Abstract
Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) is a unique class of unicellular microalgae of remarkable evolutionary success showing large diversity over a relatively short geologic timescale, leading to exceptional ecological roles in many aquatic ecosystems. Diatoms living cells build outstanding cell walls (frustules) made of amorphous hydrated silica featured with nanometric ultrastructure. Nowadays, diatoms are cultivated on different scales for many purposes and are involved in various industrial and commercial applications. This chapter overviews the wide applicability of diatoms nanostructured biosilica, especially in the fossil form (i.e. diatomaceous earth), as a functional additive and filler in various industries, such as fabrication of building materials, paints, agricultural products, rubbers, and pharmaceuticals. In addition, the chapter will shed light on the biorefinery approach of large-scale cultivated diatoms as a sustainable source of biosilica, besides extracting valuable metabolites. The extracted biosilica can facilitate the industrialization of the recently suggested biotechnological and biomedical applications utilizing diatoms silica as a green alternative to synthetic nanostructured materials.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abdelhamid MAA, Pack SP (2021) Biomimetic and bioinspired silicifications: recent advances for biomaterial design and applications. Acta Biomater 120:38–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2020.05.017
Abdelhamid MAA, Meligy AMA, Yeo KB, Lee C-S, Pack SP (2020) Silaffin-3-derived pentalysine cluster as a new fusion tag for one-step immobilization and purification of recombinant Bacillus subtilis catalase on bare silica particles. Int J Biol Macromol 159:1103–1112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.172
Abdelhamid MAA, Son RG, Park KS, Pack SP (2022) Oriented multivalent silaffin-affinity immobilization of recombinant lipase on diatom surface: reliable loading and high performance of biocatalyst. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 219:112830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112830
Agusti S, González-Gordillo JI, Vaqué D, Estrada M, Cerezo MI, Salazar G, Gasol JM, Duarte CM (2015) Ubiquitous healthy diatoms in the deep sea confirm deep carbon injection by the biological pump. Nat Commun 6:7608. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8608
AlHousami T, Stojanov IJ, Deighan P, Rhoads DD, Sundararajan D, Lassetter J, Shamritsky Y, Kabani S, Noonan V (2021) Diatoms: a novel cause of granulomatous inflammation of the head and neck. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 131:565–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2020.10.014
Alldredge AL, Gotschalk CC (1989) Direct observations of the mass flocculation of diatom blooms: characteristics, settling velocities and formation of diatom aggregates. Deep Sea research Part A. Oceanogr Res Pap 36:159–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/0198-0149(89)90131-3
Ambegoda VT, Egodage SM, Blum FD, Maddumaarachchi M (2021) Enhancement of hydrophobicity of natural rubber latex films using diatomaceous earth. J Appl Polym Sci 138:50047. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.50047
Andersen RA (2004) Algal culturing techniques.1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Araújo IJ d S, Zanini MM, Guarda MB, Fronza BM, Consani S, Lima IPC, Correr AB (2022) Diatomite filler for resin composites application – a new approach for materials improvement. Res Soc Dev 11:e268111637738. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i16.37738
Aumeier C, Menzel D (2012) Secretion in the diatoms. In: Vivanco J, Baluška F (eds) Secretions and exudates in biological systems. signaling and communication in plants, vol 12. Springer, Berlin, pp 221–250. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23047-9_10
Aw MS, Simovic S, Addai-Mensah J, Losic D (2011) Silica microcapsules from diatoms as new carrier for delivery of therapeutics. Nanomedicine 6:1159–1173. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm.11.29
Aw MS, Simovic S, Yu Y, Addai-Mensah J, Losic D (2012) Porous silica microshells from diatoms as biocarrier for drug delivery applications. Powder Technol 223:52–58
Babenko I, Friedrich BM, Kröger N (2022) Structure and morphogenesis of the frustule. In: The molecular life of diatoms. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 287–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92499-7_11
Bayramoglu G, Akbulut A, Yakup Arica M (2013) Immobilization of tyrosinase on modified diatom biosilica: enzymatic removal of phenolic compounds from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 244–245:528–536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.10.041
Bayramoglu G, Akbulut A, Ozalp VC, Arica MY (2015) Immobilized lipase on micro-porous biosilica for enzymatic transesterification of algal oil. Chem Eng Res Des 95:12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2014.12.011
Bayu A, Rachman A, Noerdjito DR, Putra MY, Widayatno WB (2020) High-value chemicals from marine diatoms: a biorefinery approach. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 460:012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/460/1/012012
Begum G, Oschatz C, Oschatz M, Kaskel S, Brunner E, Kroger N (2019) Influence of silica architecture on the catalytic activity of immobilized glucose oxidase. Bioinspired Biomim Nanobiomater 8:72–80. https://doi.org/10.1680/jbibn.18.00002
Bennett DC, Yee A, Rhee Y-J, Cheng KM (2011) Effect of diatomaceous earth on parasite load, egg production, and egg quality of free-range organic laying hens. Poult Sci 90:1416–1426. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01256
Benoiston AS, Ibarbalz FM, Bittner L, Guidi L, Jahn O, Dutkiewicz S, Bowler C (2017) The evolution of diatoms and their biogeochemical functions. Philos Trans R Soc B: Biol Sci. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0397
Bleuart S, Boulis Y, Testud O, Larché-Scrivant L, Mison D, Devillers C (2002) Process for the purification of recombinant proteins from complex media and purified proteins obtained thereby. European Patent office, Munich
Buyel JF, Gruchow HM, Fischer R (2015) Depth filters containing diatomite achieve more efficient particle retention than filters solely containing cellulose fibers. Front Plant Sci 6:1134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2015.01134
Carlsson N, Gustafsson H, Thörn C, Olsson L, Holmberg K, Åkerman B (2014) Enzymes immobilized in mesoporous silica: a physical–chemical perspective. Adv Colloid Interf Sci 205:339–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2013.08.010
Chao JT, Biggs MJP, Pandit AS, (2014) Diatoms: a biotemplating approach to fabricating drug delivery reservoirs. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 11(11) 1687–1695. Taylor & Francis
Chen P-Y, Chang H-K (2023) Multifunctional bio-ceramic scaffolds and composites fabricated by the freeze casting techniques. In: Najman S et al (eds) Bioceramics, biomimetic and other compatible materials features for medical applications. Engineering materials. Springer, Cham, pp 173–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17269-4_9
Cheng Y, Yu D, Tan G, Zhu C (2018) Low-temperature performance and damage constitutive model of eco-friendly basalt fiber–diatomite-modified asphalt mixture under freeze–thaw cycles. Materials 11:2148. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112148
Chepurnov VA, Mann DG, Sabbe K, Vyverman W (2004) Experimental studies on sexual reproduction in diatoms. Int Rev Cytol 237:91–154. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-7696(04)37003-8
Cicco SR, Vona D, Leone G, De Giglio E, Bonifacio MA, Cometa S, Fiore S, Palumbo F, Ragni R, Farinola GM (2019) In vivo functionalization of diatom biosilica with sodium alendronate as osteoactive material. Mater Sci Eng C 104:109897. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.109897
Cong P, Chen S, Chen H (2012) Effects of diatomite on the properties of asphalt binder. Constr Build Mater 30:495–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.011
Cong P, Liu N, Tian Y, Zhang Y (2016) Effects of long-term aging on the properties of asphalt binder containing diatoms. Constr Build Mater 123:534–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.07.073
Crangle RD (2015) Diatomite. https://d9-wret.s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/mineral-pubs/diatomite/myb1-2015-diato.pdf
Crangle RD (2018) Diatomite. https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/atoms/files/myb1-2018-diato.pdf
Cupo A, Landi S, Morra S, Nuzzo G, Gallo C, Manzo E, Fontana A, d’Ippolito G (2021) Autotrophic vs. heterotrophic cultivation of the marine diatom Cyclotella cryptica for EPA production. Mar Drugs 19:355. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19070355
Dalgic AD, Atila D, Tezcaner A, Gürses S, Keskin D (2023) Diatom silica frustules-doped fibers for controlled release of melatonin for bone regeneration. Eur Polym J 186:111858
De Tommasi E (2016) Light manipulation by single cells: the case of diatoms. J Spectrosc 2016:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/2490128
Degirmenci N, Yilmaz A (2009) Use of diatomite as partial replacement for Portland cement in cement mortars. Constr Build Mater 23:284–288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.12.008
Delalat B, Sheppard VC, Rasi Ghaemi S, Rao S, Prestidge CA, McPhee G, Rogers M-L, Donoghue JF, Pillay V, Johns TG, Kröger N, Voelcker NH (2015) Targeted drug delivery using genetically engineered diatom biosilica. Nat Commun 6:8791. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9791
Dexter JF, Servals PC (1953) Silicone rubber as cable insulation. In: U. S. Army signal corps wire and cable symposium
Dhanker R, Kumar R, Tiwari A, Kumar V (2022) Diatoms as a biotechnological resource for the sustainable biofuel production: a state-of-the-art review. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 38:111–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/02648725.2022.2053319
Elias M, Cultrone G (2019) On the use of sodium chloride and calcined diatomite sludge as additives to improve the engineering properties of bricks made with a clay earth from Jun (Granada, Spain). Fortschr Mineral 9:64. https://doi.org/10.3390/min9010064
Ergün A (2011) Effects of the usage of diatomite and waste marble powder as partial replacement of cement on the mechanical properties of concrete. Constr Build Mater 25:806–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.07.002
Farzaneh A, Erol M, Mermer O, Cobley AJ, Asl SK (2018) Evaluation of the possibility of using diatomite natural mineral as a composite agent in acrylic coating. Prot Met Phys Chem Surfaces 54:99–103. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070205118010227
Fazlutdinova A, Gabidullin Y, Allaguvatova R, Gaysina L (2020) Diatoms in Kamchatka’s hot spring soils. Diversity (Basel) 12:435. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12110435
Feng C (2013) Inner wall body structure with diatom material coatings. CN203284997U
Fernandez MI, Woodward BW, Stromberg BE (1998) Effect of diatomaceous earth as an anthelmintic treatment on internal parasites and feedlot performance of beef steers. Anim Sci 66:635–641. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1357729800009206
Flower RJ (2013) Diatomites: their formation, distribution, and uses. In: Encyclopedia of quaternary science2nd edn. Elsevier Inc., Amsterdam, pp 501–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53643-3.00220-X
Ford NR, Hecht KA, Hu D, Orr G, Xiong Y, Squier TC, Rorrer GL, Roesijadi G (2016) Antigen binding and site-directed labeling of biosilica-immobilized fusion proteins expressed in diatoms. ACS Synth Biol 5:193–199
Galal Mors HE (2010) Diatomite: its characterization, modifications and applications. Asian J Mater Sci 2:121–136. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajmskr.2010.121.136
Galán-Arboledas RJ, Cotes-Palomino MT, Bueno S, Martínez-García C (2017) Evaluation of spent diatomite incorporation in clay based materials for lightweight bricks processing. Constr Build Mater 144:327–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.202
Ghobara MM, Ghobara MM, Ghobara MM, Mohamed A (2019) Diatomite in use: nature, modifications, commercial applications and prospective trends. In: Diatoms: fundamentals and applications. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 471–509. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119370741.ch19
Ghobara MM, Gordon R, Reissig L (2021a) The mesopores of Raphid pennate diatoms: toward natural controllable anisotropic mesoporous silica microparticles. In: Diatom morphogenesis. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 383–409. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119488170.ch16
Ghobara MM, Tiffany MA, Gordon R, Reissig L (2021b) Diatom pore arrays’ periodicities and symmetries in the euclidean plane: nature between perfection and imperfection. In: Diatom morphogenesis. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 117–158. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119488170.ch6
Ghobara M, Oschatz C, Fratzl P, Reissig L (2022) Numerical analysis of the light modulation by the frustule of Gomphonema parvulum: the role of integrated optical components. Nano 13:113. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano13010113
Gnanamoorthy P, Anandhan S, Prabu VA (2014) Natural nanoporous silica frustules from marine diatom as a biocarrier for drug delivery. J Porous Mater 21:789–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10934-014-9827-2
Govindan N, Maniam G, Ab. Rahim MH, Sulaiman A, Ajit A, Chatsungnoen T, Chisti Y (2021) Production of renewable lipids by the diatom Amphora copulata. Fermentation 7:37. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7010037
Graham RE, Kenner CT (1973) Acetonitrile-diatomaceous earth column for separation of steroids and other compounds. J Pharm Sci 62:1845–1849. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.2600621125
Greene M, Danvers N, Hu Q (2009) Organo-neutralized diatomaceous earth, methods of preparation, and uses thereof. WO2009137394A1
Gröger P, Poulsen N, Klemm J, Kröger N, Schlierf M (2016) Establishing super-resolution imaging for proteins in diatom biosilica. Sci Rep 6:36824. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36824
Grommersch BM, Pant J, Hopkins SP, Goudie MJ, Handa H (2018) Biotemplated synthesis and characterization of mesoporous nitric oxide-releasing diatomaceous earth silica particles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10:2291–2301. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b15967
Guiraldo RD, Berger SB, Consani RLX, Consani S, de Carvalho RV, Lopes MB, Meneghel LL, da Silva FB, Sinhoreti MAC (2014) Characterization of morphology and composition of inorganic fillers in dental alginates. Biomed Res Int 2014:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/178064
Hamm CE, Merkel R, Springer O, Jurkojc P, Maier C, Prechtel K, Smetacek V (2003) Architecture and material properties of diatom shells provide effective mechanical protection. Nature 421:841–843. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01416
Harwood DM (2010) Diatomite. In: The diatoms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 570–574. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511763175.034
Hasan M, Saidi T, Husaini JM, Rhina Z (2021) Characteristics of lightweight bricks composed of clay and diatomite. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on experimental and computational mechanics in engineering. lecture notes in mechanical engineering. Springer, Singapore, pp 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0736-3_2
Heck AM, Yanovski JA, Calis KA (2000) Orlistat, a new lipase inhibitor for the management of obesity. Pharmacotherapy 20:270–279. https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.20.4.270.34882
Heine-Fuster I, López-Allendes C, Aránguiz-Acuña A, Véliz D (2021) Differentiation of diatom guilds in extreme environments in the Andean Altiplano. Front Environ Sci 9:701970. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.701970
Hertzog GI, Soares KL, Caldas SS, Primel EG (2015) Study of vortex-assisted MSPD and LC-MS/MS using alternative solid supports for pharmaceutical extraction from marketed fish. Anal Bioanal Chem 407:4793–4803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8685-3
Hilbrig F, Freitag R, Schumacher I (2001) Method for treating biomass for producing cell lysate containing plasmid DNA. US7378238B2
Hohmann-Marriott MF, Blankenship RE (2011) Evolution of photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Biol 62:515–548. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103811
Horn N, Marquet M, Meek J, Budahazi G (1996) Process for reducing RNA concentration in a mixture of biological material using diatomaceous earth. US5576196A
Huntley ME, Johnson ZI, Brown SL, Sills DL, Gerber L, Archibald I, Machesky SC, Granados J, Beal C, Greene CH (2015) Demonstrated large-scale production of marine microalgae for fuels and feed. Algal Res 10:249–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.04.016
Ikusika O, Mpendulo C, Zindove T, Okoh A (2019) Fossil Shell flour in livestock production: a review. Animals 9:70. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9030070
Julius ML, Theriot EC (2010) The diatoms: a primer. In: The diatoms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511763175.003
Ki M-R, Park KS, Abdelhamid MAA, Pack SP (2023) Novel silicatein-like protein for biosilica production from Amphimedon queenslandica and its use in osteogenic composite fabrication. Korean J Chem Eng 40:419–428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-022-1314-x
Kim JK, Abdelhamid MAA, Pack SP (2019) Direct immobilization and recovery of recombinant proteins from cell lysates by using EctP1-peptide as a short fusion tag for silica and titania supports. Int J Biol Macromol 135:969–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.105
Kim J-N, Lee J, Go TW, Rajabi-Abhari A, Mahato M, Park JY, Lee H, Oh I-K (2020a) Skin-attachable and biofriendly chitosan-diatom triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 75:104904. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.104904
Kim S, Joo KI, Jo BH, Cha HJ (2020b) Stability-controllable self-immobilization of carbonic anhydrase fused with a silica-binding tag onto diatom biosilica for enzymatic CO2 capture and utilization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 12:27055–27063. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c03804
Kim J-N, Lee J, Lee H, Oh I-K (2021) Stretchable and self-healable catechol-chitosan-diatom hydrogel for triboelectric generator and self-powered tremor sensor targeting at Parkinson disease. Nano Energy 82:105705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2020.105705
Kipsanai JJ, Wambua PM, Namango SS, Amziane S (2022) A review on the incorporation of diatomaceous earth as a Geopolymer-based concrete building resource. Materials 15:7130. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15207130
Kotzsch A, Pawolski D, Milentyev A, Shevchenko A, Scheffel A, Poulsen N, Shevchenko A, Kröger N (2016) Biochemical composition and assembly of biosilica-associated insoluble organic matrices from the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. J Biol Chem 291:4982–4997. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M115.706440
Kröger N (2007) Prescribing diatom morphology: toward genetic engineering of biological nanomaterials. Curr Opin Chem Biol 11:662–669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.10.009
Kröger N (2022) Biomolecules involved in frustule biogenesis and function, in: the molecular life of diatoms. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 313–343. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92499-7_12
Kröger N, Deutzmann R, Sumper M (1999) Polycationic peptides from diatom biosilica that direct silica Nanosphere formation. Science 286:1129–1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5442.1129
Kumari E, Görlich S, Poulsen N, Kröger N (2020) Genetically programmed Regioselective immobilization of enzymes in biosilica microparticles. Adv Funct Mater 30:2000442. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.202000442
Lang Y, Yongke C (2018) A kind of diatom art paint coating containing inorganic salts. CN108359356A
Li M, Wu J, Lin D, Yang J, Jiao N, Wang Y, Liu L (2022) A diatom-based biohybrid microrobot with a high drug-loading capacity and pH-sensitive drug release for target therapy. Acta Biomater 154:443–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2022.10.019
Liang G, Yao W (2023) Effect of diatomite on the reaction kinetics, early-age chemical shrinkage and microstructure of alkali-activated slag cements. Constr Build Mater 376:131026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131026
Lijun C (2016) Composition and preparation method of effective spurrite medicine. CN106562997A
Lim GW, Lim JK, Ahmad AL, Chan DJC (2015) Influences of diatom frustule morphologies on protein adsorption behavior. J Appl Phycol 27:763–775. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-014-0356-9
Liu H, Wu C-J (2016) Effect of the silica content of diatom prey on the production, decomposition and sinking of fecal pellets of the copepod Calanus sinicus. Biogeosciences 13:4767–4775. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-4767-2016
Losic D (2017) Diatom nanotechnology. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788010160
Losic D, Korunic Z (2017) Chapter 10: Diatomaceous earth, a natural insecticide for stored grain protection: recent progress and perspectives. In: Losic D (ed) Diatom nanotechnology: progress and emerging applications. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, pp 219–247. https://doi.org/10.1039/9781788010160-00219
Losic D, Rosengarten G, Mitchell JG, Voelcker NH (2006) Pore architecture of diatom frustules: potential nanostructured membranes for molecular and particle separations. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 6:982–989. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.174
Losic D, Yu Y, Aw MS, Simovic S, Thierry B, Addai-Mensah J (2010) Surface functionalisation of diatoms with dopamine modified iron-oxide nanoparticles: toward magnetically guided drug microcarriers with biologically derived morphologies. Chem Commun 46:6323–6325
Lu X, Xia Y, Liu M, Qian Y, Zhou X, Gu N, Zhang F (2012) Improved performance of diatomite-based dental nanocomposite ceramics using layer-by-layer assembly. Int J Nanomedicine 7:2153–2164. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S29851
Mackenzie FT (2005) Sediments, diagenesis, and sedimentary rocks.1st edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Mann DG, Droop SJM (1996) 3. Biodiversity, biogeography and conservation of diatoms. Hydrobiologia 336:19–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00010816
Mann DG, Crawford RM, Round FE (2017) Bacillariophyta. In: Handbook of the Protists. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 205–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_29
Manoylov K, Ghobara M (2021) Introduction for a tutorial on diatom morphology. In: Diatom morphogenesis. Wiley, Hoboken, pp 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119488170.ch1
Mariusson O, Bjarnason J (1987) Paint not permeable to water and permeable to aqueous vapour. EP0212790B1
Martinez MF (2014) Fire-resistant, insulating, ecological and corrosion-inhibiting coating. EP3235881A1
McGonigle F, Ciullo PA (1996) Paints & coatings. In: Industrial minerals and their uses. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 99–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-081551408-4.50005-3
Merino-Maldonado D, Antolín-Rodríguez A, Serrano-González L, Blanco S, Juan-Valdés A, Morán-del Pozo JM, García-González J (2023) Innovative approach for the protection of recycled concrete by biogenic silica biodeposition. Constr Build Mater 368:130475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.130475
Miao X, Zhu M, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang H (2012) Synthesis of dental resins using diatomite and nano-sized SiO2 and TiO2. Prog Nat Sci Mater Int 22:94–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnsc.2012.03.006
Mikulasik E, Albrech O (2011) New uses of diatomaceous earth in the pharmaceutical industry. JP2013530153A
Milstone JH (1955) Chromatography of blood-clotting factors and serum proteins on columns of diatomaceous earth. J Gen Physiol 38:743–755. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.38.6.743
Mock T, Kroon BMA (2002) Photosynthetic energy conversion under extreme conditions—II: the significance of lipids under light limited growth in Antarctic Sea ice diatoms. Phytochemistry 61:53–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00215-7
Mock T, Otillar RP, Strauss J, McMullan M, Paajanen P, Schmutz J, Salamov A, Sanges R, Toseland A, Ward BJ, Allen AE, Dupont CL, Frickenhaus S, Maumus F, Veluchamy A, Wu T, Barry KW, Falciatore A, Ferrante MI, Fortunato AE, Glöckner G, Gruber A, Hipkin R, Janech MG, Kroth PG, Leese F, Lindquist EA, Lyon BR, Martin J, Mayer C, Parker M, Quesneville H, Raymond JA, Uhlig C, Valas RE, Valentin KU, Worden AZ, Armbrust EV, Clark MD, Bowler C, Green BR, Moulton V, van Oosterhout C, Grigoriev IV (2017) Evolutionary genomics of the cold-adapted diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Nature 541:536–540. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature20803
Nasirzadeh M, Yahyaei H, Mohseni M (2023) Effects of inorganic fillers on the performance of the water-based intumescent fire-retardant coating. Fire Mater 47:51–61. https://doi.org/10.1002/fam.3067
O’Brien NR (2002) Microbial taphonomic processes in the fossilization of insects and plants in the late Eocene Florissant formation, Colorado. Rocky Mountain Geol 37:1–11. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsrocky.37.1.1
Pavlíková M, Rovnaníková P, Záleská M, Pavlík Z (2022) Diatomaceous earth—lightweight Pozzolanic admixtures for repair mortars—complex chemical and physical assessment. Materials 15:6881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15196881
Perera HJ, Mortazavian H, Blum FD (2017) Surface properties of Silane-treated diatomaceous earth coatings: effect of alkyl chain length. Langmuir 33:2799–2809. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00015
Popovich CA, Pistonesi M, Hegel P, Constenla D, Bielsa GB, Martín LA, Damiani MC, Leonardi PI (2019) Unconventional alternative biofuels: quality assessment of biodiesel and its blends from marine diatom Navicula cincta. Algal Res 39:101438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101438
Popovich CA, Faraoni MB, Sequeira A, Daglio Y, Martín LA, Martínez AM, Damiani MC, Matulewicz MC, Leonardi PI (2020) Potential of the marine diatom Halamphora coffeaeformis to simultaneously produce omega-3 fatty acids, chrysolaminarin and fucoxanthin in a raceway pond. Algal Res 51:102030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.102030
Poulíčková A, Mann DG, Mann DG (2019) Diatom sexual reproduction and life cycles. In: Diatoms: fundamentals and applications. Wiley, pp 245–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119370741.ch11
Poulsen N, Berne C, Spain J, Kroeger N (2007) Silica immobilization of an enzyme through genetic engineering of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Angew Chem Int Ed 46:1843–1846
Prasetiya FS, Foret M, Deschênes J-S, Gastineau R, Mouget J-L, Tremblay R (2022) Semi-continuous system for benthic diatom cultivation and marennine production. Algal Res 62:102633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2022.102633
Pumas C, Pruetiworanan S, Peerapornpisal Y (2018) Diatom diversity in some hot springs of northern Thailand. Botanica 24:69–86. https://doi.org/10.2478/botlit-2018-0007
Rajabi-Abhari A, Kim J-N, Lee J, Tabassian R, Mahato M, Youn HJ, Lee H, Oh I-K (2021) Diatom bio-silica and cellulose Nanofibril for bio-triboelectric Nanogenerators and self-powered breath monitoring masks. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 13:219–232. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.0c18227
Round FE, Crawford RM, Mann DG (1990) Diatoms: biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Savio S, Farrotti S, Paris D, Arnaìz E, Díaz I, Bolado S, Muñoz R, Rodolfo C, Congestri R (2020) Value-added co-products from biomass of the diatoms Staurosirella pinnata and Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Algal Res 47:101830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101830
Saxena A, Dutta A, Kapoor N, Kumar A, Tiwari A (2022) Envisaging marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii as a “SMART” drug delivery system for insoluble drugs. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 68:102983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102983
Sharma N, Sharma P, Verma SK (2021) Influence of diatomite on the properties of mortar and concrete: a review. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 1116:012174. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/1116/1/012174
Sheppard VC, Scheffel A, Poulsen N, Kröger N (2012) Live diatom silica immobilization of multimeric and redox-active enzymes. Appl Environ Microbiol 78:211–218
Siddall R (2018) Mineral pigments in archaeology: their analysis and the range of available materials. Fortschr Mineral 8:201. https://doi.org/10.3390/min8050201
Simpson RB (2002) Rubber basics. iSmithers Rapra Publishing
Smol JP, Stoermer EF (2010) The diatoms: applications for the environmental and earth sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Spaulding SA, Potapova MG, Bishop IW, Lee SS, Gasperak TS, Jovanoska E, Furey PC, Edlund MB (2021) Diatoms.org: supporting taxonomists, connecting communities. Diatom Res 36:291–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/0269249X.2021.2006790
Sun M, Zou C, Xin D (2020) Pore structure evolution mechanism of cement mortar containing diatomite subjected to freeze-thaw cycles by multifractal analysis. Cem Concr Compos 114:103731. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103731
Tan SC, Yiap BC (2009) DNA, RNA, and protein extraction: the past and the present. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2009/574398
Terracciano M, De Stefano L, Rea I (2018) Diatoms Green nanotechnology for biosilica-based drug delivery systems. Pharmaceutics 10:242. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics10040242
Uthappa UT, Brahmkhatri V, Sriram G, Jung H-Y, Yu J, Kurkuri N, Aminabhavi TM, Altalhi T, Neelgund GM, Kurkuri MD (2018) Nature engineered diatom biosilica as drug delivery systems. J Control Release 281:70–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.013
Vasani RB, Losic D, Cavallaro A, Voelcker NH (2015) Fabrication of stimulus-responsive diatom biosilica microcapsules for antibiotic drug delivery. J Mater Chem B 3:4325–4329. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TB00648A
Veselý D, Kalendova A, Kalenda P (2010) A study of diatomite and calcined kaoline properties in anticorrosion protective coatings. Prog Org Coat 68:173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2010.02.007
Villanova V, Spetea C (2021) Mixotrophy in diatoms: molecular mechanism and industrial potential. Physiol Plant 173:603–611. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.13471
Vitola L, Sahmenko G, Erdmane D, Bumanis G, Bajare D (2017) The effect of various pozzolanic additives on the concrete strength index. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 251:012038. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/251/1/012038
Wachter H, Lechleitner M, Artner-Dworzak E, Hausen A, Jarosch E, Widner B, Patsch J, Pfeiffer K, Fuchs D (1998) Diatomaceous earth lowers blood cholesterol concentrations. Eur J Med Res 3:211–215
Wang JK, Seibert M (2017) Prospects for commercial production of diatoms. Biotechnol Biofuels 10:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0699-y
Wang H, Zhu M, Li Y, Zhang Q, Wang H (2011) Mechanical properties of dental resin composites by co-filling diatomite and nanosized silica particles. Mater Sci Eng C 31:600–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2010.11.023
Wang LY, Xiao XF, Gai GQ (2014a) Preparation and performance of diatomite latex paint for Interior Wall. Adv Mater Res 919–921:1994–1997. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.919-921.1994
Wang S, Wang X, Draenert FG, Albert O, Schröder HC, Mailänder V, Mitov G, Müller WEG (2014b) Bioactive and biodegradable silica biomaterial for bone regeneration. Bone 67:292–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.025
Wang P, Yang Y, Wang H, Wang H (2019) Fabrication of super-robust and nonfluorinated superhydrophobic coating based on diatomaceous earth. Surf Coat Technol 362:90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2019.01.065
Wei H, Li Z, Jiao Y (2017) Effects of diatomite and SBS on freeze-thaw resistance of crumb rubber modified asphalt mixture. Adv Mater Sci Eng 2017:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7802035
Wu W-L, Chen Z (2017) Modified-diatomite reinforced rubbers. Mater Lett 209:159–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.07.133
Xiaobing G, Sen C (2013) Diatom ooze wall paint formula and preparation process thereof. CN103131287A
Yang W, Lopez PJ, Rosengarten G (2011) Diatoms: self assembled silicananostructures, and templates for bio/chemical sensors and biomimetic membranes. Analyst 136:42–53. https://doi.org/10.1039/C0AN00602E
Yang C, Xie J, Zhou X, Liu Q, Pang L (2018) Performance evaluation and improving mechanisms of diatomite-modified asphalt mixture. Materials 11:686. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11050686
Yeh K-C, Synodis J (1984) Stain removal toothpaste. US4612191A
Yılmaz B, Ediz N (2008) The use of raw and calcined diatomite in cement production. Cem Concr Compos 30:202–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.08.003
Zahajská P, Opfergelt S, Fritz SC, Stadmark J, Conley DJ (2020) What is diatomite? Quat Res 96:48–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.14
Zeni V, Baliota GV, Benelli G, Canale A, Athanassiou CG (2021) Diatomaceous earth for arthropod Pest control: Back to the future. Molecules 26:7487. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26247487
Zgłobicka I, Gluch J, Liao Z, Werner S, Guttmann P, Li Q, Bazarnik P, Plocinski T, Witkowski A, Kurzydlowski KJ (2021) Insight into diatom frustule structures using various imaging techniques. Sci Rep 11:14555. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-94069-9
Zhang X, Liu X, Meng G (2005) Sintering kinetics of porous ceramics from natural diatomite. J Am Ceram Soc 88:1826–1830. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00288.x
Zhang C, Wang J, Song S (2019a) Preparation of a novel type of flame retardant diatomite and its application in silicone rubber composites. Adv Powder Technol 30:1567–1575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2019.05.002
Zhang P, Guo Q, Tao J, Ma D, Wang Y (2019b) Aging mechanism of a diatomite-modified asphalt binder using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. Materials 12:988. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12060988
Zheng J, Shi J, Ma Q, Dai X, Chen Z (2017) Experimental study on humidity control performance of diatomite-based building materials. Appl Therm Eng 114:450–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.11.203
Acknowledgement
Seung Pil Pack would like to acknowledge receiving funding from the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE)(RE202101398) and National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grants supported by the Korean government (MSIT) (NRF-2021R1A5A8032895), Republic of Korea.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ghobara, M., El-Sheekh, M., Hamed, A.F., Abdelhamid, M.A.A., Pack, S.P. (2024). Diatom Nanostructured Biosilica. In: Abomohra, A., Ende, S. (eds) Value-added Products from Algae. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42026-9_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42026-9_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-42025-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-42026-9
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)