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Viroids: Small Noncoding Infectious RNAs with the Remarkable Ability of Autonomous Replication

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Current Research Topics in Plant Virology

Abstract

Viroids are infectious agents of plants, constituted exclusively by a noncoding small (246–401 nucleotides) circular RNA molecule. When this RNA manages to enter a cell of an appropriate host plant, it moves to the subcellular replication site and replicates through an RNA-to-RNA rolling circle mechanism. Viroid progeny is then able to move cell-to-cell through plamodesmata and long distances through the phloem to invade distal parts of host plants. Two types of viroids exist, classified into the families Pospiviroidae and Avsunviroidae. They replicate in the nucleus (Pospiviroidae) and chloroplast (Avsunviroidae), hijacking host enzymes. Members of the family Pospiviroidae recruit host DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II, RNase III and DNA ligase 1, while members of the Avsunviroidae (which contain embedded hammerhead ribozymes for self-cleavage) use host nuclear-encoded chloroplastic RNA polymerase and the chloroplastic isoform of tRNA ligase. Viroids are mainly transmitted mechanically from plant to plant, and frequently exert a pathogenic effect on infected plants. Some symptoms in viroid infections are induced by the viroid-derived small RNAs produced by the host defensive RNA silencing machinery. Interestingly, viroids are targets of the host Dicer-like and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzymes, but are particularly resistant to the action of the RNA-induced silencing complex.

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Acknowledgement

This work was supported by grants AGL2013-49919-EXP and BIO2014-54269-R from Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO, Spain).

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  1. Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain

    José-Antonio Daròs

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  1. London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada

    Aiming Wang

  2. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

    Xueping Zhou

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Daròs, JA. (2016). Viroids: Small Noncoding Infectious RNAs with the Remarkable Ability of Autonomous Replication. In: Wang, A., Zhou, X. (eds) Current Research Topics in Plant Virology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32919-2_13

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