Abstract
Unprecedented growth of global population along with increasing levels of malnutrition among infants and adults necessitate the immediate research on improving the nutritional quality of major crops. Although sufficient research is in progress towards generating elite varieties capable of withstanding adverse climates without affecting their productivity, less importance has been given to ensure the nutritional properties of these crops. Cereals constitute a major source of staple food to the global population, but the levels of micro- and macro-nutrients in cereals are considerably less when compared to millets. Millets serve as versatile crops with exceptional agronomic traits as well as nutritional characteristics. Unlike cereals, millets are C4 photosynthetic crops with several salient features such as tolerance to broad-spectrum abiotic stresses, adaptation to a wide range of ecological conditions, better survival and productivity in nutrient poor soils and are nutritionally superior to major cereals. In this context, this chapter summarizes the advancements made in the area of crop genomics with emphasis on improvement of the nutritional content of millets. Considering the genetically close-relatedness between millets and cereals, research should focus on investigating the genetics and genomics of nutritional traits in millets and introgress them into cereals using integrated omics approaches.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
AGI Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (2000) Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408:796–815
Al-Babili S, Beyer P (2005) Golden rice – five years on the road – five years to go? Trends Plant Sci 10:565–573
Al-Mssallem IS, Hu S, Zhang X et al (2011) Genome sequence of the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. Nat Commun 4:2274
Argout X, Salse J, Aury JM et al (2011) The genome of Theobroma cacao. Nat Genet 43:101–108
Banks JA, Nishiyama T, Hasebe M et al (2011) The Selaginella genome identifies genetic changes associated with the evolution of vascular plants. Science 332:960–963
Bennetzen JL, Schmutz J, Wang H et al (2012) Reference genome sequence of the model plant Setaria. Nat Biotechnol 30:555–561
Beyer P (2010) Golden rice and ‘golden’ crops for human nutrition. Nat Biotechnol 27:478–481
Bouis HE (2000) Enrichment of food staples through plant breeding: a new strategy for fighting micronutrient malnutrition. Nutrition 16:701–704
Brenchley R, Spannagl M, Pfeifer M et al (2012) Analysis of the bread wheat genome using whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Nature 491:705–710
Burt A, Grainger C, Young JC, Shelp B, Lee E (2010) Impacts of post-harvest handling on carotenoid concentration and composition in high-carotenoid maize (Zea mays L) kernels. J Agric Food Chem 58:8286–8292
Carvalho S, Vasconcelos MW (2013) Producing more with less: strategies and novel technologies for plant-based food biofortification. Food Res Int 54:961–971
Chan AP, Crabtree J, Zhao Q et al (2010) Draft genome sequence of the oilseed species Ricinus communis. Nat Biotechnol 28:951–956
Chen J, Huang Q, Gao D et al (2013) Whole-genome sequencing of Oryza brachyantha reveals mechanisms underlying Oryza genome evolution. Nat Commun 4:1595
Chevreux B, Pfisterer T, Drescher B et al (2004) Using the miraEST assembler for reliable and automated mRNA transcript assembly and SNP detection in sequenced ESTs. Genome Res 14:1147–1159
Conesa A, Götz S, GarcÃa-Gómez JM et al (2005) Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. Bioinforma Appl Note 21:3674–3676
Curie C, Briat JF (2003) Iron transport and signaling in plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 54:183–206
Dassanayake M, Oh DH, Haas JS et al (2011) The genome of the extremophile crucifer Thellungiella parvula. Nat Genet 43:913–918
De Vos RC, Moco S, Lommen A et al (2007) Untargeted large-scale plant metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Nat Protocol 2:778–791
D’Hont A, Denoeud F, Aury JM et al (2012) The banana (Musa acuminata) genome and the evolution of monocotyledonous plants. Nature 488:213–217
Dipti SS (2012) Bioavailability of selected minerals in different processing and cooking methods of rice (Oryza sativa L) in human nutrition. Dissertation, University of the Philippines
FAO Hunger Report (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3027e/i3027e.pdf on November 12, 2014
Fan MS, Zhao FJ, Fairweather-Tait SJ et al (2008) Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years. J Trace Elem Med Biol 22:315–324
Feuillet C, Leach JE, Rogers J et al (2011) Crop genome sequencing: lessons and rationales. Trends Plant Sci 16:77–88
Fukao Y, Ferjani A, Tomioka R et al (2011) iTRAQ analysis reveals mechanisms of growth defects due to excess zinc in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 155:1893–1907
Garcia-Mas J, Benjak A, Sanseverino W et al (2012) The genome of melon (Cucumis melo L.). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:11872–11877
Garvin DF, Welch RM, Finley JW (2006) Historical shifts in the seed mineral micronutrient concentration of US hard red winter wheat germplasm. J Sci Food Agric 86:2213–2220
Goff SA, Ricke D, Lan TH et al (2002) A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). Science 296:92–100
Goto F, Yoshihara T, Saiki H (2000) Iron accumulation and enhanced growth in transgenic lettuce plants expressing the iron-binding protein ferritin. Theor Appl Genet 100:658–664
Gregorio GB, Senadhira D, Htut H et al (2000) Breeding for trace mineral density in rice. Food Nutr Bull 21:382–386
Guo S, Zhang J, Sun H et al (2012) The draft genome of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) and resequencing of 20 diverse accessions. Nat Genet 45:51–58
Gupta S, Kumari K, Das J et al (2011) Development and utilization of novel intron length polymorphic markers in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. Genome 54:586–602
Gupta S, Kumari K, Sahu PP et al (2012) Sequence based novel genomic microsatellite markers for robust genotyping purposes in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. Plant Cell Rep 31:323–337
Gupta S, Kumari K, Muthamilarasan M et al (2013) Development and utilization of novel SSRs in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.]. Plant Breed 132:367–374
Hakala M, Lapveteläinen A, Houpalahti R et al (2003) Effects of varieties and cultivation conditions on the composition of strawberries. J Food Compos Anal 16:67–80
Hirschi KD (2009) Nutrient biofortification of food crops. Annu Rev Nutr 29:401–421
Hu TT, Pattyn P, Bakker EG et al (2011) The Arabidopsis lyrata genome sequence and the basis of rapid genome size change. Nat Genet 43:476–481
Huang S, Li R, Zhang Z et al (2009) The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. Nat Genet 41:1275–1281
Hunter S, Apweiler R, Attwood TK et al (2008) InterPro: the integrative protein signature database. Nucleic Acids Res 37:211–215
Ibarra-Laclette E, Lyons E, Hernández-Guzmán G et al (2013) Architecture and evolution of a minute plant genome. Nature 498:94–98
IBGSC International Barley Genome Sequencing Consortium (2012) A physical, genetic and functional sequence assembly of the barley genome. Nature 491:711–716
IBI International Brachypodium Initiative (2010) Genome sequencing and analysis of the model grass Brachypodium distachyon. Nature 463:763–768
IPGI International Peach Genome Initiative (2013) The high-quality draft genome of peach (Prunus persica) identifies unique patterns of genetic diversity, domestication and genome evolution. Nat Genet 45:487–494
IWGSC International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (2014) A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) genome. Science 345:1251788
Jaillon O, Aury JM, Noel B et al (2007) The grapevine genome sequence suggests ancestral hexaploidization in major angiosperm phyla. Nature 449:463–467
Jia J, Zhao S, Kong X et al (2013) Aegilops tauschii draft genome sequence reveals a gene repertoire for wheat adaptation. Nature 496:91–95
Johnson AAT, Kyriacou B, Callahan DL et al (2011) Constitutive overexpression of the OsNAS gene family reveals single-gene strategies for effective iron- and zinc-biofortification of rice endosperm. PLoS One 6:e24476
Juliano BO (1985) Rice properties and processing. Food Rev Int 1:432–445
Karley AJ, White PJ (2009) Moving cationic minerals to edible tissues: potassium, magnesium, calcium. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:291–298
Khan Y, Yadav A, Suresh BV et al (2014) Comprehensive genome-wide identification and expression profiling of foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.)] miRNAs in response to abiotic stress and development of miRNA database. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 118:279–292
Kim S, Park M, Yeom SI et al (2014) Genome sequence of the hot pepper provides insights into the evolution of pungency in Capsicum species. Nat Genet 46:270–278
Krishnan NM, Pattnaik S, Jain P et al (2012) A draft of the genome and four transcriptomes of a medicinal and pesticidal angiosperm Azadirachta indica. BMC Genomics 13:464
Kumari K, Muthamilarasan M, Misra G et al (2013) Development of eSSR-markers in Setaria italica and their applicability in studying genetic diversity, cross-transferability and comparative mapping in millet and non-millet species. PLoS One 8:e67742
Langmead B, Hansen KD, Leek JT (2010) Cloud-scale RNA-sequencing differential expression analysis with Myrna. Genome Biol 11:R83
Lata C, Gupta S, Prasad M (2013) Foxtail millet: a model crop for genetic and genomic studies in bioenergy grasses. Crit Rev Biotechnol 33:328–343
Li S, Nugroho A, Rocheford T et al (2010) Vitamin A equivalence of the B- carotene in B-carotene-biofortified maize porridge consumed by women. Am J Clin Nutr 92:1105–1112
Liang J, Li Z, Tsuji K et al (2008) Milling characteristics and distribution of phytic acid and zinc in long-, medium-, and short-grain rice. J Cereal Sci 48:83–91
Ling HQ, Zhao S, Liu D (2013) Draft genome of the wheat A-genome progenitor Triticum urartu. Nature 496:87–90
Lyons GH, Judson GJ, Ortiz-Monasterio I et al (2005) Selenium in Australia: selenium status and biofortification of wheat for better health. J Trace Elem Med Biol 19:75–82
Mayer JE, Pfeiffer WH, Bouis P (2008) Biofortified crops to alleviate micronutrient malnutrition. Curr Opin Plant Biol 11:166–170
Ming R, Hou S, Feng Y et al (2008) The draft genome of the transgenic tropical fruit tree papaya (Carica papaya Linnaeus). Nature 452:991–996
Ming R, VanBuren R, Liu Y et al (2013) Genome of the long-living sacred lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.). Genome Biol 14:R41
Morris J, Hawthorne KM, Hotze T et al (2008) Nutritional impact of elevated calcium transport activity in carrots. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:1431–1435
Murray-Kolb LE, Takaiwa F, Goto F et al (2002) Transgenic rice is a source of iron for iron-depleted rats. J Nutr 132:957–960
Muthamilarasan M, Prasad M (2015) Advances in Setaria genomics for genetic improvement of cereals and bioenergy grasses. Theor Appl Genet 128:1–14
Muthamilarasan M, Theriappan P, Prasad M (2013a) Recent advances in crop genomics for ensuring food security. Curr Sci 105:155–158
Muthamilarasan M, Venkata Suresh B, Pandey G et al (2013b) Development of 5123 intron-length polymorphic markers for large-scale genotyping applications in foxtail millet. DNA Res 21:41–52
Muthamilarasan M, Dhaka A, Yadav R, Prasad M (2015) Exploration of millet models for developing nutrient rich graminaceous crops. Plant Sci. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.023
Muzhingi T, Gadaga TH, Siwela AH et al (2011) Yellow maize with high B-carotene is an effective source of vitamin A in healthy Zimbabwean men. Am J Clin Nutr 94:510–519
Namanya P (2011) Towards the Biofortification of banana fruit for enhanced micronutrient content. Dissertation, Queensland University of Technology
Naqvi S, Zhu C, Farre G et al (2009) Transgenic multivitamin corn through biofortification of endosperm with three vitamins representing three distinct metabolic pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:7762–7767
Nystedt B, Street NR, Wetterbom A et al (2013) The Norway spruce genome sequence and conifer genome evolution. Nature 497:579–584
Paine JA, Shipton CA, Chaggar S et al (2005) Improving the nutritional value of Golden Rice through increased pro-vitamin A content. Nat Biotechnol 23:482–487
Palmgren MG, Clemens S, Williams LE et al (2008) Zinc biofortification of cereals: problems and solutions. Trends Plant Sci 13:464–473
Pandey G, Misra G, Kumari K et al (2013) Genome-wide development and use of microsatellite markers for large-scale genotyping applications in foxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.)]. DNA Res 20:197–207
Paterson AH, Bowers JE, Bruggmann R et al (2009) The Sorghum bicolor genome and the diversification of grasses. Nature 457:551–556
Paterson AH, Wendel JF, Gundlach H et al (2012) Repeated polyploidization of Gossypium genomes and the evolution of spinnable cotton fibres. Nature 492:423–427
Peng Z, Lu Y, Li L (2013) The draft genome of the fast-growing non-timber forest species moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla). Nat Genet 45:456–461
Perkins DN, Pappin DJC, Creasy DM et al (1999) Probability based protein identification by searching sequence databases using mass spectrometry data. Electrophoresis 20:3551–3567
PGSC Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium (2011) Genome sequence and analysis of the tuber crop potato. Nature 475:189–195
Rahman AY, Usharraj AO, Misra BB (2013) Draft genome sequence of the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis. BMC Genomics 14:75
Rensing SA, Lang D, Zimmer AD et al (2008) The Physcomitrella genome reveals evolutionary insights into the conquest of land by plants. Science 319:64–69
Rosado JL, Hambidge KM, Miller LV et al (2009) The quantity of zinc absorbed from wheat in adult women is enhanced by biofortification. J Nutr 139:1920–1925
Saltzman A, Birol E, Bouis HE et al (2013) Biofortification: progress toward a more nourishing future. Glob Food Secur 2:9–17
Sato S, Nakamura Y, Kaneko T et al (2008) Genome structure of the legume, Lotus japonicus. DNA Res 15:227–239
Sato S, Hirakawa H, Isobe S et al (2011) Sequence analysis of the genome of an oil-bearing tree, Jatropha curcas L. DNA Res 18:65–76
Schmutz J, Cannon SB, Schlueter J et al (2010) Genome sequence of the palaeopolyploid soybean. Nature 463:178–183
Schnable PS, Ware D, Fulton RS et al (2009) The B73 maize genome: complexity, diversity, and dynamics. Science 326:1112–1115
Shulaev V, Sargent DJ, Crowhurst RN et al (2011) The genome of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca). Nat Genet 43:109–116
Slotte T, Hazzouri KM, Ågren JA et al (2013) The Capsella rubella genome and the genomic consequences of rapid mating system evolution. Nat Genet 45:831–835
Suresh BV, Muthamilarasan M, Mishra G et al (2013) FmMDb: a versatile database of foxtail millet markers for millets and bioenergy grasses research. PLoS One 8:e71418
Tang G, Qin J, Dolnikowski GG et al (2009) Golden rice is an effective source of vitamin A. Am J Clin Nutr 89:1776–1783
TGC Tomato Genome Consortium (2012) The tomato genome sequence provides insights into fleshy fruit evolution. Nature 485:635–641
Tuskan GA, Difazio S, Jansson S et al (2006) The genome of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray). Science 313:1596–1604
van Bakel H, Stout JM, Cote AG et al (2011) The draft genome and transcriptome of Cannabis sativa. Genome Biol 12:R102
Varshney RK, Chen W, Li Y et al (2011) Draft genome sequence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan), an orphan legume crop of resource-poor farmers. Nat Biotechnol 30:83–89
Varshney RK, Song C, Saxena RK et al (2013) Draft genome sequence of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) provides a resource for trait improvement. Nat Biotechnol 31:240–246
Varshney RK, Terauchi R, McCouch SR (2014) Harvesting the promising fruits of genomics: applying genome sequencing technologies to crop breeding. PLoS Biol 12:e1001883
Vasconcelos M, Datta K, Oliva N et al (2003) Enhanced iron and zinc accumulation in transgenic rice with the ferritin gene. Plant Sci 164:371–378
Velasco R, Zharkikh A, Troggio M et al (2007) A high quality draft consensus sequence of the genome of a heterozygous grapevine variety. PLoS One 2:e1326
Velasco R, Zharkikh A, Affourtit J et al (2010) The genome of the domesticated apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.). Nat Genet 42:833–839
Velu G, Ortiz-Monasterio I, Cakmak I et al (2013) Biofortification strategies to increase grain zinc and iron concentrations in wheat. J Cereal Sci. doi:10.1016/jjcs201309001
Wang X, Wang H, Wang J et al (2011) The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species Brassica rapa. Nat Genet 43:1035–1039
Wang K, Wang Z, Li F et al (2012a) The draft genome of a diploid cotton Gossypium raimondii. Nat Genet 44:1098–1103
Wang Z, Hobson N, Galindo L et al (2012b) The genome of flax (Linum usitatissimum) assembled de novo from short shotgun sequence reads. Plant J 72:461–473
White PJ, Broadley MR (2009) Biofortification of crops with seven mineral elements often lacking in human diets – iron, zinc, copper, calcium, magnesium, selenium and iodine. New Phytol 182:49–84
Williams L, Salt DE (2009) The plant ionome coming into focus. Curr Opin Plant Biol 12:247–249
Wóycicki R, Witkowicz J, Gawroński P et al (2011) The genome sequence of the North-European cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) unravels evolutionary adaptation mechanisms in plants. PLoS One 6:e22728
Wu J, Wang Z, Shi Z et al (2013) The genome of the pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). Genome Res 23:396–408
Yadav CB, Bonthala VS, Muthamilarasan M et al (2014a) Genome-wide development of transposable elements-based markers in foxtail millet and construction of an integrated database. DNA Res. doi:10.1093/dnares/dsu039
Yadav CB, Muthamilarasan M, Pandey G et al (2014b) Development of novel microRNA-based genetic markers in foxtail millet for genotyping applications in related grass species. Mol Breed 34:2219–2224
Young ND, Debellé F, Oldroyd GE et al (2011) The Medicago genome provides insight into the evolution of rhizobial symbioses. Nature 480:520–524
Yu J, Hu S, Wang J et al (2002) A draft sequence of the rice genome (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica). Science 296:79–92
Zhang G, Liu X, Quan Z et al (2012a) Genome sequence of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) provides insights into grass evolution and biofuel potential. Nat Biotechnol 30:549–554
Zhang Q, Chen W, Sun L et al (2012b) The genome of Prunus mume. Nat Commun 3:1318
Acknowledgements
Mehanathan Muthamilarasan acknowledges the receipt of a Research Fellowship from University Grants Commission, New Delhi. The authors’ work in the area of millet genomics is supported by the core grant of NIPGR and DBT, Government of India, New Delhi.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Muthamilarasan, M., Prasad, M. (2016). Role of Genomics in Enhancing Nutrition Content of Cereals. In: Al-Khayri, J., Jain, S., Johnson, D. (eds) Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Agronomic, Abiotic and Biotic Stress Traits. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22518-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22518-0_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-22517-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-22518-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)