Comparison of combination therapy with single-drug therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised trial. Lancet 353:1568–1573
Nakamura I, Kadono Y, Takayanagi H, Jimi E, Miyazaki T, Oda H, Nakamura K, Tanaka S, Rodan GA, le Duong T (2002) Il-1 regulates cytoskeletal organization in osteoclasts via tnf receptor- associated factor 6/c-src complex. J Immunol 168:5103–5109
Nam JL, Winthrop KL, van Vollenhoven RF, Pavelka K, Valesini G, Hensor EMA, Worthy G, Landewé R, Smolen JS, Emery P, Buch MH (2010) Current evidence for the management of rheumatoid arthritis with biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: a systematic literature review informing the eular recommendations for the management of RA. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(6):976–986. doi:10.1136/ard.2009.126573
Neidhart M, Baraliakos X, Seemayer C, Zelder C, Gay RE, Michel BA, Boehm H, Gay S, Braun J (2009) Expression of cathepsin k and matrix metalloproteinase 1 indicate persistent osteode- structive activity in long-standing ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 68:1334–1339
Nepom GT (1989) Hla genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis: identification of susceptibility alleles using specific oligonucleotide probes. Arthritis Rheum 32:15–21
Nolla JM, Fiter J, Rozadilla A et al (1999) Bone mineral density in patients with peripheral psoriatic arthritis. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 66:457–461
Rashid T, Ebringer A (2007) Ankylosing spondylitis is linked to klebsiella – the evidence. Clin Rheumatol 26:858–864
Rath HC, Herfarth HH, Ikeda JS, Grenther WB, Hamm TE, Balish E, Taurog JD, Hammer RE, Wilson KH, Sartor RB (1996) Normal luminal bacteria, especially bacteroides species, mediate chronic colitis, gastritis, and arthritis in hla-b27/human beta2 microglobulin transgenic rats. J Clin Invest 98:945–953
Rauner M, Stupphann D, Haas M, Fert I, Glatigny S, Sipos W, Breben M, Pietschmann P (2009) The hla-b27 transgenic rat, a model of spondyloarthritis, has decreased bone mineral density and increased rankl to osteoprotegerin mrna ratio. J Rheumatol 36:120–126
Raza K, Falciani F, Curnow SJ, Ross E, Lee C-Y, Akbar A, Lord J, Gordon C, Buckley C, Salmon M (2005) Early rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by a distinct and transient synovial fluid cytokine profile of t cell and stromal cell origin. Arthritis Res Ther 7:R784–R795
Riesco M, Manzano F, Font P, Garcia A, Nolla JM (2013) Osteoporosis in psoriatic arthritis: an assessment of densitometry and fragility fractures. Clin Rheumatol 32:1799–1804
Ritchlin CT, Kavanaugh A, Gladman DD et al (2009) Treatment recommendations for psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 68:1387–1394
Rossini M, Viapiana O, Adami S, Fracassi E, Idolazzi L, Dartizio C, Povino MR, Orsolini G, Gatti D (2015) In patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Dickkopf-1 serum levels are correlated with parathyroid hormone, bone erosions and bone mineral density. Clin Exp Rheumatol 33(1):77–83
Rothschild BM, Turner KR, DeLuca MA (1988) Symmetrical erosive peripheral polyarthritis in the late archaic period of alabama. Science 241:1498–1501
Rudwaleit M, Sieper J (2012) Referral strategies for early diagnosis of axial spondyloarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 8:262–268
Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R, Listing J, Akkoc N, Brandt J et al (2009) The development of assessment of spondyloarthritis international society classification criteria for axial spondyloarthritis (part II): validation and final selection. Ann Rheum Dis 68:777–783. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.108233. Epub 2009 Mar 17
Rudwaleit M, van der Heijde D, Landewé R et al (2011) TheAssessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for peripheral spondyloarthritis and for spondyloarthritis in general. Ann Rheum Dis 70:25–31
Sanmartà R, Gómez-Centeno A, Ercilla G, Larrosa M, Viñas O, Vazquez I, Gómez-Puerta J, Gratacós J, Salvador G, Cañete J (2007) Prognostic factors of radiographic progression in early rheumatoid arthritis: a two year prospective study after a structured therapeutic strategy using dmards and very low doses of glucocorticoids. Clin Rheumatol 26:1111–1118
Schlosstein L, Terasaki PI, Bluestone R, Pearson CM (1973) High association of an hl-a antigen, w27, with ankylosing spondylitis. N Engl J Med 288:704–706
Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M et al (2012) Early response to adalimumab predicts long-term remission through 5 years of treatment in patients with ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 71:700–706
Sieper J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis: results of a randomised placebo-controlled trial (ABILITY-1). Ann Rheum Dis 72:815–822
Sieper J, Porter-Brown B, Thompson L et al (2014) Assessment of short-term symptomatic efficacy of tocilizumab in ankylosing spondylitis: results of randomised, placebo-controlled trials. Ann Rheum Dis 73:95–100
Singh JA, Saag KG, Bridges SL Jr, Akl EA, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, Vaysbrot E et al (2015) 2015 American College of rheumatology guideline for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 68:1–26
Smolen JS, Aletaha D, Bijlsma JW, Breedveld FC, Boumpas D, Burmester G, Combe B, Cutolo M, de Wit M, Dougados M, Emery P, Gibofsky A, Gomez-Reino JJ (2010) Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 4:631–637
Smolen J, Braun J, Dougados M et al (2014) Treating spondyloarthritis, including ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis, to target: recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 73:6–16
Smolen JS, van Vollenhoven R, Kavanaugh A et al (2015) Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate 5-year results from the rheumatoid arthritis prevention of structural damage (RAPID) 2 randomized controlled trial and long-term extension in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Arthritis Res Ther 17:245
Smolen JS, Breedveld FC, Burmester GR, Bykerk V, Dougados M, Emery P, Kvien TK et al (2016) Treating rheumatoid arthritis to target: 2014 update of the recommendations of an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis 75(1):3–15
Song IH, Weiß A, Hermann KG et al (2013) Similar response rates in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis after 1 year of treatment with etanercept: results from the ESTHER trial. Ann Rheum Dis 72:823–825
Stamp LK, O’Donnell JL, Chapman PT, Zhang M, Frampton C, James J, Barclay ML (2009) Determinants of red blood cell methotrexate polyglutamate concentrations in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving long-term methotrexate treatment. Arthritis Rheum 60:2248–2256
Taurog JD, Hammer RE (1995) Experimental spondyloarthropathy in hla-b27 transgenic rats. Clin Rheumatol 15(Suppl 1):22–27
Taylor W, Gladman D, Helliwell P, Marchesoni A, Mease P, Mielants H, CASPAR Study Group (2006) Classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis: development of new criteria from a large international study. Arthritis Rheum 54(8):2665–2673
Turesson C, Matteson EL (2009) Vasculitis in rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 21:35–40
Tvete IF, Natvig B, Gåsemyr J, Meland N, Røine M, Klemp M (2015) Comparing effects of biologic agents in treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multiple treatment comparison regression analysis. PLoS One 10(9):e0137258. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137258. eCollection
van den Bosch F, Baeten D, Kruithof E, De Keyser F, Mielants H, Veys EM (2001) Treatment of active spondyloarthropathy with infliximab, the chimeric monoclonal antibody to tumour necrosis factor alpha. Ann Rheum Dis 60(Suppl 3):iii33–iii36
van der Heijde D, Dijkmans B, Geusens P, Sieper J, DeWoody K, Williamson P, Braun J (2005) Efficacy and safety of infliximab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial (assert). Arthritis Rheum 52:582–591
van der Heijde D, Kivitz A, Schiff MH, Sieper J, Dijkmans BA, Braun J, Dougados M, Reveille JD, Wong RL, Kupper H, Davis JC Jr (2006) Efficacy and safety of adalimumab in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 54:2136–2146
van der Heijde D, Salonen D, Weissman BN, Landewe R, Maksymowych WP, Kupper H, Ballal S, Gibson E, Wong R (2009) Assessment of radiographic progression in the spines of patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with adalimumab for up to 2 years. Arthritis Res Ther 11:R127. doi:10.1186/ar2794
van der Helm-van Mil AH, Huizinga TW, Schreuder GM, Breedveld FC, de Vries RR, Toes RE (2005) An independent role of protective hla class ii alleles in rheumatoid arthritis severity and susceptibility. Arthritis Rheum 52:2637–2644
van der Helm-van Mil AHM, Huizinga TWJ, de Vries RRP, Toes REM (2007) Emerging patterns of risk factor make-up enable subclassification of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 56:1728–1735
van der Linden SM, Valkenburg HA, de Jongh BM, Cats A (1984) The risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis in hla-b27 positive individuals. A comparison of relatives of spondylitis patients with the general population. Arthritis Rheum 27:241–249
van Staa TP, Geusens P, Bijlsma JW, Leufkens HG, Cooper C (2006) Clinical assessment of the long- term risk of fracture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 54:3104–3112
van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, Lee EB, GarcÃa Meijide JA, Wagner S, Forejtova S, Zwillich SH, Gruben D, Koncz T, Wallenstein GV, Krishnaswami S, Bradley JD, Wilkinson B, ORAL Standard Investigators (2012) Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 367:508–519
Veale DJ (2013) Psoriatic arthritis: recent progress in pathophysiology and drug development. Arthritis Res Ther 15:224
Vis M, Haavardsholm EA, Boyesen P et al (2011) High incidence of vertebral and non vertebral fractures in the OSTRA cohort study: a 5 year follow up study in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoporos Int 22(9):2413–2419
Wagner UG, Koetz K, Weyand CM, Goronzy JJ (1998) Perturbation of the t cell repertoire in rheumatoid arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95:14447–14452
Wesoly J, van der Helm-van Mil AHM, Toes REM, Chokkalingam AP, Carlton VEH, Begovich AB, Huizinga TWJ (2005) Association of the ptpn22 c1858t single- nucleotide polymorphism with rheumatoid arthritis phenotypes in an inception cohort. Arthritis Rheum 52:2948–2950
Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Conn DL, Goronzy JJ (1992) The influence of hla-drb1 genes on disease severity in rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 117:801–803
Wright NC, Lisse JR, Walitt BT, Eaton CB, Chen Z (2011) Arthritis increases the risk for fractures—results from the Women’s Health Initiative. J Rheumatol 38:1680–1688
Zhang G, Luo J, Bruckel J, Weisman MA, Schumacher HR, Khan MA, Inman RD, Mahowald M, Maksymowych WP, Martin TM, Yu DTY, Stone M, Rosenbaum JT, Newman P, Lee J, McClain JA, West OC, Jin L, Reveille JD (2004) Genetic studies in familial ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility. Arthritis Rheum 50:2246–2254
Zhu TY, Griffith JF, Qin L, Hung VW, Fong TN, Au SK, Tang XL, Kwok AW, Leung PC, Li EK, Tam LS (2013) Structure and strength of the distal radius in female patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case–control study. J Bone Miner Res 28(4):794–806
Zhu TY, Griffith JF, Qin L, Hung VW, Fong TN, Au SK, Li M, Lam YY, Wong CK, Kwok AW, Leung PC, Li EK, Tam LS (2014) Alterations of bone density, microstructure, and strength of the distal radius in male patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a case–control study with HR-pQCT. J Bone Miner Res 29(9):2118–2129
Zochling J, van der Heijde D, Dougados M, Braun J (2006) Current evidence for the management of ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic literature review for the asas/eular management recommendations in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann Rheum Dis 65:423–432
Zvaifler NJ (1973) The immunopathology of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis. Adv Immunol 16:265–336
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
White, D.H.N., Kocijan, R. (2016). Rheumatoid Arthritis and Spondyloarthritis. In: Pietschmann, P. (eds) Principles of Osteoimmunology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34238-2_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34238-2_8
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-34236-8
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-34238-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)