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Evolutionary Developmental Perspectives on Male Androphilia in Humans

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Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychology

Part of the book series: Evolutionary Psychology ((EVOLPSYCH))

Abstract

Androphilia refers to predominant sexual attraction to adult males, whereas gynephilia refers to predominant sexual attraction to adult females. Male androphilia represents an evolutionary paradox because: (1) it appears to have a genetic component, yet (2) it compromises reproduction, and (3) cross-cultural and archaeological evidence suggest that male–male sexual behavior has persisted for millennia. The manner in which male androphilia is expressed varies cross-culturally. Sex-gender congruent male androphiles occupy the gender role typical of their sex, behave in a relatively masculine manner, and identify as “men.” In contrast, transgender male androphiles often behave in a highly effeminate manner and often identify as neither “men” nor “women.” Both forms are characterized by many of the same biodemographic and developmental correlates, which indicates that they share a common etiological basis despite being different in appearance. Evidence suggests that the transgender form was likely ancestral to the sex-gender congruent form. Research has repeatedly furnished support for the kin selection hypothesis in Samoa where transgender male androphiles (fa’afafine) exhibit elevated avuncular tendencies compared to women and gynephilic men. Several studies also indicate that the avuncular cognition of fa’afafine is more adaptively designed, compared to women and gynephilic men. VanderLaan et al. (J Gay Lesbian Mental Health 15:1–16, 2011b) suggested that traits of elevated childhood separation anxiety in (pre)androphilic boys may be a developmental precursor of an evolved predisposition for prosocial tendencies, particularly kin-directed altruism such as elevated avuncularity. The available evidence is limited, but consistent with this hypothesis.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    These institutionalized religious roles sometimes carry with them the expectation of asceticism, but often this ideal is not realized (e.g., Nanda 1998; Peletz 2009).

  2. 2.

    The fraternal birth order effect refers to the well-established finding that the number of older biological brothers increases the odds of androphilia in later-born males (Blanchard 2004; Bogaert and Skorska 2011).

  3. 3.

    The SCCS provides data related to a subset of the world’s nonindustrial societies and circumvents Galton’s problem (i.e., common cultural derivation and cultural diffusion) when conducting cross-cultural comparisons.

  4. 4.

    In bilateral descent systems, ego’s mother's and father's lineages are equally important for emotional, social, spiritual, and political support, as well as for transfer of property or wealth.

  5. 5.

    In double descent systems, individuals receive some rights and obligations from the father’s side of the family and others from the mother’s side.

  6. 6.

    Ambilineal descent systems are defined as existing when individuals have the option of choosing one of their lineages for membership.

  7. 7.

    According to the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V; American Psychiatric Association 2013), gender dysphoria in children (GDC) is a mental disorder that characterizes individuals who experience dysphoria with respect to their sexed bodies or assigned genders or both. In Western parlance, such individuals are commonly referred to as transsexual or transgender. The full diagnostic criteria for GDC can be found in the DSM-V (American Psychiatric Association 2013). For an entree into the substantial controversy surrounding this diagnosis, see, for example, Bartlett et al. (2000) and Vasey and Bartlett (2007).

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Acknowledgments

We thank Liulauulu Faaleolea Ah Fook, Resitara Apa, Nancy Bartlett, Vester Fido Collins, Alice Dreger, Gardenia Elisaia, Vaosa Epa, Vaasatia Poloma Komiti, Anita Latai, Jean-Baptiste Leca, Tyrone Laurenson, Gaualofa Matalavea, Avau Memea, Sarah Faletoese Su’a, Nella Tavita-Levy, Palanitina Toelupe, Trisha Tuiloma, Avalogo Togi A. Tunupopo, Erin Zelinski, the Kuka family of Savai’i, the Samoan AIDS Foundation, the National University of Samoa, the Samoan Ministry of Health, and the Government of Samoa. We are grateful to all of the individuals who agreed to participate in our studies. We extend special thanks to Alatina Ioelu without whom this research could not have been conducted. Our research on the evolution of male androphilia has taken place over the past decade and has been supported by the University of Lethbridge and a variety of funding agencies. PLV received funding from an Alberta Provincial Government S.T.E.P. Award, an Alberta Innovates Health Solutions (AIHS) Sustainability Fund Grant, a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Catalyst Grant in Methods and Measures for Gender, Sex and Health, three Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada Grants, and a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC) Grant. DPV received funding from a NSERC of Canada Graduate Scholarship-D3, the Sigma Xi Scientific Research Society Grant-in-Aid-of-Research, a Ralph Steinhauer Award of Distinction, an American Psychological Foundation Henry David Travel Grant, and a Sexual Medicine Society of North America Post-Doctoral Fellowship Stipend.

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  1. Department of Psychology, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, T1K 3M4, Lethbridge, AB, Canada

    Paul L. Vasey Ph.D.

  2. Gender Identity Service, Child, Youth and Family Services, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Beamish Family Wing, Intergenerational Wellness Centre, 80 Workman Way, 5th Floor, M6J 1H4, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Doug P. VanderLaan Ph.D.

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Correspondence to Paul L. Vasey Ph.D. .

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  1. Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA

    Virgil Zeigler-Hill

  2. Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA

    Lisa L. M. Welling

  3. Department of Psychology, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA

    Todd K. Shackelford

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Vasey, P., VanderLaan, D. (2015). Evolutionary Developmental Perspectives on Male Androphilia in Humans. In: Zeigler-Hill, V., Welling, L., Shackelford, T. (eds) Evolutionary Perspectives on Social Psychology. Evolutionary Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12697-5_26

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