Abstract
To increase the production of food by a minimum of 70 % for the next decades is a big challenge. There is an urgent need to eradicate the hunger of an increasing human population, which is becoming disturbing because of climate change, decreasing water resources, a decline of arable land, and by the serious health and environmental hazard due to the use of agrochemicals. Increased production of quality food with low input is deemed to be a very fascinating option. On the other hand, the limitation of variations in plant crops, especially staple crops, limits the options of uncovering new alleles of genes. Hence, new variations among plant crops with new gene combinations and induced mutation is the better option thus far. Induced mutation uncovers the new combination of genes that result in a new breed with superior traits to the parents. In addition to that, cell and molecular biology methods are increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of mutation induction and detection of novel alleles of genes. Different mutagens mainly include physical and chemical mutagens and are now being applied by researchers for plant mutagenesis. This chapter reviews the methodology of mutation induction, mutagens that are being used for this purpose, and how they help us to improve the crop.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adamu A, Aliyu H (2007) Morphogical effects of sodium azide on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Sci World J 2(4):9–12
Adegoke J (1984) Bridge induction by sodium azide in Allium cepa Nig. J Genet 5:86
Ahloowalia BS, Maluszynski M (2001) Induced mutations – a new paradigm in plant breeding. Euphytica 118:167–173
Ahoowalia B (1967) Colchicine induced in polyploids in ryegrass Lolium perenne. L Euphytica 16:49–60
Al-Qurainy F, Khan S (2009) Mutagenic effects of sodium azide and its application in crop improvement. World Appl Sci J 6(12):1589–1601
Ando A, Montalván R (2001) Gamma-ray radiation and sodium azide (NaN3) mutagenic efficiency in rice. Crop Breed Appl Biotechnol 1(4):339–346
Anonymous (1995) Bureau of economic and agricultural statistics. Bangkok
Arenaz P, Hallberg L, Mancillas F, Gutierrez G, Garcia S (1989) Sodium azide mutagenesis in mammals: inability of mammalian cells to convert azide to a mutagenic intermediate. Mutat Res Lett 227(1):63–67
Auerbach C, Robson JM (1946a) Chemical production of mutations. Nature 157(3984):302
Auerbach C, Robson JM (1946b) The production of mutations by chemical substances. Proc R Soc Edinb B Biol 62:271–283
Auerbach C, Robson J (1947) Tests of chemical substances for mutagenic action. Proc R Soc Edinb B Biol 62:284
Barro F, Fernandez-Escobar J, De La Vega M, Martin A (2001) Doubled haploid lines of Brassica carinata with modified erucic acid content through mutagenesis by EMS treatment of isolated microspores. Plant Breed 120(3):262–264
Barro F, Fernandez-Escobar J, De la Vega M, Martin A (2003) Modification of glucosinolate and erucic acid contents in doubled haploid lines of Brassica carinata by UV treatment of isolated microspores. Euphytica 129(1):1–6
Beddington J, Asaduzzaman M, Fernandez A, Clark M, Guillou M, Jahn M, Erda L, Mamo T, Van BN, Nobre C (2011) Achieving food security in the face of climate change: summary for policy makers from the Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change
Benedict JH, Altman DW (2001) Commercialization of transgenic cotton expressing insecticidal crystal protein. Genetic improvement of cotton USDA-ARS. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, pp 136–201
Bhattacharyya MK, Smith AM, Ellis T, Hedley C, Martin C (1990) The wrinkled-seed character of pea described by Mendel is caused by a transposon-like insertion in a gene encoding starch-branching enzyme. Cell 60(1):115–122
Blixt S (1972) Mutation genetics in Pisum. Agri Hortique Genetica 30:1–293
Bregitzer P, Zhang S, Cho MJ, Lemaux PG (2002) Reduced somaclonal variation in barley is associated with culturing highly differentiated, meristematic tissues. Crop Sci 42:1303–1308
Caldwell DG, McCallum N, Shaw P, Muehlbauer GJ, Marshall DF, Waugh R (2004) A structured mutant population for forward and reverse genetics in Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant J 40(1):143–150
Castillo AM, Cistue L, Valles MP, Sanz JM, Romagosa I, Molina-Cano JL (2001) Efficient production of androgenic doubled-haploid mutants in barley by the application of sodium azide to anther and microspore cultures. Plant Cell Rep 20(2):105–111
Chakrabarti SN (1995) Mutation breeding in India with particular reference to PNR rice varieties. J Nucl Agric Biol 24:73–82
Chaudhury AM, Ming L, Miller C, Craig S, Dennis ES, Peacock WJ (1997) Fertilization-independent seed development in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94(8):4223–4228
Chawade A, Sikora P, Bräutigam M, Larsson M, Vivekanand V, Nakash MA, Chen T, Olsson O (2010) Development and characterization of an oat TILLING-population and identification of mutations in lignin and β-glucan biosynthesis genes. BMC Plant Biol 10(1):86
Chopra V (2005) Mutagenesis: investigating the process and processing the outcome for crop improvement. Curr Sci 89(2):353–359
Creech RG (1965) Genetic control of carbohydrate synthesis in maize endosperm. Genetics 52(6):1175–1186
Dribnenki J, Green A, Atlin G (1996) Linola™ 989 low linolenic flax. Can J Plant Sci 76(2):329–331
Elise S, Etienne-Pascal J, de Fernanda C-N, Gérard D, Julia F (2005) The Medicago truncatula SUNN gene encodes a CLV1-like leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase that regulates nodule number and root length. Plant Mol Biol 58(6):809–822
FAO-IAEA (2011) Mutant variety database. http://mvgs.iaea.org/AboutMutantVarieties.aspx
Ferrie AMR (1999) Combining microspores and mutagenesis. In: PBI Bulletin National Research. Council of Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
Ganesan M, Jayabalan N (2004) Evaluation of haemoglobin (erythrogen): for improved somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. SVPR 2). Plant Cell Rep 23(4):181–187
Giroux MJ, Morris CF (1998) Wheat grain hardness results from highly conserved mutations in the friabilin components puroindoline a and b. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95(11):6262–6266
Grant WF, Salamone MF (1994) Comparative mutagenicity of chemicals selected for test in the International Program on chemical safety's collaborative study on plant systems for the detection of environmental mutagens. Mutat Res 310(2):187–209
Green A (1986) A mutant genotype of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) containing very low levels of linolenic acid in its seed oil. Can J Plant Sci 66(3):499–503
Hannah C, Giroux M, Boyer C (1993) Biotechnological modification of carbohydrates for sweet corn and maize improvement. Sci Hortic 55:177–197
Hase Y, Shimono K, Inoue M, Tanaka A, Watanabe H (1999) Biological effects of ion beams in Nicotiana tabacum L. Radiat Environ Biophys 38(2):111–115
He Y, Wan GL, Jin ZL, Xu L, Tang GX, Zhou WJ (2007) Mutagenic treatments of cotyledons for in vitro plant regeneration in oilseed rape. In: GCIRC Proceedings of the 12th international rapeseed congress, vol II, GCIRC, Wuhan (China), Science Press, Monmouth Junction, NJ, pp 54–57
Hertel TW, Burke MB, Lobell DB (2010) The poverty implications of climate-induced crop yield changes by 2030. Glob Environ Chang 20(4):577–585
Hofmann NE, Raja R, Nelson RL, Korban SS (2004) Mutagenesis of embryogenic cultures of soybean and detecting polymorphisms using RAPD markers. Biol Plant 48(2):173–177
IAEA (1977) Technical report series No. 119, 289 pp. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
Iqbal MCM, Mollers C, Robbelen G (1994) Increased embryogenesis after colchicine treatment of microspore cultures of Brassica napus L. J Plant Physiol 143:222–226
Jayabalan N, Anthony P, Davey M, Power J, Lowe K (2004) Hemoglobin promotes somatic embryogenesis in peanut cultures. Artif Cells Blood Substit Biotechnol 32(1):149–157
Jia C, Li A (2008) Effect of gamma radiation on mutant induction of Fagopyrum dibotrys Hara. Photosynthetica 46(3):363–369
Jones JA, Starkey JR, Kleinhofs A (1980) Toxicity and mutagenicity of sodium azide in mammalian cell cultures. Mutat Res 77(3):293–299
Joseph R, Yeoh HH, Loh CS (2004) Induced mutations in cassava using somatic embryos and the identification of mutant plants with altered starch yield and composition. Plant Cell Rep 23(1–2):91–98
Kaul M, Bhan A (1977) Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency of EMS, DES and gamma-rays in rice. Theor Appl Genet 50(5):241–246
Khan S, Goyal S (2009) Improvement of mungbean varieties through induced mutations. African J Plant Sci 3(8):174–180
Khan S, Al-Qurainy F, Anwar F (2009) Sodium azide: a chemical mutagen for enhancement of agronomic traits of crop plants. Environ Int J Sci Technol 4:1–21
Kharkwal M, Shu Q (2009) The role of induced mutations in world food security. In: Shu QY (ed) Induced plant mutations in the genomics era. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, pp 33–38
Kihlman B (1959) The effect of respiratory inhibitors and chelating agents on the frequencies of chromosomal aberrations produced by X-rays in Vicia. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 5(3):479–490
Kleinhofs A, Sander C, Nilan R, Konzak C (1974) Azide mutagenicity – mechanism and nature of mutants produced. Polyploidy and induced mutations in plant breeding proceedings
Kleinhofs A, Owais W, Nilan R (1978) Azide. Mutat Res 55(3):165–195
Konzak CF, Wickham IM, Dekock M (1972) Advances in methods of mutagen treatment. Induced Mutations and Plant Improvement 1970
Kopecky D, Vagera J (2005) The use of mutagens to increase the efficiency of the androgenic progeny production in Solanum nigrum. Biol Plant 49(2):181–186
Kott LS (1996) Production of mutants using the rapeseed doubled haploid system. In: Induced Mutation and Molecular Techniques for Crop improvement. IAEA/FAO Proceedings of an international symposium on the use of induced mutations and molecular techniques for crop improvement, Vienne, Austria, pp 505–515
Krusell L, Madsen LH, Sato S, Aubert G, Genua A, Szczyglowski K, Duc G, Kaneko T, Tabata S, de Bruijn F (2002) Shoot control of root development and nodulation is mediated by a receptor-like kinase. Nature 420(6914):422–426
Latado RR, Adames AH, Neto AT (2004) In vitro mutation of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandifl ora Tzvelev) with ethylmethanesulphonate (EMS) in immature fl oral pedicels. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 77(1):103–106
Lee JH, Lee SY (2002) Selection of stable mutants from cultured rice anthers treated with ethyl methane sulfonic acid. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 71(2):165–171
Leyser O (1997) Auxins: lessons from a mutant weed. Physiol Plant 100:407–414
Li HZ, Zhou WJ, Zhang ZJ, Gu HH, Takeuchi Y, Yoneyama K (2005) Effect of gamma radiation on development, yield and quality of microtubers in vitro in Solanum tuberosum L. Biol Plant 49(4):625–628
Love S, Baker T, Thompson‐Johns A, Werner B (1996) Induced mutations for reduced tuber glycoalkaloid content in potatoes. Plant Breed 115(2):119–122
Lundqvist U (1992) Mutation research in barley. Sveriges Lantbruksuniv, Uppsala
MacLeod MR (1994) Analysis of an allelic series of mutants at the r locus of pea. PhD Thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich
Magori S, Tanaka A, Kawaguchi M (2010) Physically induced mutation: ion beam mutagenesis. In: Meksem K, Kahl G (eds) The handbook of plant mutation. Wiley-Blackwell-VCH. ISBN: 978-3-527-32604-4
Mahandjiev A, Kosturkova G, Mihov M (2001) Enrichment of Pisum sativum gene resources through combined use of physical and chemical mutagens. Israel J Plant Sci 49(4):279–284
Maherchandani N (1975) Effects of gamma radiation on the dormant seed of Avena fatu L. Radiat Bot 15(4):439–443
Maluszynski M (1990) Induced mutations—an integrating tool in genetics and plant breeding. In: Gene manipulation in plant improvement II. Springer, pp 127–162
Maluszynski KN, Zanten LV, Ahlowalia BS (2000) Officially released mutant varieties, The FAO/IAEA Database. Mutat Breed Rev 12:1–12
Mba C (2013) Induced Mutations Unleash the Potentials of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Agronomy 3(1):200–231. doi:10.3390/agronomy3010200
Mba C, Shu Q (2012) Gamma irradiation. In: Shu Q, Forster BP, Nakagawa H (eds) Plant mutation breeding and biotechnology. CABI, Oxfordshire, pp 91–98
Mba C, Afza R, Jain SM, et al. (2007) Induced Mutations for Enhancing Salinity Tolerance in Rice. In: Jenks MA, Hasegawa PM, Jain SM (eds) Advances in molecular breeding towards drought and salt tolerant crops. Springer, Berlin, pp 413–454
Mba C, Afza R, Bado S, Jain SM (2010) Induced mutagenesis in plants using physical and chemical agents. In: Davey MR, Anthony P (eds) Plant cell culture: essential methods. Wiley, New York. ISBN 978-0-470-68648-5
Mba C, Afza R, Shu Q, Shu Q, Forster B, Nakagawa H (2012a) Mutagenic radiations: X-rays, ionizing particles and ultraviolet. In: Shu Q, Forster BP, Nakagawa H (eds) Plant mutation breeding and biotechnology. CABI, Oxfordshire, pp 83–90
Mba C, Guimaraes EP, Ghosh K (2012b) Re-orienting crop improvement for the changing climatic conditions of the 21st century. Agric Food Secur 1:7
Medrano H, Millo EP, Guerri J (1986) Ethyl-methane-sulfonate effects on anther cultures of nicotiana-tabacum. Euphytica 35(1):161–168
Mei M, Deng H, Lu Y, Zhuang C, Liu Z, Qiu Q, Qiu Y, Yang T (1994) Mutagenic effects of heavy ion radiation in plants. Adv Space Res 14(10):363–372
Mei M, Qiu Y, Sun Y, Huang R, Yao J, Zhang Q, Hong M, Ye J (1998) Morphological and molecular changes of maize plants after seeds been flown on recoverablf satellite. Adv Space Res 22(12):1691–1697
Meinke DW (1992) A homoeotic mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana with leafy cotyledons. Science 258(5088):1647–1650
Mendel G (1865) Versuche über Pflanzen-hybriden. Verhandlungen des Naturforsehenden Vereins in Brünn 4:3–47
Mensah J, Akomeah P, Ekpekurede E (2005) Gamma irradiation induced variation of yield parameters in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Global J Pure Appl Sci 11(3)
Merlot S, Giraudat J (1997) Genetic analysis of abscisic acid signal transduction. Plant Physiol 114(3):751–757
Mostafa GG (2011) Effect of sodium azide on the growth and variability induction in Helianthus annuus L. Int J Plant Breed Genet 5:76–85
Mukhopadhyay A, Arumugam N, Sodhi YS, Gupta V, Pradhan AK, Pental D (2007) High frequency production of microspore derived doubled haploid (DH) and its application for developing low glucosinolate lines in Indian Brassica juncea. In: Proceedings of the 12th international rapeseed congress, Wuhan, pp 333–335
Muller HJ (1927) Artificial transmutation of the gene. Science 66:84–87
Nelson O, Pan D (1995) Starch synthesis in maize endosperms. Annu Rev Plant Biol 46(1):475–496
Nelson GC, Rosegrant MW, Koo J, Robertson R, Sulser T, Zhu T, Ringler C, Msangi S, Palazzo A, Batka M (2009) Climate change: impact on agriculture and costs of adaptation, vol 21. The International Food Policy Research Institute
Nilan R, Pearson O (1975) Lack of chromosome breakage by azide in embryonic shoots and microspores of barley. Barley Genet Newsl 5:33–34
Nishimura R, Hayashi M, Wu G-J, Kouchi H, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Murakami Y, Kawasaki S, Akao S, Ohmori M, Nagasawa M (2002) HAR1 mediates systemic regulation of symbiotic organ development. Nature 420(6914):426–429
Oka‐Kira E, Tateno K, Ki M, Haga T, Hayashi M, Harada K, Sato S, Tabata S, Shikazono N, Tanaka A (2005) klavier (klv), a novel hypernodulation mutant of Lotus japonicus affected in vascular tissue organization and floral induction. Plant J 44(3):505–515
Owais W, Kleinhofs A (1988) Metabolic activation of the mutagen azide in biological systems. Mutat Res 197(2):313–323
PICMA (Pharmacia Institute of China Medicine Academy) (1995) Modernization research of Chinese herbal medicine. The Press of Beijing Medicine University, Beijing, pp 156–187
Predieri S, Zimmerman RH (2001) Pear mutagenesis: in vitro treatment with gamma-rays and field selection for productivity and fruit traits. Euphytica 117(3):217–227
Rahman A, Nakasone A, Chhun T, Ooura C, Biswas KK, Uchimiya H, Tsurumi S, Baskin TI, Tanaka A, Oono Y (2006) A small acidic protein 1 (SMAP1) mediates responses of the Arabidopsis root to the synthetic auxin 2, 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Plant J 47(5):788–801
Raicu P, Mixich F (1992) Cytogenetic effects of sodium azide encapsulated in liposomes on heteroploid cell cultures. Mutat Res Lett 283(3):215–219
Rajasekaran K, Grula JW, Anderson DM (1996) Selection and characterization of mutant cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cell lines resistant to sulfonylurea and imidazolinone herbicides. Plant Sci 119(1):115–124
Rao DRM (1977) Relative effectiveness and efficiency of single and combination trataments using gamma-rays and sodiun azide ininducing chlrophyll mutations in rice. Cytologia 42:443–450
Rao MG, Rao VM (1983) Mutagenic efficiency, effectiveness and factor of effectiveness of physical and chemical mutagens in rice. Cytologia 48:427–436
Reddi TS, Rao DRM (1988) Relative effectiveness and efficiency of single and combination treatments using gamma rays and sodium azide in inducing chlorophyll mutations in rice. Cytologia 53:419
Rines H (1985) Sodium azide mutagenesis in diploid and hexaploid oats and comparison with ethyl methanesulfonate treatments. Environ Exp Bot 25(1):7–16
Ringler C, Rosegrant MW, Paisner MS (2000) Irrigation and water resources in Latin America and the Caribbean: Challenges and strategies. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
Ross JJ, Murfet IC, Reid JB (1997) Gibberellin mutants. Physiol Plant 100(3):550–560
Roychowdhury R, Tah J (2011a) Chemical mutagenic action on seed germination and related agro-metrical traits in M1 Dianthus generation. Curr Botany 2(8):19–23
Roychowdhury R, Tah J (2011b) Mutation breeding in Dianthus caryophyllus for economic traits. Electron J Plant Breed 2(2):282–286
Rutger JN (1992) Impact of mutation breeding in rice. A review. Mutat Breed Rev 8:1–24
Schauser L, Handberg K, Sandal N, Stiller J, Thykjaer T, Pajuelo E, Nielsen A, Stougaard J (1998) Symbiotic mutants deficient in nodule establishment identified after T-DNA transformation of Lotus japonicus. Mol Gen Genet MGG 259(4):414–423
Schmülling T, Schäfer S, Romanov G (1997) Cytokinins as regulators of gene expression. Physiol Plant 100(3):505–519
Searle IR, Men AE, Laniya TS, Buzas DM, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Carroll BJ, Gresshoff PM (2003) Long-distance signaling in nodulation directed by a CLAVATA1-like receptor kinase. Science 299(5603):109–112
Sharma JR, Lal RK, Misra HO, Gupta MM, Ram RS (1989) Potential of gemma-radiation enhancing the biosynthesis of tropane alkaloids in black henbane (Hyoscyamus-niger L.). Euphytica 40(3):253–258
Shi SW, Wu JS, Liu HL (1995) In vitro selection of long-pod and dwarf mutants in Brassica napus L. Acta Agric Nucl Sin 9(4):252–253
Shikazono N, Yokota Y, Kitamura S, Suzuki C, Watanabe H, Tano S, Tanaka A (2003) Mutation rate and novel tt mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana induced by carbon ions. Genetics 163(4):1449–1455
Shikazono N, Suzuki C, Kitamura S, Watanabe H, Tano S, Tanaka A (2005) Analysis of mutations induced by carbon ions in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 56(412):587–596
Shimazu T, Kurata K (1999) Relationship between production of carrot somatic embryos and dissolved oxygen concentration in liquid culture. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 57(1):29–38
Siddiqui S, Meghvansi M, Hasan Z (2007) Cytogenetic changes induced by sodium azide (NaN3) on Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seeds. S Afr J Bot 73(4):632–635
Sikora P, Chawade A, Larsson M, Olsson J, Olsson O (2011) Mutagenesis as a tool in plant genetics, functional genomics, and breeding. Int J Plant Genomics 2011:314829. doi:10.1155/2011/314829
Smith S (2008) Intellectual property protection for plant varieties in the 21st century. Crop Sci 48:1277–1290
Stadler L (1928) Mutations in barley induced by x-rays and radium. Science 68(1756):186
Stadler LJ (1930) Some genitic effects of x-rays in plants. J Hered 21(1):3–20
Stadler LJ (1931) The experimental modification of heredity in crop plants: induced chromosomal irregularities. I. Sci Agric 11(557–572):645–661
Stadler L (1932) On the genetic nature of induced mutations in plants, reprinted from the Proceedings of the sixth international congress of genetics, vol 1, p 274
Szczyglowski K, Shaw RS, Wopereis J, Copeland S, Hamburger D, Kasiborski B, Dazzo FB, de Bruijn FJ (1998) Nodule organogenesis and symbiotic mutants of the model legume Lotus japonicus. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 11(7):684–697
Tah PR (2006) Induced macromutation in mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek]. Int J Bot 2(3):219–228
Tanaka A, Shikazono N, Yokota Y, Watanabe H, Tano S (1997) Effects of heavy ions on the germination and survival of Arabidopsis thaliana. Int J Radiat Biol 72(1):121–127
Tester M, Langridge P (2010) Breeding technologies to increase crop production in a changing world. Science 327:818–822
Till BJ, Reynolds SH, Weil C, Springer N, Burtner C, Young K, Bowers E, Codomo CA, Enns LC, Odden AR (2004) Discovery of induced point mutations in maize genes by TILLING. BMC Plant Biol 4(1):12
Till BJ, Cooper J, Tai TH, Colowit P, Greene EA, Henikoff S, Comai L (2007) Discovery of chemically induced mutations in rice by TILLING. BMC Plant Biol 7(1):19
United Nations Organization (1982) United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). 1982 Report to the General Assembly
Vasline A, Vennila S, Ganesan J (2005) Mutation – an alternate source of variability. UGC national seminar on present scenario in plant science research. Department of Botany, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, p 42
Wang T, Uauy C, Till B, Liu CM (2010) TILLING and associated technologies. J Integr Plant Biol 52(11):1027–1030
Wilkinson JQ, Lanahan MB, Clark DG, Bleecker AB, Chang C, Meyerowitz EM, Klee HJ (1997) A dominant mutant receptor from Arabidopsis confers ethylene insensitivity in heterologous plants. Nat Biotechnol 15(5):444–447
Wu J-L, Wu C, Lei C, Baraoidan M, Bordeos A, Madamba M, Suzette R, Ramos-Pamplona M, Mauleon R, Portugal A (2005) Chemical-and irradiation-induced mutants of indica rice IR64 for forward and reverse genetics. Plant Mol Biol 59(1):85–97
Xu L, Najeeb U, Naeem MS, Wan GL, Jin ZL, Khan F, Zhou WJ (2012) In vitro mutagenesis and genetic improvement. Technol Innov Major World Oil Crops 2:151–173. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-0827-7_6
Yabuta T, Sumiki Y (1938) On the crystal of gibberellin, a substance to promote plant growth. J Agric Chem Soc Jpn 14:1526
Yokota Y, Yamada S, Hase Y, Shikazono N, Narumi I, Tanaka A, Inoue M (2007) Initial yields of DNA double-strand breaks and DNA Fragmentation patterns depend on linear energy transfer in tobacco BY-2 protoplasts irradiated with helium, carbon and neon ions. Radiat Res 167(1):94–101
Zaki M, Dickinson H (1991) Microspore-derived embryos in Brassica: the signifi cance of division symmetry in pollen mitosis I to embryogenic development. Sex Plant Reprod 4:48–55
Zhang F, Aoki S, Takahata Y (2003) RAPD markers linked to microspore embryogenic ability in Brassica crops. Euphytica 131:207–213
Zhou WJ, Hagberg P, Tang GX (2002a) Increasing embryogenesis and doubling efficiency by immediate colchicine treatment of isolated microspores in spring Brassica napus. Euphytica 128:27–34
Zhou WJ, Tang GX, Hagberg P (2002b) Efficient production of doubled haploid plants by immediate colchicine treatment of isolated microspores in winter Brassica napus. Plant Growth Regul 37:185–192
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Riaz, A., Gul, A. (2015). Plant Mutagenesis and Crop Improvement. In: Hakeem, K. (eds) Crop Production and Global Environmental Issues. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23162-4_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23162-4_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-23161-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-23162-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)