Abstract
The cerebellum is one of the best studied parts of the brain. The cerebellar cortex is composed of four main types of neurons: granule cells, Purkinje cells, and two types of inhibitory interneurons, the Golgi cells and the stellate/basket cells. The cortex receives three kinds of input: the mossy fibers (most afferent systems), the climbing fibers from the inferior olive, and diffusely organized monoaminergic and cholinergic fibers (► Sect. 8.2). The cerebellum develops over a protracted period, extending from the early embryonic period until the first postnatal years. The main cell types of the cerebellum arise at different times of development and at different locations. The GABAergic Purkinje cells and cerebellar nuclei arise from the ventricular zone of the rostral hindbrain alar plate, whereas the glutamatergic granule cells and a subpopulation of neurons of the cerebellar nuclei are added from the rostral part of the rhombic lip, known as the upper rhombic lip. The caudal part of the rhombic lip (the lower rhombic lip) gives rise to the cochlear nuclei and the precerebellar nuclei (the pontine nuclei and the inferior olivary nucleus, projecting largely to the cerebellum).
Its protracted development makes the cerebellum vulnerable to a broad scala of developmental disorders, ranging from Dandy–Walker and related malformations to medulloblastoma, a neoplasia of granule cell precursor cells. Ultrasound and MRI allow detection of cerebellar malformations at an early stage of development. In mice, the molecular mechanisms of cerebellar development are rapidly being unraveled. Similar mechanisms are likely to be involved in the development of the human cerebellum. In this chapter, the morphogenesis and histogenesis of the cerebellum (► Sects. 8.3 and 8.4), the development of the precerebellar nuclei (► Sect. 8.5,) and mouse mutants with cerebellar malformations (► Sect. 8.6) are discussed. In ► Sect. 8.7, the more frequent developmental disorders of the cerebellum, such as Dandy–Walker anomaly, Joubert syndrome, and pontocerebellar hypoplasias are discussed and illustrated in Clinical cases with magnetic resonance imaging and autopsy data. In ► Sect. 8.8, the role of the cerebellum in cognition is briefly discussed.
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ten Donkelaar, H.J., den Dunnen, W.F.A., Lammens, M., Wesseling, P., Willemsen, M., Hori, A. (2023). Development and Developmental Disorders of the Human Cerebellum. In: Clinical Neuroembryology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26098-8_8
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