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Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Condition in India: A State-Level Analysis

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Population, Sanitation and Health

Abstract

Safely managed drinking water and adequate sanitation and hygiene are basic human rights, as well as fundamental for human health and well-being. Unhygienic menstrual absorbents can cause severe diseases in women, which is a neglected part of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)-related research. Based on the 2019 status, India has a negative trend to achieve the goal of “water and sanitation for all” (United Nations, Summary progress update 2021: SDG 6 – Water and sanitation for all. www.unwater.org. 2021). The study is concerned with the state-level analysis of WASH conditions in India. It uses secondary data obtained from the Census of India, NFHS, and NSS. Selected indices of WASH, including menstrual hygiene, have been considered to prepare a composite index, and the state-level inequality of WASH condition has been presented with Lorenz curve. The state-wise spatial distribution of different variables has been mapped with Quantum GIS software. Besides, the work also tries to correlate WASH condition with the important underlying factors, i.e., education, exposure to the Internet, reading newspapers and magazines, and poverty. The study identified a state-level WASH condition where Chandigarh records the best and Bihar the worst WASH condition among all the states/UTs of India. Most of the variables under study were found with high inequality across the country.

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  1. Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Arpita Trivedy & Moududa Khatun Ph.D.

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  1. Arpita Trivedy
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  2. Moududa Khatun Ph.D.
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  1. Department of Geography, Serampore Girls’ College, Serampore, West Bengal, India

    Asraful Alam

  2. Department of Geography, Aliah University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India

    Rukhsana

  3. Department of Geography, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India

    Nazrul Islam

  4. Department of Geography, Dinhata College, Dinhata, West Bengal, India

    Bappa Sarkar

  5. Department of Geography and Applied Geography, University of North Bengal, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India

    Ranjan Roy

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Trivedy, A., Khatun, M. (2023). Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Condition in India: A State-Level Analysis. In: Alam, A., Rukhsana, Islam, N., Sarkar, B., Roy, R. (eds) Population, Sanitation and Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-40128-2_18

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