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Epigenetics in the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy of Cancer

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Cancer Epigenetics

Part of the book series: Epigenetics and Human Health ((EHH,volume 11))

Abstract

As cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, there is an urgent necessity to discover novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as therapeutic targets for this dreadful disease. The progression of various malignancies can be the result of abnormalities in multiple epigenetic regulations. Over the past decades, major epigenetics categories, including histone modification, DNA methylation, noncoding RNAs, and chromatin remodeling, have been reported to be involved in tumor genesis and development. Therefore, epigenetic changes can be used as clinical biomarkers for the diagnosis of cancer and to predict the prognosis. Moreover, epigenetic regulators have emerged as promising drug targets for cancer therapy. This review delineates the latest evidence in epigenetics alterations in cancer and discusses their potential contribution to the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of cancer. These diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic strategies based on epigenetics might bring hope to reducing the high fatality rate of malignancies.

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Abbreviations

ALC1:

Amplification in liver cancer 1

AML:

Acute myeloid leukemia

ARID2:

AT-rich interactive domain 2

AUC:

Area under the curve

B-CLL:

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia

BET:

Bromodomain and extra-terminal

BMI1:

B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus insertion site1

BRDs :

Bromodomain-containing proteins

CIMP:

CpG island methylator phenotype

circRNAs:

Circular RNA

CRC:

Colorectal cancer

DNMT1:

DNA methyltransferase 1

EHMT1/2:

Euchromatin histone-lysine-n-methyltransferases I and II

EOC:

Epithelial ovarian cancer

ESCC:

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

EZH2:

Enhancer of zeste homolog 2

FAL1:

Focally amplified lncRNA on chromosome 1

GBM:

Glioblastoma

GEO:

Gene Expression Omnibus

GNAT:

GCN5-related n-acetyltransferase

HAT:

Histone acetyltransferase

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HDAC:

histone deacetylase

hnRNPL:

Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L

KDMs:

Histone lysine demethylases

lncRNAs:

Long noncoding RNAs

m1A:

N1-methyladenosine

m3C:

N3-methylcytosine

m5C:

5-methylcytosine

m6A:

N6-methyl-adenosine

m7G:

N7-methylguanosine

METTL3:

Methyltransferase-like 3

MGMT:

O6 methylguanine DNA methyltransferase

miRNA:

MicroRNA

MYC:

Myelocytomatosis oncogene

NAD+:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

ncRNAs:

Noncoding RNAs

NSCLC:

Non-small-cell lung cancer

PARP1:

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1

PCAF:

p300/CBP-related factor

piRNAs:

PIWI-interacting RNAs

PR C1:

Polycomb repressive complex 1

PR C2:

Polycomb repressive complex 2

SIRTs:

Sirtuins

SND1:

Staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1

TCGA:

The Cancer Genome Atlas

TET:

Ten-eleven translocation

TKI:

Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor

TNBC:

Triple-negative breast cancer

WGBS:

Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing

YBX1:

Y-box binding protein 1

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 82172649) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2682021CX088).

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Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Research involving human participants and/or animals: This article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sichuan Engineering Research Center for Biomimetic Synthesis of Natural Drugs, School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China

    Leilei Fu

  2. State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, China

    Bo Liu

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  1. Leilei Fu
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  1. Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, European University of Lefke, Lefke, Northern Cyprus, via Mersin, Türkiye

    Rasime Kalkan

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Fu, L., Liu, B. (2023). Epigenetics in the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Therapy of Cancer. In: Kalkan, R. (eds) Cancer Epigenetics. Epigenetics and Human Health, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42365-9_4

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