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Geosites, Sites of Special Scientific Interest, and Potential Geoparks in the Anti-Atlas (Morocco)

Géosites, Sites Géologiques d’Intérêt Scientifique Spécial et potentiels géoparcs dans l’Anti-Atlas (Maroc)

الجيومواقع، المواقع الجيولوجية ذات الأهمية العلمية الخاصة والجيومتنزهات ذات المؤهلات بالأطلس الصغير (المغرب)

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From Geoheritage to Geoparks

Part of the book series: Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism ((GGAG))

Abstract

An inventory of the geoheritage features of the Anti-Atlas region has been performed to promote geoheritage and geoconservation in Morocco. This latter is best achieved after assigning heritage values to these features and identifying geosites, specific areas of special value or interest (Geological Sites of Special Scientific Interest, or SSSI) that usually are of International significance, or by viewing sites as integrated geological ensembles with significant geology that needs to be protected as an ensemble (Geoparks). Sites that could function as geosites, SSSI and/or as geoparks have a special significance for research, education and geotourism. The Anti-Atlas geology reflects its tectono-metamorphic and magmatic evolution from the Proterozoic to Mesozoic with plate collision, subduction and obduction witnesses, Mesozoic stratigraphic sequences, fossil-bearing strata, and arid zone landforms. Sites that could function as SSSI include pre-Pan-African doleritic dykes, the Bou Azzer and Siroua Ophiolites, the Pan-African diamictites, the Major Anti-Atlas Fault, the Late Neoproterozoic stromatolites, the unconformity between the late Neoproterozoic Ouarzazate volcanic Supergroup and Cambrian Tata Group, the contact between Taghdout Group and the Zenaga Eburnian (Palaeoproterozoic) formations, the contacts between three Pan-African Groups, viz., Saghro Group—Mgouna Group—Ouarzazate Group, the Ediacaran Iknioun granodiorite and the Devonian Kess Kess carbonate mounds. Sites that could function as geoparks include: the Zenaga inliers, the Neoproterozoic passive margin (Taghdout Group), and the Jurassic Foum-Zguid dyke traversing various formations. The Anti-Atlas region also hosts numerous internationally important fossil localities that could function as SSSI, e.g., the large Cambrian trilobite (Paradoxides), Ordovician trilobites (Asaphus) as death assemblages, Silurian and lower-most Devonian Orthoceras-rich black limestones, Frasnian plants from the Drâa Valley and ammonite-rich limestones. The geological areas that host these SSSI could function as geoparks.

Résumé

Un inventaire des caractéristiques géologiques de la région de l’Anti-Atlas a été entrepris pour promouvoir le géopatrimoine et la géoconservation au Maroc. Cette dernière est mieux assurée après l’attribution des valeurs géopatrimoinales à ces caractéristiques et l’identification des sites de valeurs ou d’intérêts particuliers (Sites géologiques d’Intérêt Scientifique Spécial, ou SISS) ou en considérant les sites comme un ensemble géologique intégré qui a besoin d’être protégé dans le cadre de géoparcs. Les géosites qui peuvent fonctionner comme SISS et/ou géoparcs ont une importance particulière pour la recherche, l’éducation et le géotourisme.La géologie de l’Anti-Atlas reflète son évolution tectono-métamorphique et magmatique durant le Protérozoïque et le Mésozoïque avec différents témoins de subduction, d’obduction, des séquences stratigraphiques, des niveaux fossilifères et des paysages des zones arides. Les sites, qui pourraient fonctionner comme SISS sont les dykes doléritiques pré-panafricains, les complexes ophiolitiques de Bou Azzer et de Siroua, les diamictites panafricaines, l’accident majeur de l’Anti-Atlas, les stromatolites Néoprotérozoïques, la discordance entre les formations volcaniques Néoprotérozoïque et les formations cambriennes, le contact entre le Groupe de Taghdout et les formations Eburnéennes (paléoprotérozoïque) de Zenaga, les contacts entre les trois groupes panafricains (Groupe Saghro—Groupe Mgouna—Groupe Ouarzazate), la granodiorite Ediacarienne d’Iknioun et les monts carbonatés Dévonien du Kess Kess. Les sites qui pourraient servir de géoparcs sont les boutonnières de Zenaga, la série Néoprotérozoïque de marge passive (Groupe de Taghdout), et le dyke Jurassique de Foum Zguid. L’Anti-Atlas contient aussi de nombreux sites fossilifères d’importance internationale qui pourrait fonctionner comme SISS tels que les trilobites géant du Cambrien (Paradoxides); les trilobites de l’Ordovicien (Asaphus) comme assemblages fossilifères, les calcaires noirs à Orthocères du Silurien et du Dévonien inférieur, les plantes frasniennes de la vallée du Drâa et les calcaires riches en ammonites. Les régions géologiques qui abritent ces SISS peuvent fonctionner comme geoparcs.

ملخص

لقد تم القيام بجرد للخصائص الجيولوجية لمنطقة الأطلس الصغير لتعزيز الجيوتراث والجيومحافظة بالمغرب. هذه الأخيرة أضحت مؤكدة بشكل أفضل بعد منح قيم جيوتراثية لهذه الخصائص وتحديد المواقع ذات قيمة أو أهمية خاصة) مواقع جيولوجية ذات أهمية علمية خاصة) أو تقييم المواقع كوحدة جيولوجية مدمجة تحتاج إلى حماية في إطار الجيومنتزهات. الجيومواقع التي يمكن أن تكون بمثابة مواقع جيولوجية ذات أهمية علمية خاصة أو جيومنتزهات هي ذات أهمية خاصة للبحث، التربية والجوسياحة. تعكس جيولوجية الأطلس الصغير تطوره التكتوني التحولي والصهاري خلال الحقبين البروتروزويك و الميزوزويك مع مختلف دلائل الطمر، الطفو، تسلسل الطبقات الرسوبية، ومستويات أحفورية ومناظر مناطق جافة. المواقع التي يمكن أن تصنف بمثابة مواقع جيولوجية ذات أهمية علمية خاصة هي العروق الدوليريتية ما قبل البان إفريقي، و مجمعي أفيوليت بوعزار وسيروا،و الصخورالجليدية البان إفريقية، و الفالق الرئيسي للأطلس الصغير، والستروماتوليت النيوبرتيروزوية، والتماس بين الصخور البركانية النيوبرتيروزوية والصخور الكمبرية، و تنافر بين مجموعة تغدوث وصخور البروتيروزوي القديم لزناكة، و تنافرات بين المجموعات البان إفريقية الثلاثة، وكرانوديوريت إكنيون وقعيرة جبل كيسان الأوردوفيسي، وتلال كس كس الكلسية الديفونية. المواقع التي يمكن استخدامها كجيومنتزهات هي عروة زناكة، وسلسلة الهامش غير النشيط النيوبرتيروزوية (مجموعة تغدوث) ، والعرق الجوراسي لفم زكيد.ويحتوي الأطلس الصغير أيضا على عدد من المواقع الأحفورية ذات الأهمية الدولية علمية خاصة مثل ثلاثية الفصوص الكمبري، والكلس الأسود ذات الارثوسير السيلوري والديفوني الأدنى، والنباتات الفرسنية لوادي درعة والكلس الغني بالٱمونيت.يمكن للمناطق الجيولوجية التي تؤوي هذه المواقع الجيولوجية أن تعمل كجيومنتزهات.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Jobst Wendt for providing the field photograph of a Kess Kess carbonate mound, John McNamara, President of Paleo Direct, Inc. (PaleoDirect.com) for the image of Asaphus, and Mohand Ihmadi, from Alnif, Morocco, for guiding us to the lower Orthoceras, goniatite, and trilobite fossil locations and the Devonian biostrome. Expenses for field surveys were met by Chouaïb Doukkali University and VCSRG P/L. The laboratory processing of samples for VS were met by VCSRG P/L. All this assistance is gratefully acknowledged.

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Errami, E., Brocx, M., Semeniuk, V., Ennih, N. (2015). Geosites, Sites of Special Scientific Interest, and Potential Geoparks in the Anti-Atlas (Morocco). In: Errami, E., Brocx, M., Semeniuk, V. (eds) From Geoheritage to Geoparks. Geoheritage, Geoparks and Geotourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10708-0_4

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