Abstract
In this chapter we introduce an organizational framework for our discussion of psychosocial skills, borrowing from the prominent organizational taxonomy of personality, the five-factor model. Using the Big Five as a guide, we identify several psychosocial skills that we feel are important for K-12 students and group them under the trait to which we perceive them to be most highly related. We further divide the Big Five into the three categories of skills we feel are important for students in K-12: performance skills (“getting along with school”), interpersonal skills (“getting along with others”), and self-management skills (“getting along with yourself”). In addition to the Big Five, we conclude with a brief discussion of cross-cultural competence and its possible place within the psychosocial skills framework.
“Always remember that you are absolutely unique. Just like everyone else.” – Margaret Meade
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerman, P. L., & Heggestad, E. D. (1997). Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 219–245.
Archer, J. (1994). Achievement goals as a measure of motivation in university students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 19, 430–446.
Asendorpf, J. B., & Wilpers, S. (1998). Personality effects on social relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1531–1544.
Bachman, J. G., & O’Malley, P. M. (1977). Self-esteem in young men: A longitudinal analysis of the impact of educational and occupational attainment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 365–380.
Bachman, J. G., & O’Malley, P. M. (1986). Self-concepts, self-esteem, and educational experiences: The frog pond revisited (again). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 35–46.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.
Barrick, M. R., Mount, M. K., & Strauss, J. P. (1993). Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effects of goal setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 715–722.
Bass, B. M. (1998). Transformational leadership. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Baumeister, R., Campbell, J., Krueger, J., & Vohs, K. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1–44.
Bieri, J. (1955). Cognitive complexity-simplicity and predictive behavior. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 51, 263–268.
Bowles, T. (1999). Focusing on time orientation to explain adolescent self concept and academic achievement: Part II. Testing a model. Journal of Applied Health Behaviour, 1, 1–8.
Brody, N. (1997). Intelligence, schooling, and society. American Psychologist, 52, 1046–1050.
Burrus, J., Brenneman, M. W., Carney, L. C., Ezzo, C., & Roberts, R. D. (2014). Development of an assessment of cross-cultural competence (3C): Expanded literature review. Unpublished manuscript.
Burrus, J., Jackson, T., Holtzman, S., Roberts, R. D., & Mandigo, T. (2013). Examining the efficacy of a time management intervention for high school students (ETS RR-13-25). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
Cable, D. M., & Judge, T. A. (2003). Managers’ upward influence tactic strategies: The role of manager personality and supervisor leadership style. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 197–214.
Cacioppo, J. T., & Petty, R. E. (1982). The need for cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 116–131.
Caprara, G. V., Alessandri, G., & Eisenberg, N. (2012). Prosociality: The contribution of traits, values, and self-efficacy beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1289–1303.
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61, 679–704.
Caspi, A., Chajut, E., Saporta, K., & Beyth-Marom, R. (2006). The influence of personality on social participation in learning environments. Learning and Individual Differences, 16, 129–144.
Chiu, C. Y., Lonner, W. J., Matsumoto, D., & Ward, C. (2013). Cross-cultural competence theory, research, and application. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 843–848.
Costa, P. T. J., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory and NEO five-factor inventory: Professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
Davies, J., & Brember, I. (1999). Reading and mathematics attainments and self-esteem in years 2 and 6—an eight-year cross-sectional study. Educational Studies, 25, 145–157.
Deci, E. L., Koestner, R., & Ryan, R. M. (1999). A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 627–668.
DeNeve, K. M., & Cooper, H. (1998). The happy personality: A meta-analysis of 137 personality traits and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 197–229.
Diener, E., & Diener, M. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 653–663.
Diener, E., Lucas, R. E., & Napa Scollon, C. (2006). Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being. American Psychologist, 61, 305–314.
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Very happy people. Psychological Science, 13, 81–84.
Digman, J. M. (1997). Higher order factors of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1246–1256.
Dignath, C., Buettner, G., & Langfeldt, H.-P. (2008). How can primary school students learn self-regulated learning strategies most effectively? A meta-analysis on self-regulation training programs. Educational Research Review, 3, 101–129.
Duckworth, A. L., Kirby, T., Tsukayama, E., Berstein, H., & Ericsson, K. (2010). Deliberate practice spells success: Why grittier competitors triumph at the National Spelling Bee. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 174–181.
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for long-term goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 1087–1101.
Duckworth, A. L., & Quinn, P. D. (2009). Development and validation of the Short Grit Scale (GRIT–S). Journal of Personality Assessment, 91, 166–174.
Dusek, J. B., Mergler, N. L., & Kermis, M. D. (1976). Attention, encoding, and information processing in low- and high-test-anxious children. Child Development, 47, 201–207.
Dweck, C. S. (1986). Motivational processes affecting learning. American Psychologist, 41, 1040–1048.
Efklides, A. (2006). Metacognition and affect: What can metacognitive experiences tell us about the learning process? Educational Research Review, 1, 3–14.
Ehrler, D. J., Evans, J. G., & McGhee, R. L. (1999). Extending Big‐Five theory into childhood: A preliminary investigation into the relationship between Big‐Five personality traits and behavior problems in children. Psychology in the Schools, 36, 451–458.
Feist, G. J. (1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 290–309.
Goff, M., & Ackerman, P. L. (1992). Personality-intelligence relations: Assessing typical intellectual engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 537–552.
Gottfried, A. E. (1985). Academic intrinsic motivation in elementary and junior high school students. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 631–645.
Graham, S., & Golan, S. (1991). Motivational influences on cognition: Task involvement, ego involvement, and depth of information processing. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 187–194.
Haller, E. P., Child, D. A., & Walberg, H. J. (1988). Can comprehension be taught? A quantitative synthesis of “metacognitive” studies. Educational Researcher, 17, 5–8.
Hansford, B. C., & Hattie, J. A. (1982). The relationship between self and achievement/performance measures. Review of Educational Research, 52, 123–142.
Hembree, R. (1988). Correlates, causes, effects, and treatment of test anxiety. Review of Educational Research, 58, 7–77.
Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1966). Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized general intelligences. Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 253–270.
Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. (1967). Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. Acta Psychologica, 26, 107–129.
Jensen‐Campbell, L. A., & Graziano, W. G. (2001). Agreeableness as a moderator of interpersonal conflict. Journal of Personality, 69, 323–362.
John, O. P., Caspi, A., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer‐Loeber, M. (1994). The “little five”: Exploring the nomological network of the five‐factor model of personality in adolescent boys. Child Development, 65, 160–178.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 765–780.
Kashdan, T. B., & Silvia, P. J. (2009). Curiosity and interest: The benefits of thriving on novelty and challenge. Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology, 2, 367–374.
Kim, K. H. (2005). Can only intelligent people be creative? Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 16, 57–66.
Klafehn, J., Li, C., & Chiu, C. Y. (2013). To know or not to know, is that the question? Exploring the role and assessment of metacognition in cross-cultural contexts. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 963–991.
Klein, H. J., & Lee, S. (2006). The effects of personality on learning: The mediating role of goal setting. Human Performance, 19, 43–66.
Koenig, J. A. (Ed.). (2011). Assessing 21st century skills: Summary of a workshop. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Komarraju, M., Karau, S. J., & Schmeck, R. R. (2009). Role of the Big Five personality traits in predicting college students’ academic motivation and achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 47–52.
Kugle, C. L., Clements, R. O., & Powell, P. M. (1983). Level and stability of self-esteem in relation to academic behavior of second graders. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 201–207.
Kuntsche, E., Knibbe, R., Gmel, G., & Engels, R. (2006). Who drinks and why? A review of socio-demographic, personality, and contextual issues behind the drinking motives in young people. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1844–1857.
Kyllonen, P. C., Lipnevich, A. A., Burrus, J., & Roberts, R. D. (2014). Personality, motivation, and college readiness: A prospectus for assessment and development (ETS RR-14-06). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
Laursen, B., Pulkkinen, L., & Adams, R. (2002). The antecedents and correlates of agreeableness in adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 38, 591–603.
Leary, M. R. (2005). The scientific study of personality. In V. Derlega, B. Winstead, & W. Jones (Eds.), Personality: Contemporary theory and research (3rd ed.). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
Lepper, M. R., Corpus, J. H., & Iyengar, S. S. (2005). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivational orientations in the classroom: Age differences and academic correlates. Journal of Educational Psychology, 97, 184–196.
Liu, O. L., Rijmen, F., MacCann, C., & Roberts, R. (2009). The assessment of time management in middle-school students. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 174–179.
Lloyd, J., & Barenblatt, L. (1984). Intrinsic intellectuality: Its relations to social class, intelligence, and achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 646–654.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990). A theory of goal setting and task performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57, 705–717.
Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2006). New directions in goal-setting theory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 265–268.
MacCann, C., Duckworth, A. L., & Roberts, R. D. (2009). Empirical identification of the major facets of conscientiousness. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 451–458.
MacCann, C., Fogarty, G. J., Zeidner, M., & Roberts, R. D. (2011). Coping mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and academic achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 36, 60–70.
MacCann, C., Lipnevich, A., Burrus, J., & Roberts, R. (2012). The best years of our lives? Coping with stress predicts school grades, life satisfaction, and feelings about high school. Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 235–241.
Journal of Research in Personality. Retrieved: www.elsevier.com/locate/jrp
Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., Artelt, C., Baumert, J., & Peschar, J. L. (2006). OECD’s brief self-report measure of educational psychology’s most useful affective constructs: Cross-cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6, 311–360.
Maruyama, G., Rubin, R. A., & Kingsbury, G. G. (1981). Self-esteem and educational achievement: Independent constructs with a common cause? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 962–975.
McCrae, R. R. (1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1258–1265.
McCrae, R. R. (1996). Social consequences of experiential openness. Psychological Bulletin, 120, 323–337.
Mol, S. T., Born, M. P., Willemsen, M. E., & van der Molen, H. T. (2005). Predicting expatriate job performance for selection purposes: A quantitative review. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 590–620.
Moutafi, J., Furnham, A., & Tsaousis, I. (2006). Is the relationship between intelligence and trait Neuroticism mediated by test anxiety? Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 587–597.
Multon, K. D., Brown, S. D., & Lent, R. W. (1991). Relation of self-efficacy beliefs to academic outcomes: A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 30–38.
Nicholson, N., Soane, E., Fenton‐O’Creevy, M., & Willman, P. (2005). Personality and domain‐specific risk taking. Journal of Risk Research, 8, 157–176.
Nottelman, E. D., & Hill, K. T. (1977). Test anxiety and off-task behavior in evaluative situations. Child Development, 48, 225–231.
Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66, 543–578.
Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2012). Our history. Retrieved from http://www.p21.org/about-us/our-history
Payton, J., Weissberg, R. P., Durlak, J. A., Dymnicki, A. B., Taylor, R. D., Schellinger, K. B., & Pachan, M. (2008). The Positive Impact of Social and Emotional Learning for Kindergarten to Eighth-Grade Students: Findings from Three Scientific Reviews. Technical Report. Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning (NJ1).
Peabody, D., & de Raad, B. (2002). The substantive nature of psycholexical personality factors: A comparison across languages. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 983–997.
Perugini, M., & Gallucci, M. (1997). A hierarchical faceted model of the Big Five. European Journal of Personality, 11, 279–301.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated learning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33–40.
Poropat, A. E. (2009). A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 322–338.
Pottebaum, S. M., Keith, T. Z., & Ehly, S. W. (1986). Is there a causal relation between self-concept and academic achievement? Journal of Educational Research, 79, 140–144.
Preckel, F., Holling, H., & Vock, M. (2006). Academic underachievement: Relationship with cognitive motivation, achievement motivation, and conscientiousness. Psychology in the Schools, 43, 401–411.
Prins, P. J. M., Groot, M. J. M., & Hanewald, G. J. (1994). Cognition in test-anxious children: The role of on-task and copying cognition reconsidered. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 404–409.
Richardson, M., Abraham, C., & Bond, R. (2012). Psychological correlates of university students’ academic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 353–387.
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 1–25.
Robbins, S. B., Lauver, K., Le, H., Davis, D., Langley, R., & Carlstrom, A. (2004). Do psychosocial and study skill factors predict college outcomes? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 261–288.
Robert, R. D., Martin, J., & Olaru, G. (2015). The Big Five personality factors as the Rosetta Stone for understanding, assessing, and enhancing noncognitive skills in K-12 education worldwide. New York: Asia Society.
Roberts, B. W., Bogg, T., Walton, K. E., Chernyshenko, O. S., & Stark, S. E. (2004). A lexical investigation of the lower-order structure of conscientiousness. Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 164–178.
Roberts, B. W., Chernyshenko, O. S., Stark, S. E., & Goldberg, L. R. (2005). The structure of conscientiousness: An empirical investigation based on seven major personality questionnaires. Personnel Psychology, 58, 103–139.
Roberts, R. D., Krause, H., & Suk-Lee, L. (2001). Australian time organization and management scales. Unpublished Inventory: University of Sydney.
Roberts, R. D., & Kyllonen, P. C. (1999). Morningness-eveningness and intelligence: Early to bed, early to rise will likely make you anything but wise. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 1123–1133.
Robins, R. W., Tracy, J. L., Trzesniewski, K., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. (2001). Personality correlates of self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 35, 463–482.
Runco, M. A., & Jaeger, G. J. (2012). The standard definition of creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 24, 92–96.
Sadowski, C. J., & Gulgoz, S. (1992). Association of need for cognition and course performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 498.
Saucier, G., & Ostendorf, F. (1999). Hierarchical subcomponents of the Big Five personality factors: A cross-language replication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 613–627.
Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. (2004). General mental ability in the world of work: Occupational attainment and job performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 162–173.
Schunk, D. H. (1990). Goal setting and self-efficacy during self-regulated learning. Educational Psychologist, 25, 71–86.
Seipp, B. (1991). Anxiety and academic performance: A meta-analysis of findings. Anxiety Research, 4, 27–41.
Selfhout, M., Burk, W., Branje, S., Denissen, J., Van Aken, M., & Meeus, W. (2010). Emerging late adolescent friendship networks and Big Five personality traits: A social network approach. Journal of Personality, 78, 509–538.
Shute, V. J., Ventura, M., Kim, Y. J., & Wang, L. (2014). Video games and learning. In W. G. Tierney, Z. Corwin, T. Fullerton, & G. Ragusa (Eds.), Postsecondary play: The role of games and social media in higher education (pp. 217–235). Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
Soto, C. J., John, O. P., Gosling, S. D., & Potter, J. (2011). Age differences in personality traits from 10 to 65: Big Five domains and facets in a large cross-sectional sample. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 330–348.
Stark, S., Chernyshenko, O. S., Drasgow, F., & White, L. A. (2012). Adaptive testing with multidimensional pairwise preference items: Improving the efficiency of personality and other noncognitive assessments. Organizational Research Methods, 15, 463–487.
Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2008). Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 138–161.
Tough, P. (2011). What if the secret to success is failure? The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/18/magazine/what-if-the-secret-to-success-is-failure.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all
Tough, P. (2012). How children succeed: Grit, curiosity, and the hidden power of character. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing.
Tupes, E. C, & Christal, R. E. (1961). Recurrent personality factors based on trait ratings (Tech. Rep. No. ASD-TR-61-97). Lackland Air Force Base, TX: U.S. Air Force.
Vollrath, M., & Torgersen, S. (2002). Who takes health risks? A probe into eight personality types. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1185–1197.
von Stumm, S., Hell, B., & Chamorro-Premuzic, T. (2011). The hungry mind intellectual curiosity is the third pillar of academic performance. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 574–588.
Wang, L., MacCann, C., Zhuang, X., Liu, O. L., & Roberts, R. D. (2009). Assessing teamwork and collaboration in high school students: A multimethod approach. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 24, 108–124.
Woo, E. S., Harms, P. D., & Kuncel, N. R. (2007). Integrating personality and intelligence: Typical intellectual engagement and need for cognition. Personality and Individual Differences, 43, 1635–1639.
Wylie, R. C. (1979). The self-concept: Vol. 2. Theory and research on selected topics. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Zacharatos, A., Barling, J., & Kelloway, E. K. (2000). Development and effects of transformational leadership in adolescents. The Leadership Quarterly, 11, 211–226.
Ziegler, M., MacCann, C., & Roberts, R. (Eds.). (2011). New perspectives on faking in personality assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1990). Self-regulated learning and academic achievement: An overview. Educational Psychologist, 25, 3–17.
Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects. American Educational Research Journal, 45, 166–183.
Zimmerman, B. J., Bandura, A., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1992). Self-motivation for academic attainment: The role of self-efficacy beliefs and personal goal setting. American Educational Research Journal, 29, 663–676.
Zimmerman, M. A., Copeland, L. A., Shope, J. T., & Dielman, T. E. (1997). A longitudinal study of self-esteem: Implications for adolescent development. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 117–141.
Acknowledgment
All statements expressed in this article are the author’s and do not reflect the official opinions or policies of ProExam or Educational Testing Service. Correspondence concerning this chapter should be directed to the first author.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Burrus, J., Brenneman, M. (2016). Psychosocial Skills: Essential Components of Development and Achievement in K-12. In: Lipnevich, A., Preckel, F., Roberts, R. (eds) Psychosocial Skills and School Systems in the 21st Century. The Springer Series on Human Exceptionality. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28606-8_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28604-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28606-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)