Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Brief State of the Art of CNLs for Ontology Authoring

  • Conference paper
Controlled Natural Language (CNL 2014)

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNAI,volume 8625))

Included in the following conference series:

Abstract

One of the main challenges for building the Semantic web is Ontology Authoring. Controlled Natural Languages CNLs offer a user friendly means for non-experts to author ontologies. This paper provides a snapshot of the state-of-the-art for the core CNLs for ontology authoring and reviews their respective evaluations.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Berners-Lee, T., Hendler, J., Lassila, O.: The semantic web. Scientific American 284(5), 34–43 (2001)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Schwitter, R., Tilbrook, M.: Controlled natural language meets the semanticweb. In: Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Workshop 2004, Sydney, Australia, pp. 55–62 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kuhn, T.: A Survey and Classification of Controlled Natural Languages. Computational Linguistics 40(1), 121–170 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Fuchs, N., Schwitter, R.: Attempto controlled english, ace (1996), See citeseer, ist.psu.edu/article/fuchs96attempto.html

  5. Kuhn, T.: Controlled English for Knowledge Representation. PhD thesis, University of Zurich (2010) (to appear)

    Google Scholar 

  6. Fuchs, N., Schwitter, R.: Attempto Controlled English (ACE). In: CLAW 1996: Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Controlled Language Applications, Leuven, Belgium (1996)

    Google Scholar 

  7. Kaljurand, K., Fuchs, N.E.: Bidirectional mapping between OWL DL and Attempto Controlled English. In: Alferes, J.J., Bailey, J., May, W., Schwertel, U. (eds.) PPSWR 2006. LNCS, vol. 4187, pp. 179–189. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  8. Kuhn, T.: Attempto Controlled English as ontology language. In: Bry, F., Schwertel, U. (eds.) REWERSE Annual Meeting 2006 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Kaljurand, K.: ACE View — an ontology and rule editor based on Attempto Controlled English. In: 5th OWL Experiences and Directions Workshop (OWLED 2008), Karlsruhe, Germany, 12 pages (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Fuchs, N.E., Schwertel, U.: Reasoning in attempto controlled english. In: Bry, F., Henze, N., Małuszyński, J. (eds.) PPSWR 2003. LNCS, vol. 2901, pp. 174–188. Springer, Heidelberg (2003)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  11. Bernstein, A., Kaufmann, E., Fuchs, N., von Bonin, J.: Talking to the semantic web: a controlled english query interface for ontologies. In: 14th Workshop on Information Technology and Systems, pp. 212–217 (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  12. Fuchs, N.E., Schwitter, R.: Web-annotations for humans and machines. In: Franconi, E., Kifer, M., May, W. (eds.) ESWC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4519, pp. 458–472. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  13. Kuhn, T., Royer, L., Fuchs, N.E., Schröder, M.: Improving text mining with controlled natural language: A case study for protein interactions. In: Leser, U., Naumann, F., Eckman, B. (eds.) DILS 2006. LNCS (LNBI), vol. 4075, pp. 66–81. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  14. Shiffman, R.N., Michel, G., Krauthammer, M., Fuchs, N.E., Kaljurand, K., Kuhn, T.: Writing clinical practice guidelines in controlled natural language. In: Fuchs, N.E. (ed.) CNL 2009. LNCS, vol. 5972, pp. 265–280. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  15. Kuhn, T.: AceWiki: A Natural and Expressive semantic wiki. In: Semantic Web User Interaction at CHI 2008: Exploring HCI Challenges (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  16. Kuhn, T.: A Principled Approach to Grammars for Controlled Natural Languages and Predictive Editors. Journal of Logic, Language and Information (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  17. Angelov, K., Ranta, A.: Implementing controlled languages in gf. In: Fuchs, N.E. (ed.) CNL 2009. LNCS, vol. 5972, pp. 82–101. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  18. Ranta, A.: Grammatical Framework: A Type-Theoretical Grammar Formalism. Journal of Functional Programming 14(2), 145–189 (2004)

    Article  MATH  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  19. España-Bonet, C., Enach, R., Slaski, A., Ranta, A., Marquez, L., Gonzalez, M.: Patent translation within the molto project. In: Workshop on Patent Translation, MT Summit XIII, pp. 70–78 (2011)

    Google Scholar 

  20. Dannélls, D.: Generating tailored texts for museum exhibits. In: Proceedings of the LREC 2008, Workshop on Language Technology for Cultural Heritage Data (LaTeCH), Marrakech, Morocco, pp. 17–20 (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Angelov, K., Enache, R.: Typeful Ontologies with Direct Multilingual Verbalization. In: Rosner, M., Fuchs, N.E. (eds.) CNL 2010. LNCS, vol. 7175, pp. 1–20. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  22. Niles, I., Pease, A.: Towards a standard upper ontology. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, FOIS 2001, pp. 2–9. ACM, New York (2001)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  23. Genesereth, M., Fikes, R., et al.: Knowledge interchange format-version 3.0: reference manual (1992)

    Google Scholar 

  24. Dannélls, D., Damova, M., Enache, R., Chechev, M.: Multilingual online generation from semantic web ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 21st International Conference Companion on World Wide Web, pp. 239–242. ACM (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kaljurand, K., Kuhn, T.: A Multilingual Semantic Wiki Based on Attempto Controlled English and Grammatical Framework. In: Cimiano, P., Corcho, O., Presutti, V., Hollink, L., Rudolph, S. (eds.) ESWC 2013. LNCS, vol. 7882, pp. 427–441. Springer, Heidelberg (2013)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  26. Hart, G., Johnson, M., Dolbear, C.: Rabbit: Developing a control natural language for authoring ontologies. In: Bechhofer, S., Hauswirth, M., Hoffmann, J., Koubarakis, M. (eds.) ESWC 2008. LNCS, vol. 5021, pp. 348–360. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  27. Funk, A., Tablan, V., Bontcheva, K., Cunningham, H., Davis, B., Handschuh, S.: CLOnE: Controlled language for ontology editing. In: Aberer, K., et al. (eds.) ASWC 2007 and ISWC 2007. LNCS, vol. 4825, pp. 142–155. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  28. Cunningham, H.: GATE, a General Architecture for Text Engineering. Computers and the Humanities 36, 223–254 (2002)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Dimitrova, V., Denaux, R., Hart, G., Dolbear, C., Holt, I., Cohn, A.G.: Involving Domain Experts in Authoring OWL Ontologies. In: Sheth, A.P., Staab, S., Dean, M., Paolucci, M., Maynard, D., Finin, T., Thirunarayan, K. (eds.) ISWC 2008. LNCS, vol. 5318, pp. 1–16. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Kovacs, K., Dolbear, C., Hart, G., Goodwin, J., Mizen, H.: A Methodology for Building Conceptual Domain Ontologies. In: Ordnance Survey Research Labs Tech. Report IRI-0002 (2006)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Denaux, R., Thakker, D., Dimitrova, V., Cohn, A.G.: Interactive Semantic Feedback for Intuitive Ontology Authoring. In: 7th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems, Graz (2012)

    Google Scholar 

  32. Denaux, R., Dimitrova, V., Cohn, A.: Interacting with Ontologies and Linked Data through Controlled Natural Languages and Dialogues. In: Do-Form: Enabling Domain Experts to use Formalised Reasoning @ AISB, Exeter (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  33. Power, R., Scott, D., Evans, R.: What you see is what you meant: direct knowledge editings with natural language feedback. In: Prade, H. (ed.) 13th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI 1998), pp. 677–681. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  34. Bernstein, A., Kaufmann, E.: GINO - A guided input natural language ontology editor. In: Cruz, I., Decker, S., Allemang, D., Preist, C., Schwabe, D., Mika, P., Uschold, M., Aroyo, L.M. (eds.) ISWC 2006. LNCS, vol. 4273, pp. 144–157. Springer, Heidelberg (2006)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  35. Gatt, A., Reiter, E.: Simplenlg: a realisation engine for practical applications. In: Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, ENLG 2009, pp. 90–93. Association for Computational Linguistics, Stroudsburg (2009)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  36. Davis, B., Iqbal, A.A., Funk, A., Tablan, V., Bontcheva, K., Cunningham, H., Handschuh, S.: Roundtrip ontology authoring. In: Sheth, A.P., Staab, S., Dean, M., Paolucci, M., Maynard, D., Finin, T., Thirunarayan, K. (eds.) ISWC 2008. LNCS, vol. 5318, pp. 50–65. Springer, Heidelberg (2008)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  37. Power, R.: Owl simplified english: A finite-state language for ontology editing. In: Kuhn, T., Fuchs, N.E. (eds.) CNL 2012. LNCS, vol. 7427, pp. 44–60. Springer, Heidelberg (2012)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  38. Kuhn, T.: The understandability of OWL statements in controlled. English Semantic Web 4(1), 101–115 (2013)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Engelbrecht, P.C., Hart, G., Dolbear, C.: Talking rabbit: A user evaluation of sentence production. In: Fuchs, N.E. (ed.) CNL 2009. LNCS, vol. 5972, pp. 56–64. Springer, Heidelberg (2010)

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  40. Hielkema, F., Mellish, C., Edwards, P.: Evaluating an ontology-driven wysiwym interface. In: White, M., Nakatsu, C., McDonald, D. (eds.) INLG. The Association for Computer Linguistics (2008)

    Google Scholar 

  41. Hallett, C., Scott, D., Power, R.: Composing questions through conceptual authoring. Comput. Linguist. 33(1), 105–133 (2007)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Cunningham, H., Maynard, D., Bontcheva, K., Tablan, V.: GATE: A Framework and Graphical Development Environment for Robust NLP Tools and Applications. In: Proceedings of the 40th Anniversary Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2002) (2002)

    Google Scholar 

  43. Grover, C., Holt, A., Holt, E., Klein, E., Moens, M.: Designing a controlled language for interactive model checking (2000)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Insight Centre for Data Analytics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

    Hazem Safwat & Brian Davis

Authors
  1. Hazem Safwat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Brian Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Digital Enterprise Research Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland

    Brian Davis

  2. Institute of Computational Linguistics, University of Zurich, Switzerland

    Kaarel Kaljurand

  3. Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

    Tobias Kuhn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this paper

Cite this paper

Safwat, H., Davis, B. (2014). A Brief State of the Art of CNLs for Ontology Authoring. In: Davis, B., Kaljurand, K., Kuhn, T. (eds) Controlled Natural Language. CNL 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 8625. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10223-8_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10223-8_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-10222-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-10223-8

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation