Abstract
Heat pipes are highly effective passive devices designed to transfer large quantities of heat through a small cross-sectional area over considerable distances, while operating nearly isothermally. Heat pipes are composed of a sealed container, lined internally with a wick and filled partially with a working fluid. Heat pipes are liquid-vapor phase change devices that can transfer heat from a hot source to a cold source through capillary forces generated by the flow of liquid in a wick or other porous media. To accomplish this, heat pipes take advantage of the latent heat of an internal working fluid to transfer heat.
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Abbreviations
- A :
-
Area (m2)
- A b :
-
Bare condenser/evaporator surface area exposed (m2)
- A c,f :
-
Inner surface area of the liquid film in the condenser (m2)
- A t :
-
Total surface area of the condenser/evaporator section exposed (m2)
- A w :
-
Cross-sectional area of the wick (m2)
- c p :
-
Specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg∙K)
- c v :
-
Specific heat at constant volume (J/kg∙K)
- D :
-
Diameter (m)
- D h :
-
Hydraulic diameter (m)
- d :
-
Screen wick wire diameter (m)
- F l :
-
Liquid fractional coefficient Fl = μl/(ρl Aw K hfg)
- F v :
-
Vapor fractional coefficient \( {F}_v=\left({fRe}_{z,v}\right){\mu}_v/2{R}_v^2{A}_v{\rho}_v{h}_{fg} \)
- f :
-
Ergun coefficient
- g :
-
Gravitational acceleration (m/s2)
- h :
-
Heat transfer coefficient (W/ m2∙K)
- h f :
-
Heat transfer coefficient of the liquid film (W/ m2∙K)
- h c,f,r :
-
Heat transfer coefficient of internal liquid film in thermosyphon (W/ m2∙K)
- h fg :
-
Latent heat of vaporization (kJ/kg)
- HP:
-
Heat pipe
- i :
-
Enthalpy (kJ)
- K :
-
Wick permeability (m2)
- k :
-
Thermal conductivity (W/m∙K)
- L :
-
Length (m)
- \( \dot{m} \) :
-
Mass flow rate (kg/s)
- n :
-
Unit vector
- N :
-
Mesh number
- p :
-
Pressure (Pa)
- p atm :
-
Atmospheric pressure (Pa)
- Pr :
-
Prandtl number
- Δp:
-
Pressure difference (Pa)
- p e, δ :
-
Pressure drop due to interfacial evaporation (Pa)
- p c, δ :
-
Pressure drop due to interfacial condensation (Pa)
- p g :
-
Pressure change due to gravitational effects (Pa)
- Q :
-
Heat transfer rate (W)
- Q a :
-
Axial heat flow through the adiabatic section (W)
- Q boiling :
-
Boiling heat transfer limit (W)
- Q ent :
-
Entrainment heat transfer limit for conventional heat pipes (W)
- Q flooding :
-
Flooding heat transfer limit for thermosyphons (W)
- Q sonic :
-
Sonic heat transfer limit (W)
- q” :
-
Heat flux (W/m2)
- R :
-
Radius (m)/thermal resistance (°C/W, K/W)
- R b :
-
Effective bubble radius (m)
- R c, f, r :
-
Radial thermal resistance due to liquid film (°C/W, K/W)
- R e, f, r :
-
Effective internal thermal resistance of the evaporator (°C/W, K/W)
- R i :
-
Inner radius of the heat pipe (m)
- R h, w :
-
Hydraulic radius of the wick surface pore (m)
- Re :
-
Reynolds number
- Re d :
-
Reynolds number based on bare heat pipe diameter
- Re z, v :
-
Axial vapor Reynolds Number
- R g :
-
Specific gas constant (J/kg∙K)
- r :
-
Radius (m)
- r eff :
-
Effective pore radius (m)
- t :
-
Time (s)/thickness (m)
- T :
-
Temperature (°C)
- \( \overline{T} \) :
-
Average temperature (°C)
- T 0 :
-
Temperature at the evaporator end cap (K)
- ΔT:
-
Temperature difference (°C)
- TS:
-
Thermosyphon
- V :
-
Velocity (m/s)/Volume (m3)
- V :
-
Velocity vector (m/s)
- v :
-
Specific volume (m3/kg)
- z :
-
Coordinate direction (m)
- 〈〉:
-
Averaged over the volume
- 〈〉f:
-
Averaged over the volume of the fluid
- α :
-
Accommodation coefficient
- φ :
-
Porosity
- θ :
-
Inclination angle of the heat pipe relative to the horizontal
- μ :
-
Viscosity (Pa∙s)
- ρ :
-
Density (kg/m3)
- ρ 0 :
-
Density at the evaporator end cap (kg/m3)
- σ :
-
Surface tension (N/m)
- τ :
-
Stress tensor
- ϕ :
-
Viscous heating (W/m3)
- a :
-
Adiabatic
- ax :
-
Axial
- b :
-
Bare (nonfinned HP or TS)
- c :
-
Condenser
- cap:
-
Capillary
- cold:
-
Cold
- e :
-
Evaporator
- eff:
-
Effective
- ex :
-
External (outside HP/TS)
- f :
-
Film, fin, fluid
- fg :
-
Liquid-vapor
- g :
-
Gravity
- hot:
-
Hot
- HP:
-
Heat pipe
- i :
-
Inner/inlet
- in :
-
Internal (inside HP/TS)
- inter:
-
Interfacial
- l :
-
Liquid
- max:
-
Maximum
- o :
-
Outer/outlet
- p :
-
Liquid pool
- r :
-
Radial
- s :
-
Solid
- tot:
-
Total
- TS:
-
Thermosyphon
- w :
-
Wick/wall
- wk. :
-
Wick
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Faghri, A. (2018). Heat Pipes and Thermosyphons. In: Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26695-4_52
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