Abstract
Prominent cognitive theories implicate interpretation biases in the etiology and maintenance of emotional disorders. The current chapter examines central mechanisms by which interpretation biases are linked to emotional disorders (i.e., mediators) as well as factors that may attenuate this relationship (i.e., moderators). The main mechanism examined in underlying the link between interpretation bias and emotional disorders is emotion regulation, particularly putatively adaptive (e.g., reappraisal) and maladaptive (e.g., rumination and dampening) strategies. Notably, although there is significant support for mediation from cross-sectional studies, longitudinal examinations are rare, and no experimental designs were found. Evidence for interpretation bias as a mediator in the relationship between factors known to influence emotional disorders (e.g., parental behaviors) and emotional disorders are also discussed. Multiple factors have been examined as moderating the association between interpretation bias and emotional disorders and will be discussed as well, ranging from factors related to the population examined (e.g., age, gender, symptom severity levels, emotional disorder type), factors related to the stimuli interpreted (e.g., self-relevance, modality, specificity of the content to the disorder), and measurement method (e.g., direct or indirect). Finally, studies from developmental samples examining interpersonal factors as potential moderators (e.g., parents’ reactions to children’s emotions) will be briefly presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aktar, E., Nikolić, M., & Bögels, S. M. (2022). Environmental transmission of generalized anxiety disorder from parents to children: Worries, experiential avoidance, and intolerance of uncertainty. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 19(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/eaktar
American Psychiatric Association, D. S., & American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (Vol. 5). American psychiatric association.
Badra, M., Schulze, L., Becker, E. S., Vrijsen, J. N., Renneberg, B., & Zetsche, U. (2017). The association between ruminative thinking and negative interpretation bias in social anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 31(6), 1234–1242. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1193477
Beard, C., & Amir, N. (2009). Interpretation in social anxiety: When meaning precedes ambiguity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33(4), 406–415.
Beard, C., Weisberg, R. B., & Amir, N. (2011). Combined cognitive bias modification treatment for social anxiety disorder: A pilot trial. Depression and Anxiety, 28(11), 981–988. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20873
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.
Beck, A. T., & Clark, D. A. (1988). Anxiety and depression: An information processing perspective. Anxiety Research, 1(1), 23–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615808808248218
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996a). Comparison of Beck depression inventories-IA and-II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 588–597. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996b). Beck depression inventory (BDI-II) (Vol. 10). Pearson. https://doi.org/10.1037/t00742-000
Beauchaine, T. P., & Tackett, J. L. (2020). Irritability as a transdiagnostic vulnerability trait: Current issues and future directions. Behavior Therapy, 51(2), 350–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2019.10.009
Berna, C., Lang, T. J., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2011). Developing a measure of interpretation bias for depressed mood: An ambiguous scenarios test. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(3), 349–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.005
Bettencourt, B., Talley, A., Benjamin, A. J., & Valentine, J. (2006). Personality and aggressive behavior under provoking and neutral conditions: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 132(5), 751–777. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.751
Blanchette, I., & Richards, A. (2010). The influence of affect on higher level cognition: A review of research on interpretation, judgement, decision making, and reasoning. Cognition and Emotion, 24(4), 561–595. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903132496
Blanco, I., Boemo, T., & Sanchez-Lopez, A. (2021). An online assessment to evaluate the role of cognitive biases and emotion regulation strategies for mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown of 2020: Structural equation modeling study. JMIR Mental Health, 8(11), e30961. https://doi.org/10.2196/30961
Butler, G., & Mathews, A. (1983). Cognitive processes in anxiety. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 5(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0146-6402(83)90015-2
Cannon, M. F., & Weems, C. F. (2010). Cognitive biases in childhood anxiety disorders: Do interpretive and judgment biases distinguish anxious youth from their non-anxious peers? Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24(7), 751–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.05.008
Chen, J., Milne, K., Dayman, J., & Kemps, E. (2019). Interpretation bias and social anxiety: Does interpretation bias mediate the relationship between trait social anxiety and state anxiety responses? Cognition and Emotion, 33(4), 630–645. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1476323
Chen, J., Short, M., & Kemps, E. (2020). Interpretation bias in social anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 1119–1130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.07.121
Cisler, J. M., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Emotion regulation and anxiety disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(3), 182–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0262-2
Clark, D. M. (1999). Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(1), S5-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00048-0
Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (1999). Scientific foundations of cognitive theory andtherapy of depression. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Cowden Hindash, A. H., & Rottenberg, J. (2017). Turning quickly on myself: Automatic interpretation biases in dysphoria are self-referent. Cognition and Emotion, 31(2), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2015.1105792
Dearing, K. F., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Interpretation of ambiguous information in girls at risk for depression. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(1), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-008-9259-z
Dillon, K. H., Allan, N. P., Cougle, J. R., & Fincham, F. D. (2016). Measuring hostile interpretation bias: The WSAP-hostility scale. Assessment, 23(6), 707–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191115599052
Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327–1343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.70.6.1327
Dumontheil, I. (2014). Development of abstract thinking during childhood and adolescence: The role of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 10, 57–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2014.07.009
Elmadih, A., Wan, M. W., Downey, D., Elliott, R., Swain, J. E., & Abel, K. M. (2016). Natural variation in maternal sensitivity is reflected in maternal brain responses to infant stimuli. Behavioral Neuroscience, 130(5), 500–510. https://doi.org/10.1037/bne0000161
Everaert, J. (2021). Interpretation of ambiguity in depression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 41, 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.01.003
Everaert, J., Tierens, M., Uzieblo, K., & Koster, E. H. (2013). The indirect effect of attention bias on memory via interpretation bias: Evidence for the combined cognitive bias hypothesis in subclinical depression. Cognition and Emotion, 27(8), 1450–1459. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.787972
Everaert, J., Podina, I. R., & Koster, E. H. (2017). A comprehensive meta-analysis of interpretation biases in depression. Clinical Psychology Review, 58, 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.005
Everaert, J., Bronstein, M. V., Cannon, T. D., & Joormann, J. (2018). Looking through tinted glasses: Depression and social anxiety are related to both interpretation biases and inflexible negative interpretations. Clinical Psychological Science, 6(4), 517–528. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702617747968
Everaert, J., Bronstein, M. V., Castro, A. A., Cannon, T. D., & Joormann, J. (2020). When negative interpretations persist, positive emotions don't! Inflexible negative interpretations encourage depression and social anxiety by dampening positive emotions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 124, 103510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2019.103510
Feldman, G. C., Joormann, J., & Johnson, S. L. (2008). Responses to positive affect: A self-report measure of rumination and dampening. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 32(4), 507–525. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-006-9083-0
Fodor, L. A., Georgescu, R., Cuijpers, P., Szamoskozi, Ş., David, D., Furukawa, T. A., & Cristea, I. A. (2020). Efficacy of cognitive bias modification interventions in anxiety and depressive disorders: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 506–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30130-9
Ford, B. Q., Gross, J. J., & Gruber, J. (2019). Broadening our field of view: The role of emotion polyregulation. Emotion Review, 11(3), 197–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073919850314
Gadassi Polack, R., Everaert, J., Uddenberg, C., Kober, H., & Joormann, J. (2021). Emotion regulation and self-criticism in children and adolescence: Longitudinal networks of transdiagnostic risk factors. Emotion, 21(7), 1438–1451. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001041
Gadassi, R., & Rafaeli, E. (2015). Interpersonal perception as a mediator of the depression–interpersonal difficulties link: A review. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.023
Grob, A., & Smolenski, C. (2005). Fragebogen zur Erhebung der Emotionsregulation bei Kindern und Jugendlichen – FEEL-KJ (1st ed.). Hans Huber.
Gross, J. J. (2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual and empirical foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–20). Guilford Press.
Henricks, L. A., Lange, W. G., Luijten, M., & Becker, E. S. (2022). A new social picture task to assess interpretation bias related to social fears in adolescents. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00915-3
Hirsch, C. R., Meeten, F., Krahé, C., & Reeder, C. (2016). Resolving ambiguity in emotional disorders: The nature and role of interpretation biases. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 12, 281–305. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093436
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Fang, A., & Asnaani, A. (2012). Emotion dysregulation model of mood and anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 29(5), 409–416. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.21888
Holmes, E. A., Lang, T. J., Moulds, M. L., & Steele, A. M. (2008). Prospective and positive mental imagery deficits in dysphoria. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(8), 976–981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.04.009
Jamieson, J. P., Nock, M. K., & Mendes, W. B. (2012). Mind over matter: Reappraising arousal improves cardiovascular and cognitive responses to stress. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(3), 417–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025719
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition and Emotion, 24(2), 281–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903407948
Kanai, Y., Sasagawa, S., Chen, J., Shimada, H., & Sakano, Y. (2010). Interpretation bias for ambiguous social behavior among individuals with high and low levels of social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9273-7
Kazdin, A. E. (2014). Moderators, mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy. In Quantitative and qualitative methods in psychotherapy research (pp. 87–101).
Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593–602. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Kuckertz, J. M., Amir, N., Tobin, A. C., & Najmi, S. (2013). Interpretation of ambiguity in individuals with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37(2), 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-012-9478-z
Lawson, C., MacLeod, C., & Hammond, G. (2002). Interpretation revealed in the blink of an eye: Depressive bias in the resolution of ambiguity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(2), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.111.2.321
Lebowitz, E. R., Omer, H., Hermes, H., & Scahill, L. (2014). Parent training for childhood anxiety disorders: The SPACE program. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 21(4), 456–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.10.004
Leibenluft, E., & Stoddard, J. (2013). The developmental psychopathology of irritability. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4pt2), 1473–1487. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579413000722
Leitenberg, H., Yost, L. W., & Carroll-Wilson, M. (1986). Negative cognitive errors in children: Questionnaire development, normative data, and comparisons between children with and without self-reported symptoms of depression, low self-esteem, and evaluation anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54(4), 528–536. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.54.4.528
Marks, C. K., Kraft, J. D., Grant, D. M., & Wells, T. T. (2021). The relationship between hostile interpretation bias and symptoms of depression and social anxiety: A replication across two samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 43(2), 251–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-020-09839-y
Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 167–195.
Menne-Lothmann, C., Viechtbauer, W., Höhn, P., Kasanova, Z., Haller, S. P., Drukker, M., Van Os, J., Wichers, M., & Lau, J. Y. (2014). How to boost positive interpretations? A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of cognitive bias modification for interpretation. PLoS One, 9(6), e100925. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0100925
Miers, A. C., Blöte, A. W., Bögels, S. M., & Westenberg, P. M. (2008). Interpretation bias and social anxiety in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(8), 1462–1471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.02.010
Min, J.-A., Yu, J. J., Lee, C.-U., & Chae, J.-H. (2013). Cognitive emotion regulation strategies contributing to resilience in patients with depression and/or anxiety disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 54(8), 1190–1197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.05.008
Morris, A. S., Silk, J. S., Steinberg, L., Myers, S. S., & Robinson, L. R. (2007). The role of the family context in the development of emotion regulation. Social Development, 16(2), 361–388. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00389.x
Moser, J. S., Huppert, J. D., Foa, E. B., & Simons, R. F. (2012). Interpretation of ambiguous social scenarios in social phobia and depression: Evidence from event-related brain potentials. Biological Psychology, 89(2), 387–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.12.001
Nieto, I., Robles, E., & Vazquez, C. (2020). Self-reported cognitive biases in depression: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 82, 101934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101934
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109(3), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.3.504
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
Normansell, K. M., & Wisco, B. E. (2017). Negative interpretation bias as a mechanism of the relationship between rejection sensitivity and depressive symptoms. Cognition and Emotion, 31(5), 950–962. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1185395
Orchard, F., & Reynolds, S. (2018). The combined influence of cognitions in adolescent depression: Biases of interpretation, self-evaluation, and memory. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(4), 420–435. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12184
Raes, F., Smets, J., Nelis, S., & Schoofs, H. (2012). Dampening of positive affect prospectively predicts depressive symptoms in non-clinical samples. Cognition and Emotion, 26(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.555474
Rosmarin, D. H., Bourque, L. M., Antony, M. M., & McCabe, R. E. (2009). Interpretation bias in panic disorder: Self-referential or global? Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33(6), 624–632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-009-9249-7
Schneider, S., Unnewehr, S., Florin, I., & Margraf, J. (2002). Priming panic interpretations in children of patients with panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16(6), 605–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00126-3
Sears, C. R., Bisson, S., & Nielsen, K. E. (2011). Dysphoria and the immediate interpretation of ambiguity: Evidence for a negative interpretive bias in error rates but not response latencies. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35(5), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-010-9314-2
Sfärlea, A., Löchner, J., Neumüller, J., Asperud Thomsen, L., Starman, K., Salemink, E., Schulte-Körne, G., & Platt, B. (2019). Passing on the half-empty glass: A transgenerational study of interpretation biases in children at risk for depression and their parents with depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128(2), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000401
Sfärlea, A., Takano, K., Buhl, C., Loechner, J., Greimel, E., Salemink, E., Schulte-Körne, G., & Platt, B. (2021). Emotion regulation as a mediator in the relationship between cognitive biases and depressive symptoms in depressed, at-risk and healthy children and adolescents. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 49(10), 1345–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-021-00814-z
Sroufe, L. A. (2009). The concept of development in developmental psychopathology. Child Development Perspectives, 3(3), 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2009.00103.x
Stuijfzand, S., Creswell, C., Field, A. P., Pearcey, S., & Dodd, H. (2018). Is anxiety associated with negative interpretations of ambiguity in children and adolescents? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(11), 1127–1142. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12822
Tadic, D., MacLeod, C., Cabeleira, C. M., Wuthrich, V. M., Rapee, R. M., & Bucks, R. S. (2018). Age differences in negative and positive expectancy bias in comorbid depression and anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 32(8), 1531–1544. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1414688
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27(3), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561
Verhoeven, F. E., Booij, L., Van der Wee, N. J., Penninx, B. W., & Van der Does, A. J. (2011). Clinical and physiological correlates of irritability in depression: results from the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety. Depression Research and Treatment, 2011, 126895. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/126895
Viana, A. G., Dixon, L. J., Stevens, E. N., & Ebesutani, C. (2016). Parental emotion socialization strategies and their interaction with child interpretation biases among children with anxiety disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 40(5), 717–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9783-z
Voncken, M. J., Bögels, S. M., & de Vries, K. (2003). Interpretation and judgmental biases in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41(12), 1481–1488. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00143-8
Weems, C. F., Berman, S. L., Silverman, W. K., & Saavedra, L. M. (2001). Cognitive errors in youth with anxiety disorders: The linkages between negative cognitive errors and anxious symptoms. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25(5), 559–575.
Wenzlaff, R. M., & Bates, D. E. (1998). Unmasking a cognitive vulnerability to depression: How lapses in mental control reveal depressive thinking. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1559–1571. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1559
Wilson, J. K., & Rapee, R. M. (2005). Interpretative biases in social phobia: Content specificity and the effects of depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29(3), 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-005-2833-6
Wisco, B. E., & Harp, D. R. (2021). Rumination as a mechanism of the association between interpretation bias and depression symptoms: A longitudinal investigation. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 12(2), 20438087211015233. https://doi.org/10.1177/20438087211015233
Wisco, B. E., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Interpretation bias and depressive symptoms: The role of self-relevance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48(11), 1113–1122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.004
Wisco, B. E., Gilbert, K. E., & Marroquín, B. (2014). Maladaptive processing of maladaptive content: Rumination as a mechanism linking cognitive biases to depressive symptoms. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 5(3), 329–350.
Woud, M. L., Zhang, X. C., Becker, E. S., McNally, R. J., & Margraf, J. (2014). Don’t panic: Interpretation bias is predictive of new onsets of panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28, 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.11.008
Woud, M. L., Zhang, X. C., Becker, E. S., Zlomuzica, A., & Margraf, J. (2016). Catastrophizing misinterpretations predict somatoform-related symptoms and new onsets of somatoform disorders. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 81, 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2015.12.005
Würtz, F., Zahler, L., Blackwell, S. E., Margraf, J., Bagheri, M., & Woud, M. L. (2022). Scrambled but valid? The scrambled sentences task as a measure of interpretation biases in psychopathology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 93, 102133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102133
Yu, M., Westenberg, P. M., Li, W., Wang, J., & Miers, A. C. (2019). Cultural evidence for interpretation bias as a feature of social anxiety in Chinese adolescents. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 32(4), 376–386. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2019.1598556
Zahler, L., Sommer, K., Reinecke, A., Wilhelm, F. H., Margraf, J., & Woud, M. L. (2020). Cognitive vulnerability in the context of panic: Assessment of panic-related associations and interpretations in individuals with varying levels of anxiety sensitivity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44(4), 858–873. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10103-6
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gadassi Polack, R., Davis, A.L., Joormann, J. (2023). Moderators and Mediators of the Interpretation Bias–Emotional Disorders Link. In: Woud, M.L. (eds) Interpretational Processing Biases in Emotional Psychopathology . CBT: Science Into Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23650-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23650-1_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-23649-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-23650-1
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)