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Soil Moisture and Biogeochemical Factors Influence the Distribution of Annual Bromus Species

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Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US

Part of the book series: Springer Series on Environmental Management ((SSEM))

Abstract

Abiotic factors have a strong influence on where annual Bromus species are found. At the large regional scale, temperature and precipitation extremes determine the boundaries of Bromus occurrence. At the more local scale, soil characteristics and climate influence distribution, cover, and performance. In hot, dry, summer-rainfall-dominated deserts (Sonoran, Chihuahuan), little or no Bromus is found, likely due to timing or amount of soil moisture relative to Bromus phenology. In hot, winter-rainfall-dominated deserts (parts of the Mojave Desert), Bromus rubens is widespread and correlated with high phosphorus availability. It also responds positively to additions of nitrogen alone or with phosphorus. On the Colorado Plateau, with higher soil moisture availability, factors limiting Bromus tectorum populations vary with life stage: phosphorus and water limit germination, potassium and the potassium/magnesium ratio affect winter performance, and water and potassium/magnesium affect spring performance. Controlling nutrients also change with elevation. In cooler deserts with winter precipitation (Great Basin, Columbia Plateau) and thus even greater soil moisture availability, B. tectorum populations are controlled by nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium. Experimental nitrogen additions stimulate Bromus performance. The reason for different nutrients limiting in dissimilar climatic regions is not known, but it is likely that site conditions such as soil texture (as it affects water and nutrient availability), organic matter, and/or chemistry interact in a manner that regulates nutrient availability and limitations. Under future drier, hotter conditions, Bromus distribution is likely to change due to changes in the interaction between moisture and nutrient availability.

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Acknowledgments

Funding for JB was provided by USGS Ecosystems and the Climate and Land Use Program and for EA, the National Park Service PMIS No. 72123 and National Science Foundation DEB 04-21530. Patti Haggerty helped with graphics. Any use of trade names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. US Geological Survey, Southwest Biological Science Center, Moab, UT, 84532, USA

    Jayne Belnap

  2. Department of Biology, and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-5305, USA

    John M. Stark

  3. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Aiken, SC, 29803, USA

    Benjamin M. Rau

  4. Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA

    Edith B. Allen

  5. US Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Center, Corvallis, OR, 97330-6169, USA

    Susan Phillips

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  1. Jayne Belnap
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  5. Susan Phillips
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Correspondence to Jayne Belnap .

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  1. US Geological Survey, Boise, Idaho, USA

    Matthew J. Germino

  2. Rocky Mountain Experimental Station, US Forest Service, Reno, Nevada, USA

    Jeanne C. Chambers

  3. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA

    Cynthia S. Brown

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Belnap, J., Stark, J.M., Rau, B.M., Allen, E.B., Phillips, S. (2016). Soil Moisture and Biogeochemical Factors Influence the Distribution of Annual Bromus Species. In: Germino, M., Chambers, J., Brown, C. (eds) Exotic Brome-Grasses in Arid and Semiarid Ecosystems of the Western US. Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24930-8_8

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