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Heat Pipes and Thermosyphons

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Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering

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Abstract

Heat pipes are highly effective passive devices designed to transfer large quantities of heat through a small cross-sectional area over considerable distances, while operating nearly isothermally. Heat pipes are composed of a sealed container, lined internally with a wick and filled partially with a working fluid. Heat pipes are liquid-vapor phase change devices that can transfer heat from a hot source to a cold source through capillary forces generated by the flow of liquid in a wick or other porous media. To accomplish this, heat pipes take advantage of the latent heat of an internal working fluid to transfer heat.

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Abbreviations

A :

Area (m2)

A b :

Bare condenser/evaporator surface area exposed (m2)

A c,f :

Inner surface area of the liquid film in the condenser (m2)

A t :

Total surface area of the condenser/evaporator section exposed (m2)

A w :

Cross-sectional area of the wick (m2)

c p :

Specific heat at constant pressure (J/kg∙K)

c v :

Specific heat at constant volume (J/kg∙K)

D :

Diameter (m)

D h :

Hydraulic diameter (m)

d :

Screen wick wire diameter (m)

F l :

Liquid fractional coefficient F l  = μ l /(ρ l A w K h fg )

F v :

Vapor fractional coefficient \( {F}_v=\left({fRe}_{z,v}\right){\mu}_v/2{R}_v^2{A}_v{\rho}_v{h}_{fg} \)

f :

Ergun coefficient

g :

Gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

h :

Heat transfer coefficient (W/ m2∙K)

h f :

Heat transfer coefficient of the liquid film (W/ m2∙K)

h c,f,r :

Heat transfer coefficient of internal liquid film in thermosyphon (W/ m2∙K)

h fg :

Latent heat of vaporization (kJ/kg)

HP:

Heat pipe

i :

Enthalpy (kJ)

K :

Wick permeability (m2)

k :

Thermal conductivity (W/m∙K)

L :

Length (m)

\( \dot{m} \) :

Mass flow rate (kg/s)

n :

Unit vector

N :

Mesh number

p :

Pressure (Pa)

p atm :

Atmospheric pressure (Pa)

Pr :

Prandtl number

Δp :

Pressure difference (Pa)

p e, δ :

Pressure drop due to interfacial evaporation (Pa)

p c, δ :

Pressure drop due to interfacial condensation (Pa)

p g :

Pressure change due to gravitational effects (Pa)

Q :

Heat transfer rate (W)

Q a :

Axial heat flow through the adiabatic section (W)

Q boiling :

Boiling heat transfer limit (W)

Q ent :

Entrainment heat transfer limit for conventional heat pipes (W)

Q flooding :

Flooding heat transfer limit for thermosyphons (W)

Q sonic :

Sonic heat transfer limit (W)

q” :

Heat flux (W/m2)

R :

Radius (m)/thermal resistance (°C/W, K/W)

R b :

Effective bubble radius (m)

R c, f, r :

Radial thermal resistance due to liquid film (°C/W, K/W)

R e, f, r :

Effective internal thermal resistance of the evaporator (°C/W, K/W)

R i :

Inner radius of the heat pipe (m)

R h, w :

Hydraulic radius of the wick surface pore (m)

Re :

Reynolds number

Re d :

Reynolds number based on bare heat pipe diameter

Re z, v :

Axial vapor Reynolds Number

R g :

Specific gas constant (J/kg∙K)

r :

Radius (m)

r eff :

Effective pore radius (m)

t :

Time (s)/thickness (m)

T :

Temperature (°C)

\( \overline{T} \) :

Average temperature (°C)

T 0 :

Temperature at the evaporator end cap (K)

ΔT :

Temperature difference (°C)

TS:

Thermosyphon

V :

Velocity (m/s)/Volume (m3)

V :

Velocity vector (m/s)

v :

Specific volume (m3/kg)

z :

Coordinate direction (m)

〈〉:

Averaged over the volume

〈〉 f :

Averaged over the volume of the fluid

α :

Accommodation coefficient

φ :

Porosity

θ :

Inclination angle of the heat pipe relative to the horizontal

μ :

Viscosity (Pa∙s)

ρ :

Density (kg/m3)

ρ 0 :

Density at the evaporator end cap (kg/m3)

σ :

Surface tension (N/m)

τ :

Stress tensor

ϕ :

Viscous heating (W/m3)

a :

Adiabatic

ax :

Axial

b :

Bare (nonfinned HP or TS)

c :

Condenser

cap:

Capillary

cold:

Cold

e :

Evaporator

eff:

Effective

ex :

External (outside HP/TS)

f :

Film, fin, fluid

fg :

Liquid-vapor

g :

Gravity

hot:

Hot

HP:

Heat pipe

i :

Inner/inlet

in :

Internal (inside HP/TS)

inter:

Interfacial

l :

Liquid

max:

Maximum

o :

Outer/outlet

p :

Liquid pool

r :

Radial

s :

Solid

tot:

Total

TS:

Thermosyphon

w :

Wick/wall

wk. :

Wick

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Amir Faghri

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  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

    Francis A. Kulacki

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  1. Politecnica/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro,, Rio de Janeiro, Brasília, Brazil

    Renato Cotta

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California, USA

    Kambiz Vafai

  3. Herff College of Engineering, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

    Sumanta Acharya

  4. Gas Technology Institute, Illinois, Illinois, USA

    Yaroslav Chudnovsky

  5. Rm 8260, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    Javad Mostaghimi

  6. Cekmeköy Campus, Özyegin University, Çekmeköy - Istanbul, Turkey

    Pinar Mengüc

  7. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Vijay K. Dhir

  8. Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, 48-121 E4, Box 951597, 900095-1597, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Vijay K. Dhir

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Faghri, A. (2017). Heat Pipes and Thermosyphons. In: Kulacki, F. (eds) Handbook of Thermal Science and Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32003-8_52-1

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