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Genetic Polymorphisms and the Vascular Endothelium

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Introduction to Translational Cardiovascular Research

Abstract

The healthy vascular endothelium exerts atheroprotective actions through vasoactive mediators such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin. It should be noted that inflammation and genetics are both prominent mechanisms in the pathogenesis of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Currently, a growing body of evidence has emerged regarding genetic component and its role in the aim of assessing vascular endothelium. Of note, genetic variation within the population seems to determine endothelial responses and potential modify both atherogenesis and individual’s responses to risk factors. It has been estimated that only 10–20 % of the variation in endothelial function may be accounted for by genes. Moreover, several studies have explored the association of vascular disease with gene polymorphisms of candidate genes, such as of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, cytokines, chemokines and of other proinflammatory molecules. Although their results are preliminary and to a certain extent conflicting, current data provide some evidence that alterations in the genetics, especially of the inflammatory cascade, may modify vascular disease.

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Abbreviations

ACE II:

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Gene

ACS:

Acute Coronary Syndromes

ADMA:

Asymmetrical dimethylarginine

AGT:

Angiotensinogen Gene

AngII:

Angiotensin-II

ATH:

Atherosclerosis

BH4:

Tetrahydrobiopterin

CAMs:

Cell Adhesion Molecules

CD 40L:

CD40 ligand

CPR:

C-reactive protein

CVDs:

Cardiovascular Diseases

eNos:

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase

EPCs:

Endothelial Progenitors Cells

ET-1:

Endothelin −1

FMD:

Flow Mediated Dilation

ICAM-1:

Intercellular Adhesion molecule −1

IL-1:

Interleukin-1

IMT:

Carotid Intima Media Thickness

iNos:

Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase

MCP-1:

Monocyte Chemotactic Protein −1

NADPH:

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase

NO:

Nitric Oxide

Ox LDL:

Oxidized Low-density Lipoprotein

PAI-1:

Plasminogen Activator inhibitor-1

PGI 2:

Prostacyclin

ROS:

Reactive Oxygen Species

SMCs:

Smooth Muscle Cells

TNF-a:

Tumor Necrosis Factor-a

TXA2:

Thromboxane

VSMC:

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

vWF:

Von Willebrand Factor

XO:

Xanthine Oxidase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1st Cardiology Unit, Hippokration Hospital, Athens University Medical School, Athens, Greece

    Emmanuel Androulakis, Christodoulos Stefanadis & Dimitris Tousoulis MD, PhD, FACC

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  1. Emmanuel Androulakis
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  2. Christodoulos Stefanadis
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  3. Dimitris Tousoulis MD, PhD, FACC
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Correspondence to Dimitris Tousoulis MD, PhD, FACC .

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  1. Academy of Athens, Biomedical Research Foundation, Athens, Greece

    Dennis V. Cokkinos

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Androulakis, E., Stefanadis, C., Tousoulis, D. (2015). Genetic Polymorphisms and the Vascular Endothelium. In: Cokkinos, D. (eds) Introduction to Translational Cardiovascular Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08798-6_8

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