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X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Ionic Liquids: From Spectra to Structure and Back

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The Structure of Ionic Liquids

Part of the book series: Soft and Biological Matter ((SOBIMA))

Abstract

In this chapter we will review the capabilities of X-Ray diffraction experiments in the field of ionic liquids, carried out with the Energy Dispersive variant of the technique. Besides its widespread use in the determination of solid (crystal) structure, in fact, X-Ray diffraction can also be conveniently used to obtain information about the “liquid” structure. After the description of data collection and treatment, and a small review of the underlying theory, we will show several examples of the structure factors and the radial distribution functions that can be obtained from diffraction patterns. These two quantities can be considered as a fingerprint of the ionic liquid, and depend intimately upon the relative disposition of the ions in the liquid phase. Among the most noteworthy spectral features that can be pointed out, we will discuss those deriving from hydrogen-bond interactions, as well as the First Sharp Diffraction Peak (FSDP) that highlight the presence of medium range order (MRO) in the liquid. We will describe several measurements on the protic IL butylammonium nitrate and its water mixtures at different molar fractions, where both features can be found, and show how EDXD patterns can account for the modulation of these features with the composition. In the end, we will show how the change of FSDP spectral feature that occurs during the fusion of alkylammonium chlorides can be tracked with a multiangular ADXD diffractometer, the data being evaluated by the Rietveld method.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, Rome, Italy

    Lorenzo Gontrani

  2. Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Roma ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Paolo Ballirano

  3. Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma ‘‘La Sapienza’’, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy

    Francesca Leonelli & Ruggero Caminiti

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  1. Lorenzo Gontrani
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  2. Paolo Ballirano
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  3. Francesca Leonelli
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  4. Ruggero Caminiti
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chimica, Università di Roma "la Sapienza", Rome, Italy

    Ruggero Caminiti

  2. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Rome, Italy

    Lorenzo Gontrani

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Gontrani, L., Ballirano, P., Leonelli, F., Caminiti, R. (2014). X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Ionic Liquids: From Spectra to Structure and Back. In: Caminiti, R., Gontrani, L. (eds) The Structure of Ionic Liquids. Soft and Biological Matter. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01698-6_1

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