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Dendritic Spines in Learning and Memory: From First Discoveries to Current Insights

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Dendritic Spines

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurobiology ((NEUROBIOL,volume 34))

Abstract

The central nervous system is composed of neural ensembles, and their activity patterns are neural correlates of cognitive functions. Those ensembles are networks of neurons connected to each other by synapses. Most neurons integrate synaptic signal through a remarkable subcellular structure called spine. Dendritic spines are protrusions whose diverse shapes make them appear as a specific neuronal compartment, and they have been the focus of studies for more than a century. Soon after their first description by Ramón y Cajal, it has been hypothesized that spine morphological changes could modify neuronal connectivity and sustain cognitive abilities. Later studies demonstrated that changes in spine density and morphology occurred in experience-dependent plasticity during development, and in clinical cases of mental retardation. This gave ground for the assumption that dendritic spines are the particular locus of cerebral plasticity. With the discovery of synaptic long-term potentiation, a research program emerged with the aim to establish whether dendritic spine plasticity could explain learning and memory. The development of live imaging methods revealed on the one hand that dendritic spine remodeling is compatible with learning process and, on the other hand, that their long-term stability is compatible with lifelong memories. Furthermore, the study of the mechanisms of spine growth and maintenance shed new light on the rules of plasticity. In behavioral paradigms of memory, spine formation or elimination and morphological changes were found to correlate with learning. In a last critical step, recent experiments have provided evidence that dendritic spines play a causal role in learning and memory.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Jean-Gaël Barbara for comments on an earlier version of Sect. 7.1. Figures 7.5 and 7.6 were created with BioRender.com.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory Neurosciences Paris Seine, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France

    Nicolas Heck

  2. Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA

    Marc Dos Santos

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Correspondence to Nicolas Heck .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Basic Sciences/Physiology and Graduate Program in Biosciences, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Alberto A. Rasia-Filho

  2. Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Maria Elisa Calcagnotto

  3. Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Universitatsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

    Oliver von Bohlen und Halbach

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Heck, N., Santos, M.D. (2023). Dendritic Spines in Learning and Memory: From First Discoveries to Current Insights. In: Rasia-Filho, A.A., Calcagnotto, M.E., von Bohlen und Halbach, O. (eds) Dendritic Spines. Advances in Neurobiology, vol 34. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36159-3_7

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